Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa

Biofuels, Land Grabbing and Food Security in Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-230

  Matondi, Prosper B ^a   Havnevik, Kjell ^b,c   Beyene, Atakilte ^d  

^a Ruzivo Trust   (Zimbabwe)

^b NORDIC AFRICA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AGDER   (Norway)

^d STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85187383404     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (322)

1. Aal, W., L. Jarosz and C. Thompson (2009) ‘Response to P. Collier, “Politics of Hunger”’, Foreign Affairs, November/December.
2. ABN (African Biodiversity Network) (2007) Agrofuels in Africa: The impacts on land, food and forests, available at www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/docs/ABN_Agro.pdf
3. Achten, W. M. J., W. H. Maes et al. (2010) ‘Jatropha: From global hype to local opportunity’, Journal of Arid Environments, 74(1): 164–5.
4. ActionAid (2009) SEKAB – Etanol till varje pris? Hur SEKABs biobränsleprojekt i Tanzania drabbar lokalbefolkningen, October, Stockholm.
5. ActionAid-Ghana (2009) ‘Re: The biofuel debate: Action Aid-Ghana responds to Rural Consult’s allegations’, Daily Graphic (Ghana), 6 July.
6. ActionAid International (2008) Food, Farmers and Fuels: Balancing global grain and energy policies with sustainable land use, Johannesburg.
7. ActionAid International (2010) Meals per Gallon: The impact of industrial biofuels on people and global hunger, January, available at: www.actionaid.org.uk/doc_lib/meals_per_gallon_final.pdf
8. Adger, N. W., T. A. Benjaminsen, K. Brown and H. Svarstad (2001) ‘Advancing a political ecology of global environmental discourses’, Development and Change, 32: 681–715.
9. Agrawal, A. (2005) Environmentality: Technologies of government and the making of subjects. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
10. Aide, E. (2008) The Right to Food and the Impact of Liquid Biofuels (Agrofuels), Right to Food Studies, Rome: FAO.
11. Alemayehu Lirenso (1992) ‘Economic reform and agricultural de-cooperativisation in Ethiopia: Implications for agricultural production in the 1990s’, in Mekonen Taddesse (ed.), The Ethiopian Economy: Structure, problems and policy issues, Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on the Ethiopian Economy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 81–104.
12. Alemneh Dejene (1987) Peasants, Agrarian Socialism, and Rural Development in Ethiopia, Oxford: Westview Press.
13. All Africa News (2010) ‘Petroleum companies to build ethanol blending plants’, 27 March, available at: http://en.ethiopianreporter.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2423&Itemid=26
14. Amanor, K. S. (1999) Global Restructuring and Land Rights in Ghana, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikaininstitutet.
15. Amigun, B., R. Siamoney and H. Blottniz (2008) ‘Commercialisation of biofuel in Africa: a review’, Renewable Energy & Sustainable Energy News, 12: 690–711.
16. Anderson, T. and M. Belay (eds) (2008) Rapid Assessment of Biofuels Development Status in Ethiopia and the Proceedings of the National Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Biofuels, Publication No. 6, Addis Ababa: Melca Mahiber.
17. AREX (Department of Agricultural Research and Extension) (2006) Jatropha Production, Harare.
18. Ariza-Montobbio, P., S. Lele et al. (2010) ‘The political ecology of jatropha plantations for biodiesel in Tamil Nadu, India’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 875–97.
19. Arndt, C., R. Benfica et al. (2008) ‘Biofuels, poverty and growth: A computable general equilibrium analysis of Mozambique’, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00803, October, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
20. Atakilte Beyene (2003) ‘Soil conservation, land use and property rights in Northern Ethiopia: Understanding environmental change in smallholder farming systems’, PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
21. Bäackstrand, K. and E. Lövbrand (2007) ‘Climate governance beyond 2012: Competing discourses of green governmentality, ecological modernization and civic environmentalism’ in M. E. Pettenger (ed.), The Social Construction of Climate Change: Knowledge, norms, discourses, Ashgate eBook.
22. Barrow, C. S. (1997) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, London: Arnold.
23. Barry, J. (1999) Environment and Social Theory, London and New York: Routledge.
24. Benjaminsen, T. A. and I. Bryceson (2009) ‘Klimakolonialismen’, Dagbladet (Norway), January 28.
25. Benjaminsen, T. A., I. Bryceson and F. Makanga (2008) Climate Change in Tanzania: Trends, policies and initiatives, Aas, Norway: Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
26. Benjaminsen T. A., I. Bryceson, A. Dahlberg et al. (2009) ‘Svenskt bistånd ska rädda miljöfarligt etanolprojekt’, Dagens Nyheter (Sweden), 14 April.
27. Berry, R. A. and W. R. Cline (1979) Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Berry, S. (1993) No Condition is Permanent: The social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
29. Binswanger, H. and J. McIntire (1987) ‘Behavioral and material determinants of production relations in landabundant tropical agriculture’, Journal of Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36 (1): 73–99.
30. BioFuel Africa Ltd (2008) ‘BioFuel Africa (Ltd.) gains EPA approval for the cultivation and planting of Jatropha’, press release, available at: www.biofuel.no
31. Biofuels Digest (2009) ‘A Biofuels Digest Special Report’, 23 January.
32. Boamah, F. (2010) ‘Competition between biofuel and food? The case of a jatropha biodiesel project and its effects on food security in the affected communities in Northern Ghana’, Master’s thesis, University of Bergen.
33. Boamah, F (2011) ‘Livelihood impacts of biofuels: Analyses of evidence from hot spots of biofuel investments’, presentation made at Energy Center, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, January 2011.
34. Böhler, T. (2004) ‘Vindkraft, landskap och mening’, PhD thesis, Department of Environmental and Regional Studies of the Human Conditions, Human Ecology section, Gothenburg University.
35. Bolwig, S., P. Gibbon and S. Jones (2009) ‘The economics of smallholder organic contract farming in tropical Africa’, World Development, 37(6).
36. Borras, S. M., P. McMichael and I. Scoones (2010) ‘The politics of biofuels, land and agrarian change: editors’ introduction’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 575–92.
37. Bruce, J. and S. Migot-Adholla (eds) (1994) Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa, Washington, DC, and Iowa: World Bank and Kendall/Hunt.
38. Buch-Hansen, M. and H. Marcussen (1982) ‘Contract farming and the peasantry: Cases from Western Kenya’, Review of African Political Economy, 9(23): 9–36.
39. Burley, H. and H. Griffiths (2009) Jatropha: Wonder Crop? Experience from Swaziland, Friends of the Earth, available at: www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/jatropha_wonder_crop.pdf
40. Byerlee, D. and A. de Janvry (2009) ‘Smallholders unite’, Foreign Affairs, March/April.
41. CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme) (2002) New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), November 2002
42. Campbell, C. J. (2005) ‘The end of the first half of the age of oil’, presentation at the ASPO conference, Lisbon, May.
43. Campbell, C. J. and J. H. Laherrère (1998) ‘The end of cheap oil’, Scientific American, March.
44. Carney, A. (1994) ‘Contracting a food staple in the Gambia’, in P. Little and M. Watts (eds), Living under Contract: Contract farming and agrarian transformation in sub-Saharan Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
45. Chakrabortty, A. (2008) ‘Fields of gold’, Guardian, 16 April.
46. Chikari, O. (2008) ‘Mugabe to grow sugar cane in Lowveld’, Zimbabwe Times, 31 October.
47. Cline, W. R. (2007) Global Warming and Agriculture – Impact Estimates by Country, Washington, DC: Center for Global Development/Peterson Institute for International Economics.
48. Cocks, F. H. (2009) Energy Demand and Climate Change: Issues and resolutions, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag.
49. Cohen, J. and D. Weintraub (1975) Land and Peasants in Imperial Ethiopia: The social background to a revolution, Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
50. Colchester, M. and M. F. Ferrari (2007) ‘Making FPIC work: Challenges and prospects for indigenous peoples’, Forest Peoples Programme, available at: www.forestpeoples.org/documents/asia_pacific/bases/philippines.shtml
51. Collier, P. (2008) ‘The politics of hunger’, Foreign Affairs, November/December.
52. Colombant, N. (2010) ‘Activists, researchers raise alarm on Africa’s “Land Grab”’, Pan Africa, 28 January.
53. Comar, V. and J. M. Gusman Ferraz (2007) ‘Brazil’s sugar cane ethanol: villain or panacea?’ Institute for Environment and Development and EMBRAPA/CNPMA, mimeo.
54. COMPETE (2009). ‘Summary’ of COMPETE International Conference on Bioenergy Policy Implementation in Africa, Fringilla Lodge, Zambia, May.
55. Cotula, L. and B. Neves (2007) ‘The drivers of change’, in L. Cotula (ed.), Changes in ‘Customary’ Land Tenure Systems in Africa, London: IIED.
56. Cotula, L., N. Dyer and S. Vermeulen (2008a) ‘Bioenergy and land tenure: The implications of biofuel for land tenure and land policy’, Land Tenure Working Paper 1, FAO.
57. Cotula, L., N. Dyer and S. Vermeulen (2008b) Fuelling Exclusion? The biofuels boom and poor people’s access to land, London: FAO and IIED.
58. Cotula, L., S. Vermeulen et al. (2009) Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa, London/Rome: IIED/FAO/IFAD.
59. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (2006) Convergence of Agriculture and Energy: Implications for research and policy, CAST Commentary QTA 2006-3, available at: www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/QTA2006-3.pdf
60. Coyle, W. (2007) ‘The future of biofuels: A global perspective’, AmberWaves, November, available at: www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/November07/Features/
61. CSDI, TASGA et al. (2008) The Sugarcane Smallholder/Outgrower Scheme (SUSO) in Tanzania: A concept for inclusion of potential small and large scale farmers in a sugarcane production scheme in Tanzania, Final Report, prepared for SEKAB Bio-Energy Tanzania Ltd, produced by Centre for Sustainable Development Initiatives, Tanzania Sugarcane Growers Association and Katani Ltd, Dar es Salaam.
62. D1 Oils (2009) ‘Agreement with BP on D1-BP fuel crops’, 17 July, available at: www.d1plc.com/news.php?article=197
63. Dakarai, M. (2009) ‘BIPPA and policy position’, presentation at Ministry of Lands and Rural resettlement (MLRR) conference Towards a Comprehensive Land Policy in Zimbabwe, Caribbea Bay Hotel, Kariba, 11–13 June.
64. DANIDA (2010) Zimbabwe Transitional Programme, Phase II: 2010–2012, Agrobased Private Sector Recovery (APRISER), Harare: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
65. Dauvergne, P. and K. J. Neville (2010) The uneven social and ecological consequences of the emerging political economy of biofuels’, Journal of Peasant Studies 37(4): 631–60.
66. De Keiser, S. and H. Hongo (2005) ‘Farming for energy for better livelihoods in Southern Africa – FELISA’, presentation at the PfA-TaTEDO Policy Dialogue Conference on the Role of Renewable Energy for Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Development in Africa, Dar-es-Salaam, 22 June.
67. De Schutter, O. (2009) ‘Large-scale land acquisitions and leases: a set of core principles and measures to address the human rights challenges’, 11 June, available at: www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/BriefingNotelandgrab.pdf.
68. De Schutter, O. (2010) ‘Responsibly destroying the world’s peasantry: Land grabbing’s grim reality’, in Right to Food Watch, Land Grabbing and Nutrition: Challenges for global governance, available at: www.rtfn-watch.org/fileadmin/media/rtfnwatch.org/ENGLISH/pdf/Watch_2010/watch_engl_innen_final_ a4.pdf
69. De Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the west and fails everywhere else, London: Black Swan.
70. Dean, M. (1999) Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society, London: Sage.
71. Dehue, B. and W. Hettinga (2008) The GHG Performance of Jatropha Biodiesel, Utrecht, Netherlands: Ecofys.
72. Dessalegn Rahmato (1996) Land and Agrarian Unrest in Wollo, Northeastern Ethiopia, Pre- and Post-Revolution, IDR Research Report No. 46, Addis Ababa University.
73. DfID (Department for International Development) (forthcoming) Zimbabwe Market Opportunities Study Report, London.
74. Djurfeldt, G., H. Holmén, M. Jirstrom and R. Larsson (2005) The African Food Crisis: Lessons from the Asian Green Revolution, Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
75. Dove (2007) Jatropha Curcas L. An International Botanical Answer to Biodiesel Production and Renewable Energy, Dove Biotech, available to order from: www.dovebiotech.com
76. Downs, Erica (2006) China, Brookings Energy Security Series, New York: Brookings Institution.
77. Dryzek, J. S. (1997) The Politics of the Earth: Environmental discourses, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
78. Dufey, A., S. Vermeulen and B. Vorley (2007) Biofuels: Strategic Choices for Commodity Dependent Developing Countries, London: Common Fund for Commodities, Institute for Environment and Development.
79. Duvail, Stéphanie and Olivier Hamerlynck (2007) ‘The Rufiji River flood: Plague or blessing?’, Journal of Biometeorology, 52: 33–42.
80. Earley, J. and A. McKeown (2009) Smart Choices for Biofuels, Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute/Sierra Club.
81. Eaton, C. and A. Shepherd (2001) Contract Farming: Partnerships for growth, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 145, Rome: FAO.
82. EIA (US Energy Information Administration) (2009) International Energy Outlook 2009, Washington, DC: US Department of Energy.
83. Eicher, C. K. (1995) ‘Zimbabwe’s maizebased Green Revolution: Preconditions for replication’, World Development, 23: 805–18.
84. Eicher, C. K (2001) ‘Africa’s unfinished business: Building sustainable agricultural research systems’, Staff paper No. 2001-10, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University.
85. Eide, A. (2008) The Right to Food and the Impact of Liquid Biofuels (Agrofuels), Rome: FAO.
86. Ellis, F. (1982) ‘Agricultural pricing policy in Tanzania’, World Development, 10(4): 263–83.
87. Ellis, F (1993) Peasant Economics: Farm households and agrarian development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Elobeid, Amani and Chad Hart (2007) ‘Ethanol expansion in the food versus fuel debate: How will developing countries fare?’, Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, Special Issue, 5(6).
89. ENA (Ethiopian News Agency) (2010) ‘84 investors to engage in bio-fuel development’, 11 August, available at: www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2010/Aug/11Aug10/119021.htm
90. Engström, L. (2009) ‘Liquid biofuels opportunities and challenges in developing countries’, Sida Helpdesk for Environmental Assessment, MKBcentrum, available at: www.sol.slu.se
91. EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED) (2009) ‘Environmental sustainability criteria for biofuels and other bioliquids’, Article 17, April 23.
92. Europa Regional Surveys of the World (2009) Africa South of the Sahara 2009, London: Routledge.
93. Fairhead, J. and M. Leach (1995) ‘False forest history, complicit social analysis: Rethinking some West African environmental narratives’, World Development, 23(6).
94. Fanon, F. (1965) The Wretched of the Earth, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
95. FAO (2006) Compendium on Food and Agricultural Indicators 2006, Rome.
96. FAO (2007) FAO press conference on the Sustainable Energy Report, Rome, May.
97. FAO (2008) The State of Food and Agriculture. BIOFUELS: prospects, risks and opportunities, Rome.
98. FAO (2010a) ‘CFS is requesting action against hunger and the price variability for foodstuffs’, FAO Press, 20 October.
99. FAO (2010b) ‘Rising food prices can lead to import costs of over one billion dollars’, FAO Press, November 17.
100. FAO, IFAD, UNCTAD and the World Bank Group (2010) ‘Principles for responsible agricultural investment that respects the rights, livelihoods and resources’, discussion paper, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/214574-1111138388661/22453321/Principles_Extended.pdf
101. FAO, IIED and IFAD (2009) Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa, available at: www.fao.org/docrep/011/ak241e/ak241e00.htm
102. FARA (Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa) (2007/08) ‘Bi-monthly bulletin’, December/January, p. 2
103. FARA (Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa) (2008) ‘Bioenergy value chain research and development. Stakes and Opportunities’, discussion paper, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
104. Fargione, J., J. Hill et al. (2008) ‘Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt’, Science, 319: 1235–38.
105. Fischer, G., H. van Velthuizen and F. Nachtergaele (2002) Global Agro-Ecological Assessment for Agriculture in the 21st Century, Rome: FAO.
106. Fischer, G., E. Hizsnyik et al. (2009) Biofuels and food security, OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
107. Flammini, A. (2008) Biofuels and the Underlying Causes of High Food Prices, Global Bioenergy Partnership Secretariat.
108. Follath, E. and A. Jung (eds) (2006) Der neue kalte Krieg – Kampf um die Rohstoffe, Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
109. Fones-Sundell, M. (2009) ‘ESIA as a tool for public participation in decision making. Some experiences from Bagamoyo, District’, presentation at seminar on Biofuel and Smallholders in Africa, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, 17 September.
110. Fones-Sundell, M (n.d.) ‘Lessons learned from ESIA implementation in Africa with special reference to the bioenergy sector (in Tanzania)’, mimeo.
111. Foucault, M., M. Bertani et al. (2003) ‘Society Must be Defended’: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975–76. New York: Picador.
112. Franco, J., L. Levidow et al. (2010) ‘Assumptions in the European Union biofuels policy: frictions with experiences in Germany, Brazil and Mozambique’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 661–98.
113. Franzel, S., L. Dadi, K. Colburn and G. Degu (1992) ‘Grain-marketing policies and peasant production’, in S. Franzel and H. Houten (eds), Research with Farmers: Lessons from Ethiopia, Addis Ababa: Institute of Agricultural Research.
114. Gallagher, E. (2008) The Gallagher Review of the Indirect Effects of Biofuels Production, Renewable Fuels Agency, available at: www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/UNIDO_Header_Site/Subsites/Green_Industry_Asia_Conference:_Maanila_/GC13/Gallagher_Report.pdf
115. Garcez, C. A. G. and J. N. D. S. Vianna (2009) ‘Brazilian biodiesel policy: Social and environmental considerations of sustainability’, Energy, 34(5).
116. Gasela, R. (2009) ‘Zimbabwe dilemma: growing food for people, or cars?’, New Zimbabwean, 11 December, available at: www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/farm72.18220.html
117. General Motors (2010) ‘GM partners with US Department of Energy to develop jatropha-to-biodiesel project in India’, PR Newswire, 30 March, available at: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gm-partners-with-us-departmentof-energy-to-develop-jatropha-tobiodiesel-project-in-india-89531022.html
118. Ghana Local Government (2006) ‘Ghana districts: A public–private partnership programme between Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development and Maks Publications & Media Services’, available at: www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=6&_=91
119. Giampietro, M., S. Ulgiati and D. Pimentel (1997) ‘Feasibility of large-scale biofuel production’, BioScience, 47(9).
120. Gibbon, P. (1992) ‘The World Bank and African poverty 1973–91’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 30(2).
121. Gibbon, P. and S. Ponte (2005) Trading Down. Africa, Value Chains, and the Global Economy, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
122. Giles, J. (2007) ‘Climate Change 2007: How to survive a warming world’, Nature, 446: 716–17.
123. GRAIN (2007a) ‘The new scramble for Africa’, Seedling, July, available at: www.grain.org
124. GRAIN (2007b) ‘Jatropha the agro-fuel of the poor’, Seedling, July, available at: www. grain.org
125. GRAIN (2008) ‘Seized: The 2008 land grab for food and financial security’, GRAIN Briefing, available at: www.grain.org/briefings/?id=212
126. GRAIN (2010) ‘Stop land grabbing now’, available at: www.grain.org/o/?id=102
127. Greenpeace (2006) ‘Eating up the Amazon’, available at: www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/eating-upthe-amazon
128. Greenpeace (2007) ‘How the palm oil industry is cooking the climate’, 8 November, available at: www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/cooking-the-climate-full/
129. GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) (2005) Liquid Biofuels for Transportation in Tanzania: Potentials and implications for sustainable agriculture and energy in the 21st century, Dar es Salaam.
130. Hajer, M. (1996) ‘Ecological modernisation as cultural politics’, in S. Lash, B. Szerszynski and B. Wynne (eds), Risk, Environment and Modernity: Towards a new ecology, London: Sage.
131. Hajer, M (2009) ‘Ecological modernisation as cultural politics’, in A. P. J. Mol, D. A. Sonnenfeld and G. Spaargaren, The Ecological Modernisation Reader: Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, Oxford and New York: Routledge.
132. Hall, R. (2010) ‘Background and introduction’, presentation to the regional workshop on the Commercialisation of Land and ‘Land Grabbing’ in Southern Africa, Clara Anna Fontein Game Reserve and Country Lodge, Cape Town, South Africa, 24–25 March.
133. Hamza Abdurezak and Azanaw Tadesse (1995) ‘Structural adjustment policy and Ethiopian agriculture: An assessment of short-term response and structural problems’, in Dejene Aredo and Mulat Demeke (eds), Ethiopian Agriculture: Problems of transformation. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on the Ethiopian economy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
134. Harvey, D. (2006) Spaces of Global Capitalism, London: Verso.
135. Haugen, Hans Morten (2008) ‘Biofuel potential and FAO’s estimate of available land: The case of Tanzania’, mimeo.
136. Havnevik, K. (1987) The IMF and the World Bank in Africa. Conditionalities, impact and alternatives, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
137. Havnevik, K (1993) Tanzania: The limits to development from above, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic Africa Institute.
138. Havnevik, K (2006) ‘Successful community based forest management in northern Tanzania: Reflections and theoretical implications’, in Kjell Havnevik, Tekeste Negash and Atakilte Beyene (eds), Of Global Concern – Rural livelihood dynamics and natural resource governance, Sidastudies No. 6, Stockholm.
139. Havnevik, K (2010) ‘Guidelines for biofuel expansion – the legitimizing of new forms of colonialism?’, introduction to panel at Nordic Africa Days, Åbo, Finland, 20 September–1 October.
140. Havnevik, K., D. Bryceson, L.-E. Birgegård, P. Matondi and Atakilte Beyene (2007) African Agriculture and the World Bank. Development or impoverishment? Policy Dialogue No. 1, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
141. Hazell, P. (2007) ‘Bioenergy: Opportunities and challenges’, presentation to the Sweet Sorghum Consultation, IFAD, Rome, November.
142. Hermann, S. M. and C. F. Hutchinson (2005) ‘The changing contexts of the desertification debate’, Journal of Arid Environments, 63.
143. Herring, R. J. (2008) ‘Whose numbers count? Probing discrepant evidence on transgenic cotton in the Warangal district of India’, International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 2.
144. Hien, O. (2008) ‘Biofuels: Danger or new opportunity’, Mail and Guardian(South Africa), 9 December, available at: http://mg.co.za/article/2007-12-09-biofuels-danger-or-new-opportunity
145. Hoag, H. (2003) ‘Designing the delta: A history of water and development in the Lower Rufiji Basin, Tanzania, 1945–1985’, PhD dissertation, Boston University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
146. Hollander, G. (2010) ‘Power is sweet: sugarcane in the global ethanol assemblage’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 699–721.
147. Hoogvelt, A. (2001) Globalization and the Postcolonial World, the New Political Economy of Development, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
148. Horta, L. (2008) The Zambezi Valley: China’s first agricultural colony?, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic International Studies, available at: http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p=120
149. Hubbert, M. K. (1974) ‘Oil, the Dwindling Treasure’, National Geographic, June.
150. Huber, J. (2008) ‘Technological environmental innovations (TEIs) in a chainanalytical and life-cycle-analytical perspective’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(18): 1980–86.
151. Hunsberger, C. (2010) ‘The politics of Jatropha-based biofuels in Kenya: Convergence and divergence among NGOs, donors, government officials and farmers’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 939–62.
152. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2002) ‘World oil outlook to 2030’, available at: www.iea.org/speech/2001-2002/birol.pdf
153. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, Paris: OECD/IEA.
154. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2009) ‘Governing Council roundtables: Challenges and opportunities for smallholder farmers in the context of climate change and new demands on agriculture’, available at: www.ifad.org/events/gc/32/round tables/index.htm
155. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (2007a) IFPRI’s Africa Strategy: Toward food and nutrition security in Africa, available at: www.ifpri.org/publication/ifpris-africa-strategy-toward-food-and-nutrition-security-africa
156. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (2007b) ‘The World Food Situation: New driving forces and required actions’, IFPRI’s bi-annual overview of the world food situation presented to the CGIAR Annual General Meeting, Beijing, 3 December.
157. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (2008) Biofuels and Food Security: Balancing needs for food, energy and feed, Washington, DC.
158. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2000) Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, edited by R. Watson et al., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, available at: www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/land_use/index.php?idp=0
159. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2005) Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, edited by Bert Metz et al., New York: Cambridge University Press.
160. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007a) Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis, edited by Susan Solomon et al., New York: Cambridge University Press.
161. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007b) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis report – summary for policymakers, available at: www.ipcc.ch/
162. IRIN (2010) ‘In brief: Cereal export ban lifted in Ethiopia’, IRIN News, 13 July, available at: www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89811
163. Irwin, S. H. and D. R. Sanders (2010) ‘The impact of index and swap fund on commodity futures markets: Preliminary results’, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Working Papers No. 27, available at: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/the-impact-ofindex-and-swap-funds-on-commodityfutures-markets_5kmd40wl1t5f-en
164. Jayne, S., D. Mather and E. Mghenyi (2006) ‘Smallholder farming under increasingly difficult circumstances: Policy and public investment priorities for Africa’, MSU International, Development Working Paper No. 86, Michigan State University, USA.
165. Joireman, S. (2000) Property Rights and Political Development in Ethiopia and Eritrea, East African Studies, Oxford: James Currey.
166. Jones, P. D. and M. E. Mann (2004) ‘Climate over Past Millennia’, Reviews of Geophysics, 42(RG2002), May.
167. Kahiya, V. (2009) ‘Party big wigs locked in Nuanetsi Ranch turf war’, Zimbabwe Independent, 17 December.
168. Kamanga, K. C. (2008) The Agrofuel Industry in Tanzania: A critical enquiry into challenges and opportunities, Final version, Land Rights Research and Resources Institute and Joint Oxfam Livelihood Initiative for Tanzania, March.
169. Kanter, J. (2008) ‘Europe may ban imports of some biofuel crops’, New York Times, 15 January.
170. Kawadza, S. (2010) ‘U.S.$600 million ethanol plant under construction’, The Herald, 5 March.
171. Kennedy, A. (2007) ‘Concept and measurement of human development’, HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development, Nairobi, September.
172. Kidane, W., M. Maetz and P. Dardel (2006) Food Security and Agricultural Development in sub-Saharan Africa: Building a case for more public support, Rome: FAO.
173. Kirsten, J. and K. Sartorius (2002) ‘Linking agribusiness and small-scale farmers in developing countries: Is there a new role for contract farming?’ Development Southern Africa, 19(4): 503–29.
174. Ki-Zerbo, J. (1995) ‘“Which way Africa?” Reflections on Basil Davidson’s The Black Man’s Burden’, Development Dialogue No. 2, Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation.
175. Kofi, T. and A. Desta (2008) The Saga of African Underdevelopment: A viable approach for Africa’s sustainable development in the 21st century, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
176. Kreft, H. (2007) ‘Chinas Politik der Energie- und Rohstoffsicherung als Herausforderung für den Westen’, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, Heft 2.
177. Kuchler, M. (2010) ‘Unravelling the argument for bioenergy production in developing countries: A world-economy perspective’, Ecological Economics, 69(6): 1336–43.
178. Lakew, H. and Y. Shiferaw (2008) ‘Rapid assessment of biofuels development status in Ethiopia’, in T. Anderson and M. Belay (eds), Rapid Assessment of Biofuels Development Status in Ethiopia and Proceedings of the National Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Biofuels, Addis Ababa: Melca Mahiber, available at: www.melca-ethiopia.org/Biofuel%20Dev’t.html.pdf
179. Lane, J. (2010) ‘Jatropha 2.0 arrives: Koch’s FHR, LIFE Technologies invest in SG Biofuels’, 14 September, available at: http://biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/09/14/jatropha-2-0-arriveskochs-fhr-life-technologies-invest-in-sgbiofuels/
180. Langhelle, O. (2009) ‘Why ecological modernization and sustainable development should not be conflated’ in A. P. J. Mol, D. A. Sonnenfeld and G. Spaargaren (eds) The Ecological Modernisation Reader: Environmental reform in theory and practice, Oxford: Routledge.
181. Lawrence, R. Z. (2010) ‘How good politics results in bad policy: The case of biofuel mandates’, Discussion Paper 2010-10, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs/CID Working Paper No. 200, Center for International Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, available at: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Lawrence%20Biofuels%20Mandates%20DP%20final%20for%20web.pdf
182. Leahy, S. (2009) ‘Foreigners lead global land rush’, IPS News website, 5 May, available at: http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46724
183. Leopold, A. (2009) ‘Agrofuels: Discursive shifts and discursive rifts over time and space’, paper prepared for the 4th Interpretive Policy Analysis Conference ‘Discourse and Power in Critical Policy Studies’, 25–27 June, Kassel, Germany.
184. L’Essor (2008) ‘Projet MCA-Mali d’Aménagement a l’Office du Niger: 5 ha, dont 2 gratuits’, 13 August.
185. Little, P. and M. Watts (eds) (1994) Living under Contract: Contract farming and agrarian transformation in sub-Saharan Africa, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
186. Lockwood, M. and J. Davidson (2010) ‘Environmental governance and the hybrid regime of Australian natural resource management’, Geoforum, 41(3): 388–98.
187. Loewenson, R. (1992) Modern Plantation Agriculture: Corporate wealth and labour squalor, London: Zed.
188. Lund, C. (2001) ‘Questioning some assumptions about land tenure’, in T. A. Benjaminsen and C. Lund (eds), Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel, Uppsala: Nordic African Institute.
189. Mackenzie, J. M. (1997) ‘Empire and the ecological apocalypse: The historiography of the imperial environment’, in T. Griffiths and L. Robin (eds), Ecology and Empire: Environmental history of settler societies, Keele University Press and University of Natal Press.
190. Mandebvu, L. (2010) ‘Chiefs embrace ethanol project’, The Herald, 28 June.
191. Mapako, M. (1998) ‘Energy applications of jatropha curcas oil’, in N. Foidl and A. Kashyap (eds), Exploring the Potential of Jatropha curcas in Rural Development and Environmental Protection, Harare.
192. Mathews, J. A. (2007) ‘Biofuels: What a biopact between north and south could achieve’, Energy Policy, 35(7): 3550–70.
193. Matinga, M. (2008) ‘A biofuels prenuptial: Questions for policy makers before the marriage’, Renewable Energy for Development, 21(1).
194. Matondi, P. B. (2010) ‘Agro-investment and land grabbing in Zimbabwe’ presentation at the regional workshop on the Commercialisation of Land and ‘Land Grabbing’ in Southern Africa, Clara Anna Fontein Game Reserve and Country Lodge, Cape Town South Africa, 24–25 March.
195. Matondi, P. B., P. Masanganise, C. T. Khombe and C. Sukume (2011) ‘Complexities of understanding agricultural production outcomes in Mazowe, Shamva and Mangwe Districts’, in Prosper B. Matondi (ed.), Inside the Political Economy of Redistributive Land and Agrarian Reforms in Mazowe, Shamva and Mangwe Districts, in Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe (forthcoming).
196. Maxwell, S. and M. Smith (1992) ‘Household food security: A conceptual review’, in S. Maxwell and T. R.Frankenberger (eds), Household Food Security: Concepts, indicators and measurements, United Nation’s Children’s Fund and International Fund for Agricultural Development.
197. McCann, J. (1995) People of the Plow: An agricultural history of Ethiopia, 1800–1990, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
198. McMichael, P. (2010) ‘Agrofuels in the food regime’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 609–29.
199. Mebratu, D. (1998) ‘Sustainability and sustainable development: Historical and conceptual review’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18(6): 493–520.
200. Mebratu, D. and M. Tamire (2002) Energy in Ethiopia: Status, Challenges and Prospects: Proceedings of the energy conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
201. Meinzen-Dick, R. (2010) ‘Overview of “land groups”: Global trends, categories, outcomes’ presentation to regional workshop on the Commercialisation of Land and ‘Land Grabbing’ in Southern Africa, Clara Anna Fontein Game Reserve and Country Lodge, Cape Town South Africa, 24–25 March.
202. Meskir Tesfaye (2007) ‘Bio-fuels in Ethiopia’, presentation to the Eastern and Southern Africa regional workshop on bio-fuels, 28–29 June, Nairobi, Kenya.
203. Mittal, Anuradha (2010) ‘Land grabs: cheap deals for rich countries’, Farming Matters, September, interview available at: www.landcoalition.org/cpl-blog/?p=8061
204. MLRR (Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement) (2009) ‘Major themes proposed for the Kariba’, planning retreat on Towards a Comprehensive Land Policy in Zimbabwe, Caribbea Bay Hotel, Kariba, 11–13 June.
205. MME (Ministry of Mines and Energy) (2008) Ethiopian Biofuels Development and Utilization Strategy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
206. Moe, Terry M. (2005) ‘Power and political institutions’, Perspectives on Politics, 3: 215–33.
207. Mol, A. P. J. (2007) ‘Boundless biofuels? Between environmental sustainability and vulnerability’, Sociologia Ruralis, 47(4).
208. Mol, A. P. J (2010) ‘Environmental authorities and biofuel controversies’, Environmental Politics, 19(1): 61–79.
209. Msangi, S. (2007) ‘Biofuel revolution threatens food security for the poor’, SciDev.Net website, 6 December, available at: www.scidev.net/en/climate-change-and-energy/biofuels/opinions/biofuel-revolution-threatensfood-security-for-the.html
210. Mwamila, Burton et al. (2008) ‘Feasibility of large-scale bio-fuel production in Tanzania’, August, mimeo.
211. Mwamila, Burton (2009) ‘Feasibility of large-scale biofuel production in Tanzania. Study Report’, April.
212. Neumann, R. P. (2004) ‘Nature-stateterritory: Toward a critical theorization of conservation enclosures’, in R. Peet and M. Watts (eds), Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movement, Oxford: Routledge.
213. Nhantumbo, I. and A. Salomao (2009) ‘Biofuels, land access and new business models for rural livelihoods in Africa – the Mozambican case’, Maputo: Centro Terra Viva and IIED (unpublished).
214. Nkomo, J. C., A. O. Nyong and K. Kulindwa (2006) ‘The impacts of climate change in Africa’, commissioned research for the Stern Report, www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/media/3/A/Chapter_5_The_Impacts_of_Climate_Change_in_Africa-5.pdf
215. North, D. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
216. Nyari, B. (2008) ‘Biofuel land grabbing in Northern Ghana’, Report by Regional Advisory and Information Network Systems (RAINS), available at: www.gaiafoundation.com
217. Obama, B. (2010) ‘Obama energy policy address’, 1 April, available at: http://biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/04/01/complete-text-of-obama-energy-policyaddress/
218. Odén, Bertil (2006) Biståndets Idéhistoria. Från Marshallhjälpen till milleniemål, Studentlitteratur.
219. OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2008) ‘Rising food prices: Causes and consequences’, paper prepared for the DAC High-Level Meeting, 20–21 May.
220. OFID (OPEC Fund for International Development) (2009) ‘Biofuels and food security implications of an accelerated biofuels production: Summary of the OFID study prepared by IIASA’, Vienna, available at: www.ofid.org/publications/PDF/pamphlet/ofid_pam38_Biofuels.pdf.
221. Öhman, May-Britt (2007) ‘Taming exotic beauties. Swedish hydropower construction in Tanzania in the era of development assistance, 1960s–1990s’, doctoral thesis in History of Science, KTH, Stockholm.
222. Olukoshi, A. (1998) ‘The elusive Prince of Denmark: structural adjustment and the crisis of governance in Africa’, Research Report No. 104, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
223. Oscarsson, P. (2009) ‘The land process in Tanzania’, mimeo.
224. Oxfam (2008) ‘Another inconvenient truth: How biofuel policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 114, June, available at: www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/climate_change/bp114_inconvenient_truth.html
225. Oxfam Australia and Ruzivo Trust (2011) Mainstreaming Livelihoods into Gender, HIV and AIDS Programming, Harare, Zimbabwe (forthcoming).
226. Palmer, R. (2010) ‘Would Cecil Rhodes have signed a Code of Conduct? Reflections on global land grabbing and land rights in Africa, past and present’, paper delivered at the African Studies Association of the UK, biennial conference, Oxford, 16–19 September, available at: www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/landrights/downloads/would_cecil_rhodes_have_signed_a_code_of_conduct.pdf
227. Partners for Africa (2005) ‘Developing African renewable energy sectors for poverty alleviation, emphasis on bioenergy’, 14th European Biomass Conference, 17–21 October, Paris.
228. Peskett L., R. Slater, C. Stevens and A. Dufey (2007) ‘Biofuels, agriculture and poverty reduction: Natural resources’, Perspectives, 107.
229. Petroleum Economist (2006) ‘Addicted to oil’, December.
230. Pimentel, D. et al. (2009) ‘Food versus biofuels: Environmental and economic costs’, Human Ecology, 37(1), available as: DOI: 10.1007/s10745-009-9215-8.
231. Platteau, J.-Ph. (1996) ‘The evolutionary theory of land rights as applied to sub-Saharan Africa: A critical assessment’, in Development and Change, 27(1): 29–86.
232. Porter, G. and K. Phillips-Howard (1997) ‘Comparing contracts: An evaluation of contract farming schemes in Africa’, World Development, 37(11).
233. Practical Action Consulting (2009) ‘Smallscale bioenergy initiatives: Brief description and preliminary lessons on livelihood impacts from case studies in Asia, Latin America and Africa’, PISCES and FAO, available at: www. pisces.or.ke/pubs/pdfs/FAO-PISCES%20Case%20Studies%20Executive%20Summary%20050209.pdf
234. Prowse, M. and T. Braunholtz-Speight (2007) ‘The first Millennium Development Goal, agriculture and climate change’, ODI Opinion, 85.
235. Pye, O. (2010) ‘The biofuel connection: Transnational activism and the palm oil boom’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 851–74.
236. Rajagopal, D. et al. (2007) ‘Challenge of biofuel: Filling the tank without emptying the stomach?’, Environmental Research Letters, 2, available at: http://ecnr.berkeley.edu/vfs/PPs/Sexton-SteE/web/challenge.pdf
237. Reardon, T. and C. Barrett (2000) ‘Agroindustrialisation, globalization and international development: An overview of issues, patterns and determinants’, Agricultural Economics, 23.
238. Republic of Mozambique (2009) Biofuels Policy and Strategy, Resolution No. 22/2009, Ministry of Energy, Maputo: Ministry of Energy with support of DfID.
239. Republic of Zambia (2009) Revised Draft Policy Biofuels Strategy for Zambia.
240. Roberntz, P., T. Edman and A. Carlson (2009) ‘The Rufiji landscape. The sweet and bitter taste of sugarcane grown for biofuel’, draft report prepared for World Wildlife Fund, Sweden.
241. Rodney W. (1964) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, London: Macmillan Press.
242. Roe, E. (1991) ‘Development narratives, or making the best of blueprint development’, World Development, 19(4).
243. Roe, E (1999) Except Africa: Remaking development, rethinking power, Edison, NJ: Transaction Books.
244. Rukuni, M., P. Tawonezvi, C. Eicher, M. Munyuki-Hungwe and P. Matondi (eds) (2006) Zimbabwe’s Agricultural Revolution, 2nd edn, Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
245. Runge, C. F. and B. Senauer (2007) ‘How biofuels could starve the poor’, Foreign Affairs, May/June.
246. Rural Consult (2009a) ‘The biofuel debate’, Daily Graphic (Ghana), 10 June.
247. Rural Consult (2009b) ‘Action Aid and biofuels. Rural Consult responds yet again’, Daily Graphic (Ghana), 23 July.
248. Sawe, E. N., TaTEDO and WWF Tanzania (2008) ‘Scoping exercise on the biofuels industry within and outside Tanzania’, Dar es Salaam, Energy for Sustainable Development, available at: www.wwf.se/source.php/1203701/WWF_Tanzania_Scoping_Report_Biofuels.pdf
249. Scott, J. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
250. Searchinger, T. et al. (2008) ‘Use of US croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change’, Science, 319(29): 1238–40.
251. SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) (forthcoming) Biofuel: A Guide for the Confused, Norwegian Peoples Aid, SEI and Renetech AB.
252. SEI/IRA (Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam) (2009) ‘Initial assessment of socioeconomic and environmental risks and opportunities of large-scale biofuels production in the Rufiji District’, a report prepared for SEKAB T, Stockholm and Dar es Salaam.
253. SEKAB (2009a) ‘Hållbarhetspris till SEKAB’, press release, 18 March.
254. SEKAB (2009b) ‘Sustainability award for SEKAB’, press release, 18 March.
255. SEKAB (2009c) ‘SEKAB sells subsidiaries in Tanzania and Mozambique to EcoDevelopment in Europe AB’, press release, October 23.
256. SEKAB Bioenergy Tanzania (2009) ‘SEKAB BioEnergy Tanzania Ltd – Application for Credit Enhancement Guarantee’, Dar es Salaam, July 28.
257. Sen, A. (1981) Poverty and Famine: An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
258. Sengers, F., R. P. J. M. Raven and A. van Venrooij (2010) ‘From riches to rags: Biofuels, media discourses and resistance to sustainable energy technologies’, paper delivered to the SPRU Energy Conference Programme, Sussex University, 25–26 January.
259. Sexton, S. and D. Zilberman (2010) ‘The economics of agricultural biotechnology adoption: Implications for biofuel sustainability’, paper delivered to the National Bureau of Economic Research Conference, available at: www.nber.org/confer/2010/AGs10/Sexton.pdf
260. Shut, M., M. Slingerland et al. (2010) ‘Biofuel developments in Mozambique. Update and analysis of policy, potential and reality’, Energy Policy, 38: 5151–65.
261. Sibanda, T. (2010) ‘Villagers face eviction to make way for biofuel cultivation’, SW Radio Africa News, 30 March.
262. Sida Helpdesk for Environmental Assessment (2009) ‘General environmental assessment comments’, September 30.
263. Sida’s Department for Partnership Development/AKTSAM (2010) ‘Decision on assessment and preparation’, October 29.
264. SIRDC (Scientific and Industrial Research Development Council) (1998) ‘The potential of jatropha curcas in improving rural livelihoods and environmental protection – An exploration’, concept paper – Final Draft, Harare, Zimbabwe.
265. Smith, G. (1993) Impact Assessment and Sustainable Resource Management, London: Longman.
266. Stiglitz J. (2002) Globalization and Its Discontents, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
267. Sulle, E. and F. Nelson (2009a) ‘Developing biofuels through securing local livelihoods and land rights’, information brief, Tanzania Forestry Working Group, Tanzania Natural Resources Forum.
268. Sulle, E. and F. Nelson (2009b) Biofuels, Land Access and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania, London: IIED.
269. Sunday Mail (Zimbabwe) (2010) ‘Villagers, investor clash over land’, 30 May.
270. Svarstad, H. (2002) ‘Analyzing conservation-development discourses: The story of a biopiracy narrative’, Forum for Development studies, 1.
271. Swift, J. and K. Hamilton (2001) ‘Household food and livelihood security’, in S. Devereux and S. Maxwell (eds), Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa, London: ITDG Publishing.
272. Teketel Abebe (1998) ‘“Tenants of the state”: The limitations of revolutionary agrarian transformation in Ethiopia, 1974–1991’, dissertation, Lund, Sweden.
273. Tigere, T. A. et al. (2006) ‘Potential of jatropha curcas in improving smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Zimbabwe: An exploratory study of Makosa Ward, Mutoko District’, Journal of Sustainable Development, 8.
274. Todaro, M. (1993) Economic Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
275. Tompsett, C. (2010) ‘Fuelling development? A critical look at governmentcentered jatropha cultivation for biodiesel as promoted by the biofuel policy in Rajastan, India’, unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Bergen.
276. Toulmin, C. (2008) ‘Securing land and property rights in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of local institutions’, Land Use Policy, 26.
277. Toulmin, C. and J. Quan (eds) (2000) Evolving Land Rights Policy and Tenure in Africa, London: IIED.
278. Ulmanen, J. H., G. P. J. Verbong et al. (2009) ‘Biofuel developments in Sweden and the Netherlands: Protection and socio-technical change in a long-term perspective’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6–7): 1406–17.
279. UN (2007) Sustainable Bioenergy: A framework for decision makers, available at: http://esa.un.org/un-energy/pdf/susdev.Biofuels.FAO.pdf
280. UNAC&JA (2009) ‘Jatropha! A socioeconomic pitfall for Mozambique’, Maputo: UNAC (União Nacional de Camponeses) and JA (Justiça Ambiental).
281. UNCTAD (2006) FDI in Least Developed Countries at a Glance, available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteiia20057_en.pdf
282. UNCTAD (2007) ‘Globalization for development: Opportunities and challenges, Report of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to UNCTAD XII’, available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/td413_en.pdf
283. UNCTAD (2008) World Investment Report 2008 – Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2008_en.pdf
284. UNCTAD (2009) World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development, available at: www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2009_en.pdf
285. UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting climate change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf
286. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007) ‘Small-scale production and use of liquid biofuels in sub-Saharan Africa: Perspectives for sustainable development’, Background Paper No. 2, DESA/DSD/2007/2, New York.
287. URT (United Republic of Tanzania) (2010) ‘Giudelines for available liquid biofuels development in Tanzania’, Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Energy and Minerals.
288. US Embassy (2009) ‘Partners for cleaner energy – alternative energy opportunities in Sweden’, June 30.
289. Utete Report (2003) Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr Charles M. B. Utete, Vol. I: Main Report, Harare.
290. Via Campesina (2003) ‘What is food sovereignty?’ 1 January, available at: www.viacampesina.org/IMG/_article_PDF/article_216.pdf
291. Via Campesina (2007) ‘Small scale sustainable farmers are cooling down the earth, a Via Campesina background document on global warming’, available at: www.viacampesina.org
292. Vidal, J. (2010) ‘How food and water are driving a 21st-century African land grab’, Guardian, 7 March.
293. von Braun, J. (2007) The World Food Situation: New driving forces and required actions, Washington, DC: IFPRI, available at: www.ifpri.org/publication/world-food-situation-2
294. von Braun, J (2008) Food and Financial Crises: Implications for agricultures and the poor, Food Policy Report No. 20, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
295. Von Braun, Joachim and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2009) ‘ “Land grabbing” by foreign investors in developing countries: Risks and opportunities’, IFPRI Policy Brief, 13 April.
296. Von Braun, Joachim and R. K. Pachauri (2006) ‘The promises and challenges of biofuels for the poor in developing countries’, IFPRI, available at: www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ar05e.pdf
297. Wall Street Journal (2009) ‘BP gives up on jatropha for biofuel’, available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/07/17/bp-gives-upon-jatropha-for-biofuel/
298. Wamukoya, N. (2007) ‘Biofuels sustainability: Towards solutions’, paper presented at the High-level Biofuels Seminar in Africa, organized by the African Union, the Brazilian Government and UNIDO, Addis Ababa, 30 July.
299. Warwick, C. (2008) ‘Environmental effects of biofuels crops must be weighed, researchers say’, News Bureau Illinoiswebsite, available at: http://news.illinois.edu/NEWS/06/0922biofuels.html
300. Watts, M. (2004) ‘Violent environments, petroleum conflict and the political ecology of rule in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’, in R. Peet and M. Watts, Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements, Oxford: Routledge.
301. WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future, New York.
302. Weidemann Associates, Inc. (2010) Zimbabwe Agricultural Sector Market Study, Harare: USAID.
303. White, B. (1997) ‘Agroindustry and contract farmers in upland West Java’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 24(3): 100–36.
304. White, B. and A. Dasgupta (2010) ‘Agrofuels capitalism: A view from political economy’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(4): 593–607.
305. Widengård, M. (2009a) Personal notes from COMPETE International Conference on Bioenergy Policy Implementation in Africa, Fringilla Lodge, Zambia.
306. Widengård, M (2009b) Seminar notes from May 25 on Aspects of SEKAB’s plans for large scale biofuel production in Tanzania. Based on presentations and discussions in a seminar organized by the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
307. Widengård, M (2010a) Personal notes from seminar on Bioenergy Sustainability and Tradeoffs: Does Global Sustainability Threaten Local Sustainability?, Sida, Stockholm.
308. Widengård, M (2010b) Personal notes from WWF regional workshop on Renewable Energy – Biofuels in Southern Africa (Miombo), Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.
309. Windfuhr, M. and J. Jonsén (2005) ‘Food sovereignty: Towards democracy in localized food systems’, FIAN Working Paper, ITDG Publishing.
310. Wolde-Georgis T. and M. H. Glantz (2008) ‘People-focused biofuels development in Africa’, Fragile Ecologies, 20 November, available at: www.fragilecologies.com/nov20_08.html
311. Wood, C. (2003) ‘Environmental impact assessment in developing countries: An overview’, Conference on New Directions in Impact Assessment for Development: Methods and Practice, mimeo.
312. World Bank (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: From crisis to sustainable growth, Washington, DC.
313. World Bank (2007) World Development Report: Agriculture for development 2008, Washington, DC.
314. World Bank (2010) Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can it yield sustainable and equitable benefits?, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/ESW_Sept7_final_final.pdf
315. World Resources Institute (2003) ‘Biodiversity and protected areas – Tanzania’, mimeo.
316. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) (2003) ‘Soy expansion – losing forests to fields’, available at: http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwfsoyexpansion.pdf
317. Wyeth, P. (2002) Jatropha or Physic Nut: An industry and market study on six plant products in Southern Africa, Pullman: Washington State University, USA.
318. York, R. and E. A. Rosa (2003) ‘Key challenges to ecological modernization theory’, Organization and Environment, 16(3): 273–88.
319. Young, J. (1997) Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia. The Tigray People’s Liberation Front, 1975–1991, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
320. Young, O. R., F. Berkhout et al. (2006) ‘The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientific research’, Global Environmental Change, 16(3): 304–16.
321. Ziegler, Jean (2007) ‘The right to food, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food’, UN General Assembly A/62/289, 22 August 22, available at: http://www.righttofood.org/new/PDF/A62289.pdf
322. Zimbabwe Standard (2008) ‘Little oil trickles out of bio-diesel plant’, 22 November, available at: www.thestandard.co.zw/business/19256-little-oil-tricklesout-of-bio-diesel-plant.htm