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Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 505-524

The Principle of Non-discrimination in Respect of Age: Dimensions of the ECJ's Mangold Judgment

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EID: 85175427805     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2071832200004818     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (107)
  • 1
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    • Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v. Rüdiger Helm
    • [hereinafter "Mangold"].
    • Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v. Rüdiger Helm, 58 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT [NJW] 3695 (2005), [hereinafter "Mangold"].
    • (2005) Neue Juristische Wochenschrift [Njw] , vol.58 , pp. 3695
  • 2
    • 85175442579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 99/70, Concerning the Framework Agreement on Fixed-Term Work Concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP, 1999 O.J. (L 145) 43.
    • Council Directive 99/70, Concerning the Framework Agreement on Fixed-Term Work Concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP, 1999 O.J. (L 145) 43;
  • 3
    • 85175436693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europäische Rechtsetzung im sozialen Dialog, Zur Richtlinie 1999/70/EG über befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse
    • see Anne Röthel, Europäische Rechtsetzung im sozialen Dialog, Zur Richtlinie 1999/70/EG über befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse, 17 NEUE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ARBEITSRECHT [NZA] 65 (2000);
    • (2000) Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht [Nza] , vol.17 , pp. 65
    • Röthel, A.1
  • 5
    • 85175436514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 2000/78, Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation, 2000 O.J. (L 303) 16.
    • Council Directive 2000/78, Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation, 2000 O.J. (L 303) 16;
  • 6
    • 79955199723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • see Dagmar Schiek, Gleichbehandlungsrichtlinien der EU - Umsetzung im deutschen Arbeitsrecht, 21 NZA 873 (2004);
    • (2004) Nza , vol.21 , pp. 873
    • Schiek, D.1
  • 7
    • 85175446572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Einfluss der EG-Richtlinien zur Gleichbehandlung auf das deutsche Arbeitsrecht
    • Alexius Leuchten, Der Einfluss der EG-Richtlinien zur Gleichbehandlung auf das deutsche Arbeitsrecht, 19 NZA 1254 (2002).
    • (2002) Nza , vol.19 , pp. 1254
    • Leuchten, A.1
  • 8
    • 85137492150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit von Richtlinien zu Lasten Privater im Urteil "mangold"
    • Tonio Gas, Die unmittelbare Anwendbarkeit von Richtlinien zu Lasten Privater im Urteil "mangold", 16 EUROPÄISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR WIRTSCHAFTSRECHT [EuZW] 737 (2005);
    • (2005) Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht [Euzw] , vol.16 , pp. 737
    • Gas, T.1
  • 9
    • 85175464379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die negative unmittelbare Wirkung von Richtlinien in horizontalen Rechtsverhältnissen
    • Christoph Herrmann, Die negative unmittelbare Wirkung von Richtlinien in horizontalen Rechtsverhältnissen, 17 EuZW 69;
    • Euzw , vol.17 , pp. 69
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  • 10
    • 85175448266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verstoß des § 14 Abs 3 TzBfG gegen das gemeinschaftsrechtliche Diskriminierungsverbot
    • Derk Strybny, Verstoß des § 14 Abs 3 TzBfG gegen das gemeinschaftsrechtliche Diskriminierungsverbot, 60 BETRIEBSBERATER [BB] 2753 (2005);
    • (2005) Betriebsberater [Bb] , vol.60 , pp. 2753
    • Strybny, D.1
  • 11
    • 85175428274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zur Frage der Gemeinschaftsrechtswidrigkeit der sachgrundlosen Befristungsmöglichkeit bei Arbeitnehmern ab 52 Jahren
    • Norbert Reich, Zur Frage der Gemeinschaftsrechtswidrigkeit der sachgrundlosen Befristungsmöglichkeit bei Arbeitnehmern ab 52 Jahren, 17 EuZW 21 (2006);
    • (2006) Euzw , vol.17 , pp. 21
    • Reich, N.1
  • 12
    • 62249136219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europäisches Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung in Beschäftigung und Beruf
    • Marita Körner, Europäisches Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung in Beschäftigung und Beruf, 22 NZA 1395 (2005);
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 1395
    • Körner, M.1
  • 13
    • 84855458336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auf Junk folgt Mangold - Europarecht verdrängt deutsches Arbeitsrecht
    • Jubst-Hubertus Bauer & Christian Arnold, Auf Junk folgt Mangold - Europarecht verdrängt deutsches Arbeitsrecht, 59 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT [NJW] 6 (2006);
    • (2006) Neue Juristische Wochenschrift [Njw] , vol.59 , pp. 6
    • Bauer, J.1    Arnold, C.2
  • 14
    • 62249109338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unbegrenzte Prüfungsbefugnis des EuGH?
    • Folkmar Koenigs, Unbegrenzte Prüfungsbefugnis des EuGH?, 58 DER BETRIEB [DB] 49 (2006);
    • (2006) Der Betrieb [Db] , vol.58 , pp. 49
    • Koenigs, F.1
  • 17
    • 85175466870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung als unmittelbar geltendes Recht
    • Georg Annuß, Das Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung als unmittelbar geltendes Recht, 61 BB 325 (2006);
    • (2006) Bb , vol.61 , pp. 325
    • Annuß, G.1
  • 18
    • 85175436426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europarechtliche Schranken für die Befristung von Arbeitsverträgen mit älteren Arbeitnehmern? - §
    • (commenting the opinion of Advocate General Tizzano, delivered 30 June 2005).
    • Bernd Waas, Europarechtliche Schranken für die Befristung von Arbeitsverträgen mit älteren Arbeitnehmern? - § 14 III TzBfG aus der Sicht des Generalanwalts, 16 EuZW 583 (2005) (commenting the opinion of Advocate General Tizzano, delivered 30 June 2005);
    • (2005) Iii Tzbfg Aus der Sicht des Generalanwalts, 16 Euzw , vol.14 , pp. 583
    • Waas, B.1
  • 19
    • 84855466951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ein Stück aus dem Tollhaus: Altersbefristung und der EuGH
    • (commenting the opinion of Advocate General Tizzano, delivered 30 June 2005).
    • Jobst-Hubertus Bauer, Ein Stück aus dem Tollhaus: Altersbefristung und der EuGH, 22 NZA 800 (2005) (commenting the opinion of Advocate General Tizzano, delivered 30 June 2005).
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 800
    • Bauer, J.1
  • 21
    • 84922693548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • News of Atypical Work in Germany - Recent developments as to fixed-term contracts, temporary and part-time work
    • Marlene Schmidt, News of Atypical Work in Germany - Recent developments as to fixed-term contracts, temporary and part-time work, 3 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL [GLJ] (No. 7, 2002).
    • (2002) German Law Journal [Glj] , vol.3 , Issue.7
    • Schmidt, M.1
  • 22
    • 85175444386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 97/81, Concerning the Framework Agreement on Part-time Work Concluded Between UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC, 1998 O.J. (L 14) 9.
    • Council Directive 97/81, Concerning the Framework Agreement on Part-time Work Concluded Between UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC, 1998 O.J. (L 14) 9;
  • 24
    • 85175474940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Betriebsrätegesetz [BRG - Works Councils' Act], 4 Feb. 1920, RBGl. at 147 (contained first provisions of general dismissal protection).
    • Betriebsrätegesetz [BRG - Works Councils' Act], 4 Feb. 1920, RBGl. at 147 (contained first provisions of general dismissal protection).
  • 25
    • 85175456480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamentally, see Reicharbeitsgericht [RAG - Reich Labour Court], RAGE 1, 361 (363).
    • Fundamentally, see Reicharbeitsgericht [RAG - Reich Labour Court], RAGE 1, 361 (363);
  • 26
    • 85175457043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • confirmed RAGE 7, 93 (96). These decisions, however, dealt with consecutive fixed-term contracts. Contrary to today, the RAG, moreover, required the employer's intention to circumvent dismissal protection.
    • confirmed RAGE 7, 93 (96). These decisions, however, dealt with consecutive fixed-term contracts. Contrary to today, the RAG, moreover, required the employer's intention to circumvent dismissal protection.
  • 27
    • 85175490984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamentally, see GS Bundesarbeitsgericht (BAG - Federal Labour Court), dec. of 12. Oct. 1960, AP no.
    • Fundamentally, see GS Bundesarbeitsgericht (BAG - Federal Labour Court), dec. of 12. Oct. 1960, AP no.
  • 28
    • 85175495276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAG, dec. of 21 Feb. 2001, AP no. 226 § 620 BGB Befristeter Arbeitsvertrag.
    • BAG, dec. of 21 Feb. 2001, AP no. 226 § 620 BGB Befristeter Arbeitsvertrag;
  • 29
    • 85175419196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAG, dec. of 22 March 2000, AP no. 222 § 620 BGB Befristeter Arbeitsvertrag.
    • BAG, dec. of 22 March 2000, AP no. 222 § 620 BGB Befristeter Arbeitsvertrag.
  • 30
    • 85175483571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erstes Gesetz über moderne Dienstleistungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt [First Law on the Modern Services in the Labor Market], 2002 BGBl. I at 14607.
    • Erstes Gesetz über moderne Dienstleistungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt [First Law on the Modern Services in the Labor Market], 2002 BGBl. I at 14607.
  • 31
    • 77954019855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reichold, 5 ZESAR 55 (2006);
    • (2006) Zesar , vol.5 , pp. 55
    • Reichold1
  • 32
    • 84855466951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bauer, 22 NZA 800 (2005);
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 800
    • Bauer1
  • 33
    • 85175448266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strybny, 60 BB 2753 (2005).
    • (2005) Bb , vol.60 , pp. 2753
    • Strybny1
  • 34
    • 33745054340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment between Persons Irrespective of Race or Ethnic Origin
    • Council Directive 2000/43
    • Council Directive 2000/43, Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment Between Persons Irrespective of Race or Ethnic Origin, 2000 O.J. (L 180) 22.
    • (2000) O.J. (L 180) , pp. 22
  • 35
    • 85175444129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-329/04, Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany, European Court of Justice (ECJ)
    • in the event of action taken by the Commission under Article 226 EC against Germany, the ECJ stated - not very surprisingly - that Germany has violated its obligation to implement Directive 2000/43/EC. Case C-329/04, Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany, European Court of Justice (ECJ), 16 EuZW 444 (2005).
    • (2005) Euzw , vol.16 , pp. 444
  • 36
    • 85175453241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-43/05, Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany
    • Case C-43/05, Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany, 17 EuZW 216 (2006)
    • (2006) Euzw , vol.17 , pp. 216
  • 37
    • 84885922681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "vernunft statt Freiheit!" - Die Tugendrepublik der neuen Jakobiner, Referentenentwurf eines privatrechtlichen Diskriminierungsgesetzes
    • See Franz-Jürgen Säcker, "vernunft statt Freiheit!" - Die Tugendrepublik der neuen Jakobiner, Referentenentwurf eines privatrechtlichen Diskriminierungsgesetzes, 35 ZRP 286 (2002);
    • (2002) Zrp , vol.35 , pp. 286
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  • 38
    • 79955246426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diskriminierung - Inflation eines Begriffs
    • Klaus Adomeit, Diskriminierung - Inflation eines Begriffs, 55 NJW 1622 (2002).
    • (2002) Njw , vol.55 , pp. 1622
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  • 39
    • 85175417406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Need for Modernising German Labour Law Arising from the Ban of Age Discrimination
    • Roger Blanpain & Manfred Weiss eds.
    • As to the consequences of the ban of age discrimination for German labour law, see Marlene Schmidt, The Need for Modernising German Labour Law Arising From The Ban of Age Discrimination, in MODERNISATION OF LABOUR LAW AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, LIBER AMICORUM FOR MARCO BIAGI 353- 367 (Roger Blanpain & Manfred Weiss eds., 2003);
    • (2003) Modernisation of Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Liber Amicorum for Marco Biagi , pp. 353-367
    • Schmidt, M.1
  • 40
    • 85175467050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das gemeinschaftsrechtliche Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung und seine Bedeutung für das deutsche Arbeitsrecht
    • Marlene Schmidt & Daniela Senne, Das gemeinschaftsrechtliche Verbot der Altersdiskriminierung und seine Bedeutung für das deutsche Arbeitsrecht, 55 RdA 80-89 (2002);
    • (2002) Rda , vol.55 , pp. 80-89
    • Schmidt, M.1    Senne, D.2
  • 41
    • 85175444232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Schutz älterer Arbeitnehmer und die Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2000/78/EG
    • Herbert Wiedemann & Gregor Thüsing, Der Schutz älterer Arbeitnehmer und die Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2000/78/EG, 22 NZA 1234-1242 (2002);
    • (2002) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 1234-1242
    • Wiedemann, H.1    Thüsing, G.2
  • 43
    • 85175478204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altersgrenzen beim Arbeitsverhältnis jetzt und nach Einführung eines Verbots der Altersdiskriminierung
    • Rüdiger Krause et. al eds.
    • Wolfgang Zöllner, Altersgrenzen beim Arbeitsverhältnis jetzt und nach Einführung eines Verbots der Altersdiskriminierung, in GEDÄCHTNISSCHRIFT FÜR WOLFGANG BLOMEYER 517-533 (Rüdiger Krause et. al eds., 2003);
    • (2003) Gedächtnisschrift für Wolfgang Blomeyer , pp. 517-533
    • Zöllner, W.1
  • 44
    • 34447501315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das europäische Recht zur Altersdiskriminierung - Konsequenzen für das deutsche Arbeitsrecht
    • Eva Kocher, Das europäische Recht zur Altersdiskriminierung - Konsequenzen für das deutsche Arbeitsrecht, 14 ARBEIT 305 (2005);
    • (2005) Arbeit , vol.14 , pp. 305
    • Kocher, E.1
  • 46
    • 85175422181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 96/34, On the Framework Agreement on Parental Leave Concluded by UNICE, CEEP and ETUC, 1996 O.J. (L 145) 4.
    • See Council Directive 96/34, On the Framework Agreement on Parental Leave Concluded by UNICE, CEEP and ETUC, 1996 O.J. (L 145) 4;
  • 47
    • 85175485196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 97/75, 1997 O.J. (L 10) 4 and Council Directive 97/81.
    • Council Directive 97/75, 1997 O.J. (L 10) 4 and Council Directive 97/81
  • 48
    • 0038152570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Institutionalised Participation of Management and Labour in the Legislative Activities of the European Community: A Challenge to the Principle of Democracy under Community Law
    • Gabriele Britz & Marlene Schmidt, The Institutionalised Participation of Management and Labour in the Legislative Activities of the European Community: A Challenge to the Principle of Democracy under Community Law, 6 ELJ 45 (2000) (with further proofs).
    • (2000) Elj , vol.6 , pp. 45
    • Britz, G.1    Schmidt, M.2
  • 49
    • 85175484453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waas, 16 EuZW 583 (2005), fns. 13 and 14.
    • See Waas, 16 EuZW 583 (2005), fns. 13 and 14;
  • 50
    • 85175436285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finger weg von der befristeten Einstellung älterer Arbeitnehmer?
    • 1317
    • doubtfully (and rightly so), see Christof Kerwer, Finger weg von der befristeten Einstellung älterer Arbeitnehmer? 19 NZA 1316, 1317 (2002).
    • (2002) Nza , vol.19 , pp. 1316
    • Kerwer, C.1
  • 51
    • 85175462691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 41-43.
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 41-43.
  • 52
    • 85175442649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advocate General Tizzano, Opinion of 30 June 2005, Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v. Rüdiger Helm, para. 54. [hereinafter "AG Opinion - Mangold"].
    • Advocate General Tizzano, Opinion of 30 June 2005, Case C-144/04, Werner Mangold v. Rüdiger Helm, para. 54. [hereinafter "AG Opinion - Mangold"].
  • 53
    • 85175469290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 44-54.
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 44-54.
  • 54
    • 85175435441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AG Opinion - Mangold, supra note 22, at paras. 60-79.
    • AG Opinion - Mangold, supra note 22, at paras. 60-79;
  • 55
    • 85175428081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 584
    • see Waas, 16 EuZW 583, 584 (2005).
    • (2005) Euzw , vol.16 , pp. 583
    • Waas1
  • 56
    • 85175440929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As regards age discrimination in terms of Directive 2000/78 (supra note 3), see European Commission, Age discrimination and European Law (2005) (with further proofs).
    • As regards age discrimination in terms of Directive 2000/78 (supra note 3), see European Commission, Age discrimination and European Law (2005) (with further proofs).
  • 57
    • 85175486661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-129/95, Inter-Environment Wallonie, 1997 E.C.R. I-7411, para. 45.
    • Case C-129/95, Inter-Environment Wallonie, 1997 E.C.R. I-7411, para. 45;
  • 58
    • 85175451106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-106/77, Simmenthal, 1978 E.C.R. 629, para. 21.
    • Case C-106/77, Simmenthal, 1978 E.C.R. 629, para. 21;
  • 59
    • 85175453081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-347/96, Solred, 1998 E.C.R. I-937, para. 30.
    • Case C-347/96, Solred, 1998 E.C.R. I-937, para. 30.
  • 60
    • 85175428274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This fact is overlooked by: Reich, 17 EuZW 21 (2006);
    • (2006) Euzw , vol.17 , pp. 21
    • Reich1
  • 61
    • 77954019855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 57
    • Reichold, 5 ZESAR 55, 57 (2006).
    • (2006) Zesar , vol.5 , pp. 55
    • Reichold1
  • 62
    • 85175471846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Council Directive 76/207, On the Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment for Men and Women as Regards Access to Employment, Vocational Training and Promotion, and Working Conditions, 1976 O.J. (L 39) 40 (EEC).
    • Council Directive 76/207, On the Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment for Men and Women as Regards Access to Employment, Vocational Training and Promotion, and Working Conditions, 1976 O.J. (L 39) 40 (EEC).
  • 63
    • 85175467492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-149/77, Defrenne III, 1978 E.C.R. 1365, paras. 26-29.
    • Case C-149/77, Defrenne III, 1978 E.C.R. 1365, paras. 26-29;
  • 64
    • 85175490261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cases 75/82 and 117/82, Razzouk and Beydoun, 1984 E.C.R. 1509, paras. 6-7.
    • Cases 75/82 and 117/82, Razzouk and Beydoun, 1984 E.C.R. 1509, paras. 6-7;
  • 65
    • 85175438888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-158/91, Levy, 1993 E.C.R. I-4287, para. 16.
    • Case C-158/91, Levy, 1993 E.C.R. I-4287, para. 16;
  • 66
    • 85175428600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-13/94, P/S, 1996 E.C.R. I-2143, para. 19.
    • Case C-13/94, P/S, 1996 E.C.R. I-2143, para. 19;
  • 67
    • 85175473697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-50/96, Schröder, 2000 E.C.R. I-743, para. 56.
    • Case C-50/96, Schröder, 2000 E.C.R. I-743, para. 56.
  • 68
    • 0011302978 scopus 로고
    • The Principle of Equality between Women and Men as a Fundamental Right under Community Law
    • 260
    • Christopher Docksey, The Principle of Equality Between Women and Men as a Fundamental Right Under Community Law, 20 INDUSTRIAL LAW JOURNAL [ILJ] 258, 260 (1991);
    • (1991) Industrial Law Journal [Ilj] , vol.20 , pp. 258
    • Docksey, C.1
  • 70
    • 85175454770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at para. 74.
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at para. 74.
  • 71
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2150
    • Very critically, see Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2150 (2005).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 74
    • 85175430866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1397
    • Körner, 22 NZA 1391, 1397 (2005).
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 1391
    • Körner1
  • 75
    • 85115423637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zum Verhältnis nationaler und europäischer Grundrechte
    • 514
    • See Manfred Zuleeg, Zum Verhältnis nationaler und europäischer Grundrechte, 27 EuGRZ 511, 514 (2000);
    • (2000) Eugrz , vol.27 , pp. 511
    • Zuleeg, M.1
  • 76
    • 85175432940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6
    • Meinhard Hilf, 53 NJW Beilage 5, 6 (2000);
    • (2000) Njw Beilage , vol.53 , pp. 5
    • Hilf, M.1
  • 78
    • 85175433591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 83-84.
    • Mangold, supra note 1, at paras. 83-84.
  • 79
    • 84855466951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 802
    • For a critique, see Bauer, 22 NZA 800, 802 (2005).
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 800
    • Bauer1
  • 80
    • 62249136219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1397
    • Körner, 22 NZA 1395, 1397 (2005);
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 1395
    • Körner1
  • 81
    • 85137492150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas, 16 EuZW 737 (2005).
    • (2005) Euzw , vol.16 , pp. 737
    • Gas1
  • 82
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149 (2005) (showing that the general principle of non-discrimination in the past has been used as a yardstick to measure Community secondary law or national law implementing Community law).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 83
    • 85175456919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annuß
    • (The statement, that one cannot conclude anything for a direct horizontal effect of Directive 2000/78/EC is, hence, misleading.).
    • See Annuß, 61 BB 325 (2006) (The statement, that one cannot conclude anything for a direct horizontal effect of Directive 2000/78/EC is, hence, misleading.).
    • (2006) Bb , vol.61 , pp. 325
  • 84
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a critique, see Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149 (2005);
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 85
    • 85175448266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2754-5
    • Strybny, 60 BB 2753, 2754-5 (2005);
    • (2005) Bb , vol.60 , pp. 2753
    • Strybny1
  • 86
    • 62249136219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1397
    • Körner, 22 NZA 1395, 1397 (2005);
    • (2005) Nza , vol.22 , pp. 1395
    • Körner1
  • 87
    • 85137492150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas, 16 EuZW 737 (2005);
    • (2005) Euzw , vol.16 , pp. 737
    • Gas1
  • 88
    • 84855458336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10
    • Bauer & Arnold, 59 NJW 6, 10 (2006).
    • (2006) Njw , vol.59 , pp. 6
    • Bauer1    Arnold2
  • 89
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2150
    • See Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2150 (2005).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 90
    • 85175417984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herrmann, 17 EuZW 69 (2006) (with further proofs).
    • Herrmann, 17 EuZW 69 (2006) (with further proofs).
  • 91
    • 85175428274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Reich, 17 EuZW 21 (2006);
    • (2006) Euzw , vol.17 , pp. 21
    • Reich1
  • 92
    • 85175436285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1318
    • Kerwer, 19 NZA 1316, 1318 (2002).
    • (2002) Nza , vol.19 , pp. 1316
    • Kerwer1
  • 93
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thüsing
    • 2150
    • Rightfully skeptical, Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2150 (2005).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Skeptical, R.1
  • 94
    • 85175493976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-397/01-403/01, 2004 E.C.R. I-0000 (not yet reported).
    • Case C-397/01-403/01, 2004 E.C.R. I-0000 (not yet reported).
  • 95
    • 77954019855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 57
    • Reichold, 5 ZESAR 55, 57 (2006).
    • (2006) Zesar , vol.5 , pp. 55
    • Reichold1
  • 96
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2150
    • See Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2150 (2005).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 97
    • 85175470394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundesarbeitsgericht (BAG - Federal Labour Court) of 26 April 2006, 7 AZR 500/04, press release no. 27/06.
    • See Bundesarbeitsgericht (BAG - Federal Labour Court) of 26 April 2006, 7 AZR 500/04, press release no. 27/06.
  • 98
    • 85175495021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coalition agreement, paras. 1177 seq.
    • Coalition agreement, paras. 1177 seq.
  • 99
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2159
    • See Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2159 (2005);
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 100
    • 77954019855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 57
    • Reichold, 5 ZESAR 55, 57 (2006);
    • (2006) Zesar , vol.5 , pp. 55
    • Reichold1
  • 101
    • 85175448266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2754
    • Strybny, 60 BB 2753, 2754 (2005).
    • (2005) Bb , vol.60 , pp. 2753
    • Strybny1
  • 102
    • 85175461956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • only the examples discussed in the literature mentioned in fn. 16.
    • See only the examples discussed in the literature mentioned in fn. 16.
  • 103
    • 85175493626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also Annuß, 61 BB 326 (2005).
    • (2005) Bb , vol.61 , pp. 326
    • Annuß1
  • 104
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2150
    • For a critique, see Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2150 (2005).
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 105
    • 62249216318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2151
    • Positively, see Thüsing, 26 ZIP 2149, 2151 (2005);
    • (2005) Zip , vol.26 , pp. 2149
    • Thüsing1
  • 106
    • 85175485148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2754
    • Strybny, 60 BB 1753, 2754 (2005).
    • (2005) Bb , vol.60 , pp. 1753
    • Strybny1
  • 107
    • 85175436285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kerwer, 19 NZA 1316 (2005).
    • (2005) Nza , vol.19 , pp. 1316
    • Kerwer1


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