Use of Humane Endpoints to Minimise Suffering

The COST Manual of Laboratory Animal Care and Use: Refinement, Reduction, and Research

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 333-353

  Hendriksen, Coenraad ^a,b   Morton, David ^c   Cussler, Klaus ^c  

^a NETHERLANDS VACCINE INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85179241044     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b13591-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (49)

1. Aldhous, P., A. Coghlan, and J. Copley. 1999. Animal experiments-Where do you draw the line? Let the people speak. New Scientist (1971) 162:26-31.
2. AVMA. 1987. AVMA colloquium on recognition and alleviation of animal pain and distress. May 15-17, 1987, Chicago, IL. Proceedings. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 191:1184-298.
3. Bhasin, J., R. Latt, E. Macallum, K. McCutcheon, E. Olfert, D. Rainnie, and M. Schunk. 1999. Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines on choosing an appropriate endpoint in experiments using animals for research, teaching and testing. Canada: CCAC.
4. BVAAWF. 1986. The recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in small laboratory mammals and its assessment. London: BVA, 2nd BVA Animal Welfare Foundation Symposium.
5. Clark, J. D., D. R. Rager, and J. P. Calpin. 1997. Animal well-being. IV. Specific assessment criteria. Laboratory Animal Science 47:586-97.
6. CCAC. 1998. Guidelines on: choosing an appropriate endpoint in experiments using animals for research and testing. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 30. de Boo, J., and C. Hendriksen. 2005. Reduction strategies in animals research: A review of scientific approaches at the intra-experimental, supra-experimental and extra-experimental levels. Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33:369-79.
7. Diesch, T. J., D. J. Mellor, C. B. Johnson, and R. G. Lentle. 2008. Responsiveness to painful stimuli in anaesthetised newborn and young animals of varying neurological maturity (wallaby joeys, rat pups and lambs). AATEX 14:549-52.
8. Duncan, I. J. H., and V. Molony. 1986. Assessing pain in farm animals. Luxembourg: Publications of the Commission of the European Communities.
9. EFSA. 2009. EFSA scientific opinion of the panel on animal health and welfare on a request from European commission on general approach to fish welfare and to the concept of sentience in fish. The EFSA Journal 954:1-26.
10. European Commission. 1986. European directive 86/609/EC on protection for animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm
11. FELASA. 1994. Pain and distress in laboratory rodents and lagomorphs. Report of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) working group on pain and distress accepted by the FELASA board of management. November 1992. Laboratory Animals 28:97-112.
12. FELASA. 1995. FELASA recommendations on the education and training of persons working with laboratory animals: Categories A and C. Reports of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations working group on education accepted by the FELASA board of management. Laboratory Animals 29:121-31.
13. Fentener van Vlissingen, J. M., M. H. M. Kuijpers, E. C. M. van Oostrum, R. B. Beems, and J. E. van Dijk. 1999. Retrospective evaluation of clinical signs, pathology and related discomfort in chronic studies. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
14. Fitzgerald, M. 1994. The neurobiology of foetal and neonatal pain. In The textbook of pain, ed. P. Wall, 46-62, 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
15. Garner, J. P. 2005. Stereotypies and other abnormal repetitive behaviors: Potential impact on validity, reliability, and replicability of scientific outcomes. ILAR Journal 46:106-17.
16. Hartinger, J., D. Kulbs, P. Volkers, and K. Cussler. 2003. Suitability of temperature-sensitive transponders to measure body temperature during animal experiments required for regulatory tests. ALTEX: Alternativen Zu Tierexperimenten 20:65-70.
17. Hau, J. 1999. Humane endpoints and the importance of training. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
18. Hendriksen, C. F., and B. Steen. 2000. Refinement of vaccine potency testing with the use of humane endpoints. ILAR Journal 41:105-13.
19. ILAR/NRC. 1992. Committee on pain and distress in laboratory animals: Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
20. Kinter, L., and D. K. Johnson. 1999. Remote monitoring of experimental endpoints in animals using radiotelemetry and bioimpedance technologies. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
21. Kobaek-Larsen, M., L. Rud, F. Oestergaard Soerensen, and J. Ritskes-Hoitinga. 2004. Laparoscopy of rats with experimental liver metastases: A method to assess new humane endpoints. Laboratory Animals 38:162-68.
22. Kort, W. J., J. M. Hekking-Weijma, M. T. TenKate, V. Sorm, and R. VanStrik. 1998. A microchip implant system as a method to determine body temperature of terminally ill rats and mice. Laboratory Animals 32:260-69.
23. Kramer, K. 2000. Applications and evaluation of radio-telemetry in small laboratory animals. PhD Thesis. Utrecht, The Netherlands: University of Utrecht.
24. Kramer, K., J. Grimbergen, B. Brockway, B. Brockway, and H. P. Voss. 1999. Circadian respiratory rate rhythms in freely moving small laboratory animals using radiotelemetry. Laboratory Animals 28:38-41.
25. Lloyd, M. H., and S. E. Wolfensohn. 1999. Practical use of distress scoring systems in the application of humane endpoints. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
26. Medina, L. V. 2004. How to balance humane endpoints, scientific data collection and appropriate veterinary interventions in animal studies. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43:56, 58, 60-62.
27. Melzack, R., and P. Wall. 1982. The challenge of pain. Harmsworth, UK: Penguin books.
28. Mench, J. 1999. Defining endpoints: The role of animal care committee. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
29. Morton, D. 1992. A fair press for animals. New Scientist (1971) 134:28-30.
30. Morton, D. B. 1998. The importance of non-statistical design in refining animal experimentation. ANZCCART facts sheet. ANZCCART News 11:1-12.
31. Morton, D. B. 2000. A systematic approach for establishing humane endpoints. ILAR Journal 41:80-86.
32. Morton, D. B., G. M. Burghardt, and J. A. Smith. 1990. Animals, science, and ethics-Section III. Critical anthropomorphism, animal suffering, and the ecological context. The Hastings Center Report 20:S13-S19.
33. Morton, D. B., and P. H. Griffiths. 1985. Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and a hypothesis for assessment. The Veterinary Record 116:431-36.
34. Morton, D. B., and P. Townsend. 1995. Dealing with adverse effects and suffering during animal research. In Laboratory animals-An introduction for experimenters, ed. A. A. Tuffery, 215-31. Chichester, UK:John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
35. Nevalainen, T., E. Berge, P. Gallix, B. Jilge, E. Melloni, P. Thomann, B. Waynforth, and L. F. van Zutphen. 1999. FELASA guidelines for education of specialists in laboratory animal science (category D). Report of the Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations Working Group on Education of Specialists (Category D) accepted by the FELASA board of management. Laboratory Animals 33:1-15.
36. Nevalainen, T., I. Dontas, A. Forslid, B. R. Howard, V. Klusa, H. P. Kasermann, E. Melloni, et al. 2000. FELASA recommendations for the education and training of persons carrying out animal experiments (category B). Report of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations working group on education of persons carrying out animal experiments (category B) accepted by the FELASA board of management. Laboratory Animals 34:229-35.
37. OECD. 2000. Guidance document of the recognition, assessment and use of clinical signs as humane endpoints for experimental animals used in safety evaluation. Paris: OECD.
38. Poole, T. 1997. Identifying the behavioural needs of zoo mammals and providing appropriate captive environments. RATEL 24:200-211.
39. Poon, R., and I. Chu. 1999. Urinary biomarkers as humane endpoints in toxicological research. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
40. Reese, E. P. 1991. The role of husbandry in promoting the welfare of animals. In Animals in biomedical research, eds. C. F. M. Hendriksen and H. B. W. M. Köeter, 155-92. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
41. Richmond, J. 1999. Criteria for humane endpoints. Paper presented at Humane Endpoints in Animal Experiments for Biomedical Research-Proceedings of the International Conference, Zeist, The Netherlands.
42. Smith, J. A., and K. Boyd, eds. 1991. Lives in the balance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43. Townsend, P. 1993. Control of pain and distress in small laboratory animals. Animal Technology 44:215-26.
44. Townsend, P., and D. B. Morton. 1994. Practical assessment of adverse effects and its use in determining humane end-points. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 1993 5th FELASA Symposium: Welfare & Science. Brighton, UK: FELASA.
45. Ullman-Cullere, M. H., and C. J. Foltz. 1999. Body condition scoring: A rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice. Laboratory Animal Science 49:319-23.
46. Wallace, J. 2000. Humane endpoints and cancer research. ILAR Journal 41:87-93.
47. Wang, L. V. 2003. Ultrasound-mediated biophotonic imaging: A review of acousto-optical tomography and photo-acoustic tomography. Disease Markers 19:123-38.
48. Wiepkema, P. R., and J. M. Koolhaas. 1993. Stress and animal welfare. Animal Welfare 2:195-218.
49. Zimmermann, M. 1983. International association for the study of pain committee for research and ethical issues: Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16:109-10.