THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA STRIP - 1998

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights

Volumn 28, Issue , 1999, Pages 37-49

  Dinstein, Yoram ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85180791019     PISSN: 03335925     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/9789004423121_005     Document Type: Chapter

References (76)

1. Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization, Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, 1993, 32 I L M . 1525 (1993) .
2. Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization, Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area, 1994, 32 Kitvei Amana (Israel Treaty Series) I.
3. Israel-Palestine Liberation Organi zation, Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1995, 33 Kitvei Amana I .
4. Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization, Protocol Concerning the Redeployment i n Hebron, 1997,36 IL M . 650 (1997) .
5. Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization, Wye River Memorandum, 1998, 37 I.L.M . 1251 (\ 998) .
6. See Y. Dinstein, "The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights", 8 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights (I. Y.H.R.) 104-43 (1978) .
7. Regulations Annexed to Hague Convention II (1899) and IV (1907). Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents 63. 88-92 (D. Schindler & J. Toman eds.. 3rd cd.. 1988).
8. Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War . 1949. The Laws of Armed Conflicts. ibid.. 495.
9. M. Shamgar, "The Observance or International Law in the Administered Terr itories". II.Y.H.R. 262. 266 (1971).
10. On the meaning of this phrase. see Y. Dinstein, "International Humanitarian Law". International Human Rights Law: Theory and Practice 203 . 203-206 (I. Cotler & F.P . Eliadis eds.. 1992).
11. I I See Y. Din stein, "Th e Israel Supr em e Court and the Law o r Bell igerent O ccupati on: Dep ort at ion s", 23 I. Y.H.R. 1-26 (1993) .
12. See Y. Dinstein, "T he Application of Customary International Law Concerning Armed Conflicts in the National Legal Order", National Implementation of International Humanitarian Law 29, 31-33 (M. Bothe cd., (990).
13. 1:1 See Y. Dinstein. "The Arab-Israeli Contlict from the Perspective of Internati on al Law", 43 Univ. ofNell' Brunswick L. 1. 30 I, 311-13 (1994).
14. 2 Digest of International Law 1165-66 (M.M. Whiteman cd., (963).
15. Israel-Jord an. Treaty of Peace. 1994, 32 Kitvei Amana 271. 275, 310 (Art. 3(I); Annex I(a), Art. Il.
16. II> lbid.. 275 (Art. 3(2)).
17. Ibi d.. 289 .
18. IX lsracl-Egypt. Camp David Framework for Peace in the Middle East. 1978. 25 Kitvei Ali/aI/a 510.5 12·14.
19. IlJ Israel-Egypt. Treaty of Peace. 1979. 25 Kitvei Amana 695. 698 (Art. 11).
20. ibid.. 697 (Art. I(1l).
21. lbid., id. (Art. 1(2)).
22. Camp David Agreement, supra note 18, at 512-14.
23. See Y. Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence 56 (2nd cd., 1994).
24. For the English text of the Law, see The Arab-Israel Conflict and Its Resolution: Selected Documents 283, id. (R. Lapidoth & M. Hirsch eds ., 1992).
25. Cf. S. c. Res . 497 (1981). Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Sccuritv Council (1946-1992) 726, 726 -27 (K .C. Wellens ed ., 2nd cd .. 1993) .
26. Cf. J. Stone. Legal Controls of International Conflict 721 (2nd cd.. 1959).
27. See M. Bothe, "Occupation after Armistice". 4 Encyclopedia of Public International Law 63. id. (R. Bernhardt ed .. 1982).
28. 2X See G. Schwarzcnbergcr, The LawofArmed Conflict 184 (1968).
29. A forcible peacetime occupation is equated to belligerent occupation by Article 2 of Geneva Convention IV (supra note 8. at 501). See A. Roberts. "What is a Military Occupation?". 55 Brit. Y.B. Int'/ L. 249.276 (1984).
30. Geneva Convention IV, supra note 8. at 503 .
31. Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1977. The Laws ofArmed Conflicts. supra note 7. at 621, 629.
32. The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict 251 <0. Fleck ed.. 1995).
33. Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. 1949. The Laws of Armed Conflicts. supra note 7. at 423. 469.
34. International Committee of the Red Cross. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 68 (Y. Sandoz et al. cds .• 1987) .
35. See Y. Dinstein, "The Release of Prisoners of War", International Committee of the Red Cross, Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet 37. 44-45 (c. Swinarski ed., 1984).
36. See A. Roberts, "Prolonged Milit ary Occupation: the Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967", 84 Am. 1. Int'l L. 44, 55 (1990).
37. 7 See Israel. the" Intifada " and the Rule o f Law 38 (D. Yahav ed ., 1993).
38. 3X Geneva Convention IV, supra note 8, at 524.
39. V) See, e.g., Art. 9(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, [1966) UN Juridical Y.B. 178,181.
40. The point was clarified by the European Court of Human Rights in its very fir st judgment delivered in 1961. Lawless Case (Merits), 3 Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights 54-62 (1961).
41. International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary. N Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection ofCivilian Persons in Time ofWar 63 (O.M. Uhler et al. cds.. 1958).
42. See Art. XXXI(2) of the Interim Agreement, supra note 3. at 29.
43. Ibid .• 4.
44. Ibid.. 12-13 .
45. lbid., 12.
46. See supra notes 2-3.
47. J. Crawford, "The Criteria for Statehood in International Law", 48 Brit. Y.B. lnt'l L. 93, 119 (1976-1977).
48. See I(I) Oppenheim's International Law 382 (R. Jennings & A. Walts eds., 9th ed., 1992).
49. Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at II .
50. Ibid., 15-17.
51. On the legal significance of this phrase, see 1. Singer, "Aspects of Foreign Relations under the Israeli-Palestinian Agreements on Interim Self-Government Arrangements for the West Bank and Gaza", 28 Israel L. Rev. 268,285-86 (1994).
52. Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at 10.
53. 1 K.W. Meighan, "The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles: Prelude to a Peace?", 34 Virginia 1. Int'I L. 435, 452 (1994).
54. For the text of the Declaration, see 12 Middle East Contemporary Survey 260 (A . Ayalon & H. Shaked eds ., 1988) .
55. Klinghoffer v. S.N.C. Achille Lauro (1991), 937 F.ld 44, 47-48.
56. Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at 30.
57. DOP, supra note I, at 1527.
58. 5R See Y.Z. Blum, "From Camp David to Oslo", 28 Israel L. Rev. 211, 213 (1994).
59. Cairo Agreement, supra note 2, at 2.
60. Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at 2.
61. 1 Hebron Protocol, supra note 4, passim; Wye River Memorandum, supra note 5, passim .
62. See E. Ben venisti, 'T he Status of the Palestin ian Authority", The Arab-Israeli-Accords: Legal Perspectives 47, 59 (E. Cotran & C. Mallat eds., 1996).
63. See H.-J. Heint ze, "On the Legal Understanding of Autonomy", Autonomy: Applications and Implications 7, 30 (M. Suksi ed., 1998).
64. See, especially, H. Hannum & R.B. Lillich, "The Concept of Autonomy in International Law", Models of Autonomy 215-54 (Y. Dinstein ed., 1981).
65. See. especially, Interpretation of the Statute of the Memel Territory (Merits) (1932), 3 World Court Reports 35 (M.O. Hudson ed., 1938).
66. See Y. Dinstein, "Autonomy", Models of Autonomy, supra note 64, at 291,299.
67. Geneva Convention IV, supra note 8, at 520.
68. See Y. Dinstein, "Autonomy and Legal Status: a Rejoinder [to H.-P. Gasser]", 26 Security Dialogue 185,)88 () 995) .
69. Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at 268.
70. See E. Benven isti, " Re spo nsibi li ty for the Protect ion of Human Right s under the Interim Israeli-Palestinian Agreements", 28 Israel L. Rev. 297, 307-309 (1994) .
71. Coven ant, supra note 39, at 183.
72. Under Art. 48, the Covenant is open for signature, ratification and access ion by State s exclu sivel y. Ibid., 192-93.
73. 7J Interim Agreement, supra note 3, at 23.
74. See F. Domb, "The Gaza and Jericho Autonomy and Human Rights", 25 I.Y.H.R. 2 I, 29-35 (1995).
75. See ibid., 37.
76. Cf. T. Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law 163 (1989).