The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers

The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers

Volumn 6, Issue , 2023, Pages 1-677

  Hill, Robert A ^a   Bair, Barbara ^a   de Montes, Stephen Gil ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85172675482     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (374)

1. NW, 28 March 1925
2. "good character" (ΝϒΒ, p. 241).
3. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modem Democracy [1944 reprint ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1962]
4. V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation [New York: A. A. Knopf, 1949]
5. "not because he was suffering from natural ailments, but because of the sudden shock on learning of what those who were in control of the government of this country had done against the Universal Negro Improvement Association in carrying out the program for the country and to which there was a standing agreement to which he himself was a party" (NW, 20 September 1924).
6. NW, 3 October 1925
7. James M. Webb to James Stewart, 23 July 1942, WRHS
8. NW, 6 September 1924
9. Chicago Defender, 8 February 1936
10. Garvey Papers 3: 419 n. 1
11. Bill Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800 [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984], p. 183
12. NW, 29 November 1924
13. Mahmud Y. Zayid, Egypt's Struggle for Independence [Beirut: Khayats, 1965]
14. Barbara Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram [London: Constable, 1959]
15. Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War [1961; English trans., New York: W. W. Norton, 1967]
16. John L. McKenzie, Dictionary of the Bible [Milwaukee: Bruce, 1965], pp. 171-174
17. Page references are to the trial transcript, Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App. 2d Cir., 2 February 1925
18. ΝϒΤ, 11 February 1948
19. NW, 23 August 1924, 16 May 1925
20. E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962], pp. 39-40
21. NW, 1 November 1924
22. ΝϒΤ, 30 July 1947
23. In 1922 he asked a Liberty Hall audience "if the Jews could have Palestine, why not the Negroes another Palestine in Africa?" (NW, 8 August 1922)
24. NW, 8 August 1922
25. BM 2, no. 9 [December 1937]: 13
26. Winston-Salem, N.C., City and Suburban Directory 22 [1924]: 762
27. NW, 1 November 1924
28. "when Jewish capitalists get together they will strike back at Germany and the fire of Communism will be lighted and Hitler and his gang will disappear as they have disappeared in Russia" (BM 1, no. 8 [July 1935]: 9
29. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 [1954; reprint cd., New York: Random House, 1965]
30. Zvi Gitelman, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930 [Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972], pp· 17-20,514-523
31. BM 1, no. 8 [July 1935]: 9
32. NW, 14 June 1924
33. "second indictment" (Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, pp. 20-35).
34. It was designated the "first indictment" in the trial uanscript and not, as maintained by the government appeal brief, the second indictment (Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, pp. 2-14)
35. Judge Julian Mack instructed the jurors that "in the first indictment the third count has been withdrawn, and in the second indictment the first and second counts have been withdrawn" (Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, p. 2,406)
36. "Count 3 of the 2nd Indictment c. 33-688, " a reference to the indictment of 22 January 1923 (Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, p. 16)
37. M.R. Werner and John Starr, Teapot Dome [New York: Viking, 1959]
38. Werner and Starr, Teapot Dome; WBD
39. Michael Crowder, West Africa under Colonial Rule [London: Hutchinson of London, 1968], p. 208
40. J. D. Fage and Roland Oliver, gen. eds., The Cambridge History of Africa, 8 vols. [London and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986], vol. 7
41. A. D. Roberts, ed., From 1905 to 1940, pp. 396, 462,518-519, 528, 678, 683
42. NW, 2 September 1922
43. Report of the Commission of Housing and Regional Planning to Gov. Alfred E. Smith and to the Legislature of the State of New York [Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon, 1924], pp. 12-17
44. NTF, 18 October 1924
45. NTT, 23 April 1927
46. Oscar Handlin, Immigration as a Factor in American History [Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1959]
47. S.A. Mitchell, Eclipses of the Sun [New York: Columbia University Press, 1951], pp. 163-164
48. C. A. Harrigan to Calvin Coolidge, 5 February 1925, DNA, RG 60, file 198940
49. NTT, 29 October 1954
50. NW, 23 May 1925
51. Garvey Papers 2: 497-509
52. ΝϒΤ, 30 July 1948
53. Our Islands and Their People (1900)
54. Parisian Dream City (1901)
55. DG, 14 August 1924
56. NYT, 2 February 1925
57. "activities... of political and race agitation" (Garvey Papers 3: 277)
58. New York World, 19 January 1925
59. NYT, 19 January 1925
60. DW, 1 November 1930
61. G. W. V. Serrant was "the proprietor of the local iron works ashore" (DW, 1 November 1930)
62. Charles V. Vaughan (Dawn of Tomorrow [Montreal], 6 June 1925)
63. "accidentally set fire to the forecastle" while attempting to keep warm (Dawn of Tomorrow [Montreal], 6 June 1925)
64. NW, 20 March 1926
65. NW, 23 June 1923
66. NW, 19 March 1927
67. NW, 11 December 1926
68. The Black Man: A Monthly Magaine of Negro Thought and Opinion
69. Robert A. Hill [Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1975], p. 31
70. De Mena said that she herself "had turned the wheels of the Cookery river boats" (NW, 31 August 1929)
71. De Mena later claimed that 538,500 was raised "to her personal knowledge" (DG, 14 August 1929)
72. Register of the Department of Justice and the Courts of the United States, 31st and 33d eds. [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1926,1928
73. Biographical Directory of the American Congress 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971, p. 1,389
74. Spokesman 1, no.4 [March 1925]: 4-5
75. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote de la Mancha (ca. 1610) (BTQ)
76. W. E. B. Du Bois, "Back to Africa, " Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa, ed. John Henrik Clarke [New York: Random House, 1974], p. 109
77. "Garvey: A Mass Leader, " in Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa, p. 237
78. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association [1955; revised ed., Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969], p. 42
79. War and Humanity (1916)
80. The Constitution of the United States (1922)
81. ΝϒΤ, 13 April 1936
82. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971], p. 1,783
83. "Rules relating to applications for pardon, " Department of Justice, 12 February 1924, WNRC, RG 204, file 42-793
84. New Tori World, 25 December 1921
85. Leonard Bates, The Origins of Teapot Dome [Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963]
86. John Hope Franklin, " 'Birth of a Nation'-Propaganda as History, " Massachusetts Review 20, no. 3 [autumn 1979]: 417-434
87. NW, 15 August and 22 August 1925
88. NW, 1924-1927
89. NW, 9 February and 24 October 1929
90. Philosophy and Opinions (2: 363-393)
91. Victoria H. McDonell, "Rise of the 'Businessman's Politician': The 1924 Florida Gubernatorial Race, " Florida Historical Quarterly 52, no. 1 [July 1973]: 39-50
92. Robert Sobel and John Raimo, eds., Biographical Dictionary of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978 [Westport, Conn.: Meckler Books, 1978], p. 267
93. NTT, 5 October 1944
94. Sobel and Raimo, eds., Biographical Dictionary, pp. 1,099-1,100
95. DW, 8 November 1930
96. William T. Cash, The Story of Florida [New York: American Historical Society, 1938], p. 12
97. Times-Union [Jacksonville], 12 May 1958
98. Henry S. Marks, Who Was Who in Florida [Huntsville, Ala.: Strode, 1973], p. 19
99. Times-Union [Jacksonville], 8 May, 9 May, and 17 May 1925
100. DW, 8 November 1930
101. Dawn of Tomorrow [Montreal], 6 June 1925
102. DW, 8 November 1930
103. NTAN, 11 February 1925
104. NW, 2 October 1926
105. Garvey Papers, 6
106. Ethel Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization: A White Racist's Response to Black Repatriation, 1923-1966" [Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1974], p. 14
107. Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization, " pp. 26-27
108. Earnest S. Cox, White America [1923 reprint cd., Los Angeles: Noontide Press, 1966]
109. Lincoln's Negro Policy [1938 reprint cd., Los Angeles: Noontide Press, 1968]
110. Teutonic Unity [Richmond, Va., 1951]
111. Black Belt Around the World at the High Noon of Colonialism [Richmond, Va., 1963]
112. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 14 November 1931
113. NW, 28 November 1931
114. Richmond Times-Dispatch, 27 April 1966
115. Earnest S. Cox, "Note to Second Edition, " Let My People Go [Richmond, Va.: White America Society, 1925], p. 2
116. The South's Part in Mongrelizing the Nation [Richmond, Va.: White America Society, 1926]
117. Hcdlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization, " p. 246
118. White America Society "up to date has been functioning as a publishing venture but at a later date will undertake wider activities" (Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1 August 1925
119. NW, 25 July 1925
120. Jerry Falwell, Ed Dobson, and Ed Hindson, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon [Garden City, N.Y.: DĬoubleday, 1981], p. 7
121. George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture [New York: Oxford University Press, 1980]
122. Narrative of Sojourner Truth, Olive Gilbert, comp. [Boston, 1875], p. 133
123. Victoria Ortiz, Sojourner Truth: A Self-Made Woman [Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1974
124. Jules Michelet, Joan of Arc, Albert Goerard, trans. [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967]
125. Marcus Garvey, "The British West Indies in the Mirror of Civilization: History Making by Colonial Negroes, " African Times and Orient Review 2 [mid-October 1913]: 158-160
126. Garvey Papers 1: 32 nn. 7, 9, 221, n. 5
127. Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., "From Scopes to Creation Science: The Decline and Revival of the Evolution Conuoversy, " South Atlantic Quarterly, 83 [Autumn 1984]: 363-383
128. NYT, 13 July 1925
129. H. Richard Niebuhr, "Fundamentalism, " Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Edwin Seligman and Alvin Johnson, cds. [New York: Macmillan, 1931], pp. 526-527
130. Norman F. Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy, 1918-1931 [Hamden, Conn.: Anchor Books, 1963]
131. Edward Carson, Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution [New York: Oxford University Press, 1985]
132. George Cornewall Lewis, An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients [London: Parker, Son, and Brown, 1862], pp. 256-314
133. J. Norman Lockyer, The Dawn of Astronomy [1894 reprint ed., New York: Macmillan, 1897]
134. Sir Thomas Browne, Religis Mestici (1642) (BFQ
135. Ethel Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization: A White Racisťs Response to Black Repatriation, 19231966" [Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1974], p. 59
136. Earnest S. Cox to the editor, New Negro World, February 1942, WRHS, UNIA-C
137. "Marcus Garvey and the NAACP, " Crisis 35, no. 2 [February 1928]: 51
138. Leo H. Healy, Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, pp. 196-291
139. Joel A. Rogers, "Additional Facts on Marcus Garvey, " Negroes of New York Project, Writers' Program of New York, 1939, NN-Sc
140. Henry H. Curran, From Pillar to Post [New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941]
141. Times [London], 15 June 1928
142. NYT, 15 June 1928
143. Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story [New York: Hearst's International Library Co., 1914]
144. Christabel Pankhurst, Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote [London: Hutchinson and Co., 1959]
145. L. H. Ofosu-Appiah, ed., Dictionary of African Biography [New York: Reference Publications, Inc., 1977], pp. 119-120
146. Patricia W. Romero, E. Sylvia Pankhurst: Portrait of a Radical [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987]
147. Testimony of Hugh Mulzac, steamship master, Marcus Garvey v. United States, no. 8317, Ct. App., 2d Cir., 2 February 1925, pp. 578-668
148. Eugene R. Sheridan to Robert A. Hill, 7 June 1988
149. Paul Leicester Ford, ed. The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10 vols. [New York and London: Knickerbocker Press, 1892-1899], 4: 186
150. Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950-], 10: 61-63
151. A paraphrased reference to Thomas Paine's statement in the Age of Reason (1794-1795), "for it is impossible to derive happiness from the company of those whom we deprive of happiness" (Moncure Daniel Conway, ed. The Writings of Thomas Paine [New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1896], 4: 128)
152. (Moncure Daniel Conway, ed. The Writings of Thomas Paine [New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1896], 4: 128)
153. W. A. Pleck{hooktop}er, "Shall We All Be Mulattocs?, " Literary Digest 84 [7 March 1925]: 23
154. "Race Mixture, " Survey S4, no. 4 [15 May 1925]: 257
155. Ethel Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization: A White Racist's Response to Black Repatriation, 1923-1966" [Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1974], pp. 61-64
156. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 19 September 1925
157. NW, 29 October 1925
158. "Death of a Program!" Workers Monthly 5, no. 6 [April 1926]: 273
159. Baltimore Afro-American, 20 August 1932
160. ΝϒΤ, 12 March 1941
161. Martin Mayer, Emory Buckner [New York: Harper and Row, 1968]
162. E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association [1955 reprint ed., Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969], p. 133
163. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 15 August 1925
164. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1 August 1925
165. Earnest S. Cox, Let My People Go [Richmond, Va., 1925], p. 3
166. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 8 August 1925
167. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 8 August 1925
168. Amy Ashwood Garvey, "Portrait of a Liberator, " AAG; NTT, 12 April 1926
169. Survey Graphic 54, no. 4 [15 May 1925]: 257
170. Survey Graphic 54, no. 10 [15 August 1925]: 535
171. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 29 August 1925
172. A. Plecker, "Virginia's Attempt to Adjust the Color Problem, " American Journal of Public Health 15, no. 2 [February 1925]
173. W. A. Plecker, "Shall We All Be Mulattoes?, " Literary Digest 84 [7 March 1925]: 23-24
174. Earnest S. Cox, White America [rev. ed. [Richmond, Va., 1937], p. 39
175. He went on to quote Sir Harry H. Johnston in claiming that "Egyptian civilization penetrated far and wide through Negro Africa" and "may have been instrumental in saving the Negro and the bushman from relapsing into such a beastlike condition of life that, if much longer pursued, it might have cut off this division of the human race from complete community with us in all the attributes of humanity" (p. 40)
176. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1 August 1925
177. "racial integrity" (Norfolk Journal and Guide, 29 August 1925)
178. "tired of Lynching, Jimcrowism and Mob Law and seeking the Unhampered Enjoyment of Liberty, Life and Prosperity" (Crusader 1, no. 1 [September 1918]: 22
179. NW, 5 September 1925
180. T. Thomas Fortune remained editor of the Negro World until his death on 16 June 1928.
181. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 18 July and 19 September 1925
182. Henry Lewis Suggs, "P. B. Young and the Norfolk Journal and Guide" [Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1976], pp. 113-122
183. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1 August and 22 August 1925
184. NW, 15 August 1925
185. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 1 August and 22 August 1925
186. Norfolk Journal and Guide, 4 March 1922
187. Lucille B. Portlock, Norfolk Public Library, to Robert A. Hill, 26 February 1985
188. Peggy Haile, Norfolk Public Library, to Robert A. Hill, 11 March 1988
189. Garvey Papers 4: 666 n. 1, 1,025
190. P. Russell, Lloyd's Register of Shipping, to Robert A. Hill, 31 May 1978
191. Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia [New York: Viking Press, 1960], p. 331
192. Harry Haywood, Black Boshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist [Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978], p. 143
193. Theodore Komweibcl, Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and the Messenger, 1917-1928 [Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975], pp. 96-97, 195-199
194. Garvey Papers 5: 846-847
195. Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage [Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co. 1869], pp. 164-165
196. NW, 3 April 1926
197. Harold Nicholson, King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign [London: Constable & Co., 1952]
198. Margaret Goldsmith and Frederick Voight, Hindenburg: The Man and the Legend [New York: William Morrow, 1930]
199. NW, 20 June 1925
200. NW, 5 November 1921
201. NYT, 21 July 1949
202. Garvey Papers 5: 320 n. 2
203. A reference to the speech by John Powell entitled "An Answer to the Appeal to White America" (P&O, 2: 229-349).
204. Earnest S. Cox's White America (Richmond, Va., 1923)
205. A reference to "Salaries to Officers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association" (P&O, 2: 278).
206. Baltimore Afro-American, 15 January 1927
207. New York Age, 22 January 1927
208. Baltimore Afro-American, 15 January 1927
209. Biographical Dictionary of the American Congress, 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971], p. 1,306
210. Robert A. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953], p. 350
211. I. I. Morris, Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan [London: Oxford University Press, 1960]
212. NTT, 23 January 1945
213. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement, pp. 353-359
214. Richard Stony, The Double Patriots: A Study of Japanese Nationalism [London: Chatto and Windus, 1957], pp. 39-42, 146
215. Azusa Tanaka, National Diet Library, Tokyo, to Robert A. Hill, 16 May 1985
216. Delmcr M. Brown, Nationalism in Japan: An Introductory Historical Analysis [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1955], pp. 195-197
217. Charles A. Gibson, National Archives of Belize, to Robert A. Hill, 10 July 1985
218. C. H. Grant, The Making of Modern Belize [London: Cambridge University Press, 1976], pp. 86, 90, no
219. Dominions Office and Colonial Office List [London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1936], pp. 781-782
220. Times [London], 3 June 1937
221. Dominions Office and Colonial Office List [London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1928], p. 620
222. Times [London], 10 January 1933
223. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971], p-1, 159
224. Hedlin, "Earnest Cox and Colonization, " pp. 75-83
225. Evening Journal [New York], 18 January 1922
226. Oliver Carlson, Brisbane: A Candid Biography [New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937]
227. W. A. Swanberg, Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst [New York: Collier, 1961]
228. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971] p. 1,384
229. "Report to the King of England by E. C. E. Leadbitter on the 22 May 1951 Ruling of the Privy Council Regarding Balderamos and Cain v. UNIA, Inc., and Others, " Buckingham Palace, 31 May 1951
230. Jamaica Mail, 17 March 1928
231. New York Post, 20 November 1939
232. NW, 20 March 1926
233. P&O, 2: 329-330
234. NW, 20 February 1926
235. Robert Watson Winston, "A Freshman Again at Sixty, " Scribner's Magazine 76 [July-December 1924]: 608-614
236. NTT, 15 October 1944
237. Amy Ashwood Garvey, "Portrait of a Liberator, " p. 21, AAG
238. Washington Post, 2 January 1900
239. Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back-to-Africa Movements, 1890-1910 [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969], pp. 253-254
240. Marcus Garvey, "Salaries to Officers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, the Conflict of Ideals, " in Philosophy and Opinions, 2: 277-284
241. Baltimore Afro-American, 13 March 1926
242. New York World, 21 March 1926
243. NW, 17 October 1924
244. Garvey Papers, 5: 683 n. 5
245. NTT, 19 October 1965
246. Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America [New York: Studio Museum in Harlem/Harry Abrams, 1987], p. 88
247. NW, 12 December 1925
248. A reference to the report that was published in the New Tork Age, 27 February 1926
249. NW, 27 March 1926
250. Cuthbert Christy, Charles Spurgeon Johnson, and Arthur Barclay, Report of the International Commission of Enquiry into the Existence of Slavery and Forced Labour in the Republic of Liberia, League of Nations Publication No. C.658.M.272, [Geneva, 15 December 1930], pp. 43, 45, 56
251. Celeste Cole was described as "a talented soloist of the city" in a 3 April 1926 Negro World report of division meetings in Detroit.
252. NW, 9 January 1926
253. DW, 30 October 1930
254. ΝϒΤ, 7 February 1925
255. Dawn of Tomorrow [Montreal], 17 April 1926
256. NTT, 15 May 1940
257. Dawn of Tomorrow [Montreal], 17 April 1926
258. Cyril Briggs, The Crusader Magazine, Robert A. Hill, comp. [New York: Garland, 1987], vol. 3, p. 1,311
259. The Crusader Magazine, 3: 1,347, 1,350
260. The Crusader Magazine, 3: 1,347, 1,350
261. EA, vol. 15, s.u. "Inter-parliamentary Union, " p. 316
262. The South's Part in Mongrelizing the Nation [Richmond Va., 1926], p. 5
263. In the same section Cox advocated the withdrawal of white colonial powers from Africa and stated that "Garvey's solution of the Negro problem will save the white man in America as he intends it to save the black man in Africa" (p. 45)
264. The end of the pamphlet carried advertisements for Philosophy and Opinions and for Arthur Estabrook and Ivan McDougle's Mongrel Virginians [Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1926], along with some of Cox's own works (pp. 108-in)
265. NTT, 23 August 1974
266. James P. Cannon, The History of American Trotskyism: Report of a Participant [New York: Pioneer Publishers, 1944]
267. Speeches for Socialism [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971]
268. Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism [New York: Viking, 1957], pp. 341343
269. Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist [Chicago: Liberator Press, 1976], p. 277
270. Garvey wrote to J. J. Peters on the same day, informing him that "your letter and that of Cannon's received. Will answer shortly" (Garvey to Peters, 31 July 1926, AFRC, AP)
271. ΝϒΑΝ, 4 August 1926
272. Spokesman, September 1926
273. Baltimore Afro-American, 7 August 1926
274. Chicago Defender, 11 September 1926
275. New York HeraldTribune, 16 August 1926
276. NW, 3 November 1928
277. NW, 24 July and 31 July 1926
278. NW, 24 July 1926
279. The new institution was, as Amy Jacques Garvey put it, a "practical High School" that the UNIA "hoped to develop" into a university (G&G, p. 164)
280. Garvey Papers 4: 719, 916
281. African Opinion [May-June 1973]: 2
282. Robert A. Hill and Barbara Bair, eds., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons [Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1987], pp. xlv-li, bei
283. NW, 24 July and 31 July 1926
284. Baltimore Afro-American, 16 October 1926
285. A reference to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "A Psalm of Life" (1839), stanza 9.
286. A reference to William Cullen Bryant's "The Battlefield" (1839), stanza 9.
287. A reference to James Russell Lowell's 'The Present Crisis" (1844), stanza 8.
288. NW, 23 October 1926
289. NYT, 25 January 1931 and 1 May 1934
290. Garvey Papers 1: 259-262
291. NYT, 16 October 1926
292. Andrew Buni, Robert L. Vann of the "Pittsburgh Courier": Politics and Black Journalism [Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974], pp. 148-149
293. NW, 30 October, 6 November, and 30 November 1926
294. Pittsburgh Courier, 9 October, 16 October, 23 October and 30 October 1926
295. Buni, Robert L. Vann of the "Pittsburgh Courier, " pp. 149-161
296. K. Trechsel, H. Bachofen, et al., "The Bronchodilating Effect of the Asthma Cigarette, " Swiss Medical Weekly 103, no. 11 [1973]: 415-418
297. David M. Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan [New York and London: New Viewpoints, 1965], pp. 40, 101-109, 317-318
298. Eugene Victor Debs, Walls and Bars [Chicago: Socialist Party, 1927], pp. 76-77
299. Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought [New York: Oxford University Press, 1974], p. 137
300. Skidmore, Black into White, p. 198
301. Skidmore, Black into White, pp. 192-200, 199
302. Skidmore, Black into White, pp. 192-193
303. Carl N. Dcgler, Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States [New York: Macmillan, 1971]
304. Claude McKay called "the most flourishing clandestine industry in Harlem" ("The Business of Numbers, " in Claude McKay, Harlem: Negro Metropolis [New York: E. P. Dutton, 1940], pp. 101-116
305. Kenneth G. Weinberg, A Man's Home, a Man's Castle [New York: McCall Publishing Co., 1971], p. 111
306. Andrew Buni, Robert L. Vann of the "Pittsburgh Courier": Politics and Black Journalism [Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974]
307. James M. Mead (1885-1964) of New York served as a Democratic representative (1919-1938)
308. U.S. Senator (1938-1947) (Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1971 [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1971], p. 1,396)
309. NYT, 22 June 1943
310. General Directory of New York [New York, R. L. Polk and Co., 1933], pp. 887, 2,227, 3,528
311. Register of the Department of Justice and the Courts of the United States, 31st ed. [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1926], p. 115
312. Ian Duffield, "Pan-Africanism, Rational and Irrational, " Journal of African History 18, no. 4 [1977]: 603
313. Duffield, "Pan-Africanism, " pp. 604-605
314. Ian Duffield, "Some American Influences on Duse Mohamed Ali, " Pan-African Biography, cd. Robert A. Hill [Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, and Crossroads Press/African Studies Association, 1987], p. 34
315. S. O. Logemoh to John E. Bruce, 5 June, is June, 22 June, 24 June 1922, NN-Sc, JEB; Baltimore Afro-American, 11 June 1920
316. When questioned about the incident, Barnes stated that "the country will commence to be opened up gradually from this section, and the native population meantime will be taught to appreciate the method of continual labour; and learn too, their first lesson that the mind and hand must work together in concert if practical good is to be achieved" (The Living Chronicle [Cape Palmas, Liberia], 26 November, 1910, p. 4)
317. The Signs of the Times: Touching the Final Supremacy of Nations (London: G. F. Brion, 1903)
318. The Economic Value of the Native Races of Africa in Relation to the Development of the Resources of that Continent (London: Watts and Company, 1908)
319. The Economy of Life: Some Suggestions for World Betterment (Chorley, Lancashire: Universal Publishing Company, 1921
320. "Dr. Barne's Lecture, " Howard University Journal 13, no. 7 [19 November 1925]: 2
321. Clifford L. Muse, Jr., Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, to Robert A. Hill, 12 May 1988
322. Sierra Leone Weekly News, 2 August 1924
323. Adelaide Casely-Hayford, "A Girls' School in West Africa, " Southern Workman 55, no. 20 [October 1926]: 449-456
324. Rina Oknonkwo, "Adelaide Casely Hayford: Cultural Nationalist and Feminist, " Phylon: A Review of Race and Culture 42, no. 1 [March 1981]: 44
325. The Investor Pays, pp. 3-51
326. Ian Duffield, "Pan-Africanism, Rational and Irrational, " Journal of African History 18, no. 4 (1977): 603
327. Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back-to-Aįrica Movements, 1890-1910 [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969]
328. N.W. Ayer and Son's American Newspaper Annual [Philadelphia: N.W. Ayer and Son, 1909], p. 887
329. Adrienne Koch and William Peden, The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson [New York: Random House, 1944], pp. 255-256
330. Fawn Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History [New York: Norton, 1974], p. 441
331. "the most desirable measure which could be adopted for gradually drawing off this part of our population" (Thomas Jefferson to John Lynch, 21 January 1811, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. ľāul Leicester Ford [New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898], vol. 5, p. 563
332. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler [New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953], vol. 5, p. 534
333. Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia [New York: McGraw Hill, 1982], pp. 62-63
334. William McFecly, Grant: A Biography [New York: Norton, 1981], p. 339
335. McFeely, Grant, p. 444
336. Rexmond C. Cochrane, The National Academy of Sciences: The First Hundred Years [Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1978], p. v
337. Thomas Spaulding, The Cosmos Club on Lafayette Square [Menasha, Wise.: George Banta Publishing Co., 1949], p. 3
338. Cosmos Club, Annual Reports, 1931 [Washington, D.C.: W. F. Roberts, 1932], p. 9
339. NTT, 6 February 1940
340. Rayford W. Logan, Howard University: The First Hundred Tears, 1867-1967 [New York: New York University Press, 1969]
341. Baltimore Afro-American, 15 January 1927
342. NW, 2 April 1927
343. NW, 12 June 1926
344. Hans Baer, The Black Spiritual Movement: A Religious Response to Racism [Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1984], pp. 82-109
345. J. Gordon Melton, Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sea Leaders [New York: Garland, 1986], pp. 119-120
346. "Mme. E. M. Collins: Typist, Hair and Beauty Culturist, " advertisement, NW, 15 September 1928
347. "School of African Philosophy: Students Who Have Passed Examination, " RM 4, no. 1 [June 1939]: 8
348. New Negro World, 19 October 1940
349. NW, 20 August 1927
350. Chattanooga Times, 5 August 1927; Baltimore Afro-American, 13 August 1927
351. Baltimore Afro-American, 13 August 1927
352. Chattanooga Times, 6 August 1927; sec also 5 August, 6 August, 7 August, 8 August and 9 August 1927
353. Chattanooga News, 5 August, 6 August, and 8 August 1927
354. Chattanooga Times, 9 August 1927
355. Mahmud Y. Zayid, Egypt's Struggle for Independence [Beirut: Khayats, 1965]
356. P. J. Vatkiotis, The Modern History of Egypt [New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969]
357. Robert A. Hill and Barbara Bair, eds. Manus Garvey: Life and Lessons [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1987], pp. 418-419
358. Real Estate Holding Corp, and Charles Schimmer v. UNIA, Inc., et al., New York Supreme Court, 24 October 1927, NNHR
359. NW, 2 July 1927
360. Edward N. Hall, "African Princess Roots for African Redemption, " NW, 9 July 1927
361. Florida Times Union, 17 August 1928
362. African Universal Hymnal [Jacksonville, Fla.: Missionary African Universal Church, 1961], p. 6
363. Richard Newman, " 'Warrior Mother of Africa's Warriors of the Most High God': Laura Adorkor Kofey and the African Universal Church, " in Richard Newman ed., Black Power and Black Religion: Essays and Reviews [West Cornwall, Conn.: Locust Hill, 1987], pp. 131-145
364. Ian Duffield, "Pan-Africanism, Rational and Irrational, " Journal of African History 18, no. 4 [1977]: 619
365. Richard Newman, '"Warrior Mother of Africa's Warriors of the Most High God': Laura Adorkor Kofcy and the African Universal Church, " in Richard Newman, ed., Biadi Power and Black Religion: Essays and Reviews [West Cornwall, Conn.: Locust Hill, 1987], pp. 131-145
366. Ian Duffield, "Pan-Africanism, Rational and Irrational, " Journal of African History 18, no. 4 [1977]: 619
367. Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from December 1915 to March 1917, 64th Cong., 2d sess. [Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1917], vol. 39, pp. 874-890
368. NW, 10 December 1927
369. Louisiana Weekly, 3 December 1927
370. DG, 14 December 1927
371. Garvey Papers 5: 434, 434 n. 1
372. Garvey Papers 6:557-559
373. NW, 28 May 1927
374. The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey, cd. Tony Martin [Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983], pp. 55-56, 123