Confessional Protest: The Religious Birth of U.S. National Social Movements

American Sociological Review

Volumn 67, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 660-688

  Young, Michael P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85185501976     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: 19398271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240206700502     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Abzug Robert H. 1980. Passionate Liberator: Theodore Dwight Weld and the Dilemma of Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Abzug Robert H. 1994. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. American Anti-Slavery Society. 1833. Declaration of Sentiments. New York: W. S. Dorr.
4. American Anti-Slavery Society. 1837–1838. Annual Reports. New York: William S. Dorr.
5. American Bible Society. 1816–1829. Reports of the American Bible Society. New York.
6. American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions. 1820 and 1829. Reports of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster.
7. American Board of Commissions for Foreign Missions. 1823. View of the Missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster.
8. American Colonization Society. 1820. Third Annual Report. Washington, DC.
9. American Education Society. 1826–1831. The Quarterly Register. New York: American Education Society.
10. American Home Missionary Society. 1829. Third Report of the American Home Missionary Society. New York: Clayton and Van Norden.
11. American Sunday School Union. 1829. Fifth Report of the American Sunday School Union. Philadelphia, PA: I. Ashmead and Company.
12. American Temperance Society. 1828–1832, 1834. Annual Report. Boston, MA: American Temperance Society.
13. American Temperance Union. 1852. Permanent Temperance Documents. Vol. 1. New York: American Temperance Union.
14. American Tract Society. 1826, 1829. Annual Report. New York: Daniel Fanshaw.
15. American Tract Society. 1827–1831. Tract No. 92. The Praying African: An Authentic Narrative. New York: American Tract Society.
16. Banner Lois. 1973. “Religious Benevolence as Social Control: A Critique of an Interpretation.” Journal of American History 60:23–41.
17. Barnes Gilbert. 1933. The Antislavery Impulse, 1833–1844. New York: D. Appleton-Century.
18. Beecher Lyman. 1811. The Government of God Desirable. New London, CT: Samuel Green.
19. Beecher Lyman. [1864] 1961. Autobiography. Edited by Cross B. M.. New York.
20. Blumin Stuart M. 1989. The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Bodo John R. 1954. The Protestant Clergy and Public Issues. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Bristol Sherlock. 1989. The Pioneer Preacher: Incidents of Interest, and Experiences in the Author's Life. Urbana, IL: University of Illnois Press.
23. Van Broekhoven Deborah. 1998. “‘Better than a Clay Club’: The Organization of Anti-Slavery Fairs, 1835–1860.” Slavery and Abolition 19:24–45.
24. Buechler Steven. 2000. Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism: The Political Economy and Cultural Construction of Social Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Burnham W. Dean, Clubb Jerome M., and Flanigan William. 1984 State-Level Presidential Election Data for the United States, 1824–1972 [MRDF]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer, distributor].
26. Butler Jon. 1990. Awash in a Sea of Faith. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
27. Calhoun Craig. 1993. “‘New Social Movements’ of the Early Nineteenth Century.” Social Science History 17:385–427.
28. Carwardine Richard J. 1997. Evangelicals and Politics in Antebellum America. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
29. Cohen Jean L. 1985. “Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements.” Social Research 52:663–716.
30. Cohen Jean L. and Arato Andrew. 1992. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Cole Charles C. 1954. The Social Ideas of the Northern Evangelists. New York: Columbia University Press.
32. Conkin Paul K. 1990. Cane Ridge: America's Pentecost. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
33. Conkin Paul K. 1995. The Uneasy Center: Reformed Christianity in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
34. Cott Nancy F. 1977. The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman's Sphere” in New England, 1780–1835. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
35. Cross Whitney R. 1950. The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York. New York: Harper and Row.
36. Davis David Brion. 1962. “The Emergence of Immediatism in British and American Antislavery Thought.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49:209–30.
37. Davis David Brion. 1992. “The Perils of Doing History by Ahistorical Abstraction.” Pp. 290–309 in The Antislavery Debate, edited by Bender T.. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
38. Delia Porta Donatella and Diani Mario. 1999. Social Movements: An Introduction. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers.
39. D'Emilio John. 1998. The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
40. Diamond Sara. 1998. Not by Politics Alone: The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right. New York: Guilford.
41. Farrell James J. 1997. The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism. New York and London, England: Routledge.
42. Finke Roger and Stark Rodney. 1992. The Churching of America: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
43. Formisano Ronald P. 1983. The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790–1840s. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Foster Charles I. 1960. An Errand of Mercy: The Evangelical United Front, 1790–1837. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
45. Fraser Nancy. 1995. “From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a ‘Post Socialist’ Age.” New Left Review 212:68–93.
46. Friedman Lawrence J. 1982. Gregarious Saints: Self and Community in American Abolitionism, 1830–1870. New York: Cambridge University Press.
47. Gaustad Edwin. 1962. Historical Atlas of American Religion. New York: Harper and Row.
48. Giddens Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of Structuration. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
49. Giddens Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
50. th Century United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
51. Goodheart Lawrence. 1990. Abolitionist, Actuary, Atheist: Elizur Wright and the Reform Impulse. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
52. Goodman Paul. 1998. Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
53. Gorski Philip S. 2000. “The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism.” American Journal of Sociology 105:1428–68.
54. Griffin Clifford. 1960. Their Brothers' Keepers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
55. Grimsted David. 1998. American Mobbing, 1828–1861. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Habermas Jurgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 2. Translated by McCarthy T.. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
57. Hall Peter Dobkin. 1984. The Organization of American Culture, 1700–1900: Private Institutions, Elites, and the Origins of American Nationality. New York: New York University Press.
58. Hammond John L. 1974. “Revival Religion and Antislavery Politics.” American Sociological Review. 39:175–86.
59. Hampel Robert L. 1982. Temperance and Prohibition in Massachusetts, 1813–1852. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press.
60. Hardman Keith J. 1987. Charles Grandison Finney, 1792–1875: Revivalist and Reformer. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
61. Hatch Nathan O. 1989. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven, CT and London, England: Yale University Press.
62. Hewitt Nancy A. 1984. Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester New York, 1822–1872. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
63. Hobsbawm E. J. 1959. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
64. Honneth Axel. 1996. The Struggle for Recognition. Translated by Anderson J.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
65. Jasper James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
66. Johnson Curtis D. 1993. Redeeming America: Evangelicals and the Road to the Civil War. Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee.
67. Johnson Paul E. 1978. A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1818–1837. New York: Hill and Wang.
68. Kane Anne E. 1997. “Theorizing Meaning Construction in Social Movements: Symbolic Structures and Interpretation During the Irish Land War, 1879–1882.” Sociological Theory 15:249–76.
69. Kent John. 1978. Holding the Fort: Studies in Victorian Revivalism. London, England: Epworth Press.
70. Krout John Allen. 1925. The Origins of Prohibition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
71. Lerner Gerda. 1980. The Majority Finds Its Past. New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Magdol Edward. 1986. The Antislavery Rank and File: A Social Profile of the Abolitionists' Constituency. New York: Greenwood Press.
73. Mann Michael. 1986. Sources of Social Power: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Vol. 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Mann Michael. 1993. Sources of Social Power: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.
75. McAdam Doug, Tarrow Sidney, and Tilly Charles. 1996. “To Map Contentious Politics.” Mobilization 1:17–34.
76. McAdam Doug, Tarrow Sidney, and Tilly Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
77. McClelland Peter D. and Zeckhauser Richard J.. 1983. Demographic Dimensions of the New Republic: American Interregional Migration, Vital Statistics, and Manumissions, 1800–1860. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
78. McCormick Richard L. 1986. The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University.
79. Melucci Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
80. Melucci Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
81. Miller Perry. 1984. Errand into the Wilderness. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
82. Moore Barrington Jr. 1979. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. White Plains, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
83. Morris Aldon. 1984. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Free Press.
84. New York State Temperance Society. 1833. American Quarterly Temperance Magazine. Vol. 1. Albany, NY: Packard and Van Benthuysen.
85. Nord David Paul. 1984. “The Evangelical Origins of Mass Media in America, 1815–1835.” Journalism Monographs 88.
86. O'Brien Conor Cruise. 1988. God Land: Reflections on Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Offe Claus. 1985. “New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics.” Social Research 52:817–68.
88. Richards Leonard L. 1970. “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Roberts James S. 1984. Drink, Temperance and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Germany. Boston, MA: George Allen and Unwin.
90. Rorabaugh W. J. 1979. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
91. Roth Randolph A. 1987. Democratic Dilemma: Religion. Reform, and the Social Order of the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850. New York: Cambridge University Press.
92. Rude George. 1981. The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730–1848. London, England: Lawrence and Wishart.
93. Ryan Mary P. 1981. Cradle of the Middle Class. New York: Cambridge University Press.
94. Ryan Mary P. 1990. Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825–1880. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
95. Scott Donald M. 1979. “Abolition as a Sacred Vocation.” Pp. 51–74 in Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists, edited by Perry L. and Fellman M.. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
96. Sellers Charles. 1991. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian Revolution, 1815–1846. New York and Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
97. Sewell William H. Jr. 1990. “Collective Violence and Collective Loyalties in France: Why the French Revolution Made a Difference.” Politics and Society 18:527–52.
98. Sewell William H. Jr. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98:1–29.
99. Sewell William H. Jr. 1996. “Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille.” Theory and Society 25:841–81.
100. Skocpol Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
101. Skocpol Theda. 1997. “The Tocqueville Problem: Civic Engagement in American Democracy.” Social Science History 21:455–79.
102. Skocpol Theda, Ganz Marshall, and Munson Ziad. 2000. “A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States.” American Political Science Review 94:527–46.
103. Skowronek Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities. New York: Cambridge University Press.
104. Smith-Rosenberg Carroll. 1985. Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
105. Stewart James B. 1996. Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery. New York: Hill and Wang.
106. Sournia Jean-Charles. 1990. A History of Alcoholism. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
107. Sweet William Warren. 1945. Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth and Decline. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
108. Swidler Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51:273–86.
109. Tarrow Sidney. 1993. “Modular Collective Action and the Rise of the Social Movement: Why the French Revolution Was Not Enough.” Politics and Society 21:69–90.
110. Tarrow Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
111. Taylor George Rogers. 1951. The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
112. Taylor Verta. 1996. Rock-A-By Baby: Feminism, Self-Help, and Postpartum Depression. New York and London, England: Routledge.
113. Thompson E. P. 1966. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Press.
114. Tilly Charles. 1986. The Contentious French. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
115. Tilly Charles. 1995a. “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834.” Pp. 15–41 in Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action, edited by Traugott M.. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
116. Tilly Charles. 1995b. Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
117. Tilly Charles. 1997. “The Parliamentarization of Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834.” Pp. 217–44 in Roads from Past to Future, Legacies of Social Thought, edited by Lemert C.. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
118. Touraine Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
119. Touraine Alain. 1985. “An Introduction to the Study of Social Movements.” Social Research 52:749–87.
120. Turner Victor. 1974. Drama, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
121. Tyrrell Ian R. 1979. Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
122. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
123. U.S. Post Office Department. 1830, 1834. “Annual Report of the Postmaster General.” Washington, DC: U.S. Post Office.
124. U.S. Treasury Department. 1835. “Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, Of expenditures for Fortifications, Light-Houses, Public Debt, Revolutionary and other Pensions, Internal Improvements, &c., from 1791 to 1833.” Washington, DC: U.S. Treasury.
125. Walters Ronald G. 1997. American Reformers, 1815–1860. Edited by Foner E.. New York: Hill and Wang.
126. Walzer Michael. 1963. “Puritanism as a Revolutionary Ideology.” History and Theory 3:59–90.
127. Walzer Michael. 1965. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
128. Weisberger Bernard A. 1958. They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact Upon Religion in America. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
129. Williams Rhys H. 1994. “Religious Rhetoric in American Populism: Civil Religion as Movement Ideology.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 33:1–15.
130. Woodberry Robert D. 1996. “Comparative Historical Analysis of the Origins of Temperance.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, August, New York.
131. Wyatt-Brown Bertram. 1969. Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War against Slavery. Baton Rouge, LA and London, England: Louisiana State University Press.
132. Wyatt-Brown Bertram. 1971. “Prelude to Abolitionism: Sabbatarian Politics and the Rise of the Second Party System.” Journal of American History 58:316–415.
133. Young Michael P. 2001. “Tocqueville's America: A Critical Reappraisal of Voluntary Associations before the Civil War.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, August, Anaheim, CA.