Vitamin E and Other Essential Antioxidants Regarding Coronary Heart Disease: Risk Assessment Studies: Epidemiological Basis of the Antioxidant Hypothesis of Cardiovascular Disease

Vitamin E in Health and Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 589-634

  Gey, K Fred ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85166517998     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781003418160-56     Document Type: Chapter

References (457)

1. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:488-500.
2. Steinberg D. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis: current concepts. In: Hallgren B, et al. eds. Diet and prevention of coronary heart disease and cancer. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 95-112.
3. Steinberg D. Metabolism of lipoproteins and their role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Rev 1988; 18:1-23.
4. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol: modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:915-24.
5. Ross R, Masuda J, Raines EW. Cellular interactions, growth factors, and smooth muscle proliferation in atherogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 598:102-12.
6. Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis. Current concepts. JAMA 1990; 264: 3074-52.
7. Keys A. Seven countries, a multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
8. WHO (World Health Organization)/MONICA Project Principal Investigators. MONICA sites and personnel. World health statist annu 1988:138-40.
9. WHO (World Health Organization)/MONICA Project Principal Investigators. The WHO MONICA project: a worldwide monitoring system for cardiovascular diseases. World health statist annu 1989: 27-149.
10. Gey KF. On the antioxidant hypothesis with regard to arteriosclerosis. Bibi Nutr Dieta 1986; 37: 53-91.
11. Gey KF. The antioxidant hypothesis of cardiovascular disease: epidemiology and mechanisms. Biochem Soc Transact 1990; 18:1041-5.
12. Phillips RL, Lemon FR, Beeson WL, et al. Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31:191-8.
13. Kushi LH, Lew LA, Stare FJ, et al. Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston diet-heart study. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:811-8.
14. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, et al. Diet, lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Leiden intervention trial. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:805-11.
15. National Research Council. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
16. US Department of Agriculture, US Department of Health and Human Services. Nutrition and your health: dietary guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980 (Home and Garden Bulletin 232).
17. Miettinen TA, Naukkarienen V, Huttunen JK, Mattila S, Kumlin T. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. Br Med J 1982; 285:933-6.
18. Valek J, Hammer J, Kohout M, et al. Serum linoleic acid and cardiovascular death in postinfarct middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 1985; 54:11-8.
19. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Butler S, et al. Linoleic acid content in adipose tissue and coronary heart disease. Br Med J 1986; 292:1423-7.
20. Wood DA, Riemersma RA, Butler S, et al. Linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1987; 1:17-80.
21. Brown WV. Dietary recommendations to prevent coronary heart disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 598:376-88.
22. Katsouyanni K, Skalkidis Y, Petridou E, Polychronopoulou-Trichopoulou A, Willett W, Tricho- poulos D. Diet and peripheral arterial occlusive disease: the role of poly-, mono-, and saturated fatty acids. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:24-31.
23. D’Aquino M, Dunster C, Wilson R. Vitamin A and glutathione-mediated free radical damage: competing reactions with polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161:1199-203.
24. Bielski BHJ. Chemistry of ascorbic acid radicals. In: Seib PA, Tobert BM, eds. Ascorbic acid: chemistry, metabolism and uses. Adv Chern Ser, Am Chern Soc 1982; 200:81-100.
25. Moser U, Bendich A. Vitamin C. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Handbook of vitamins, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990; 195-232.
26. Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 274:532-8.
27. Burton GW, Ingold KU. Vitamin E as in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:7-22.
28. Muggli R. Dietary fish oil increases the requirement for vitamin E in humans. In: Chandra RK, ed. Health effects of fish oils. St. John’s, Newfoundland: ARTS Biomed. Publ., 1989; 203-310.
29. Mulholland CW, Strain J J. Total peroxyl radical trapping ability of serum: relationship to secondary antioxidant concentrations. Biochem Soc Trans 1990; 18:1169-70.
30. Wayner DDM, Burton GW, Ingold KW, Barclay LRC, Locke SJ. The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, ascorbate and proteins to the total peroxyl radical-trapping anti-oxidant activity of human blood plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 924:408-19.
31. Njus D, Kelley PM. Vitamins C and E donate single hydrogen atoms in vivo. FEBS Lett 1991; 284:147-51.
32. Niki E, Yamamoto Y, Kumuro E, Sato K. Membrane damage due to lipid oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:201S-5S.
33. Sato K, Niki E, Shimasaki H. Free radical-mediated chain oxidation of low density lipoprotein and its synergistic inhibition by vitamin E and vitamin C. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 279:402-5.
34. Hjermann I, Velve Byre K, Holme I, Leren P. Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Report from the Oslo study group of a randomized trial in healthy men. Lancet 1981; 2:1303-10.
35. Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Elosuo R, Paavilainen E. Effect of cholesterol-lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes. Lancet 1972; 2:835-8.
36. McLaughlin PJ, Weihrauch JL. Vitamin E content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc 1979; 75:649-65.
37. Bassler KH. On the problematic nature of vitamin E requirements: net vitamin E. Z Ernahrungswiss 1991; 30:174-80.
38. Kumpusalo E, Karinpaa A, Jauhiainen M, Laitinen M, Lappetelainen R, Maenpaa PH. Multivitamin supplementation of adult omnivores and lactovegetarians: circulating levels of vitamin A, D and E, lipids, apoproteins and selenium. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1990; 60:58-66.
39. Pronzcuk A, Kipervag Y, Hayes KC. Vegetarians have higher plasma alpha-tocopherol relative to cholesterol than do have nonvegetarians. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11:55-5.
40. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Leszenne Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1205-9.
41. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
42. Sies H, ed. Oxidative stress, 1st and 2nd ed. London: Academic Press, 1987, 1991.
43. Acheson RM, Williams DRR. Does consumption of fruit and vegetables protect against stroke? Lancet 1983; 1:1191-3.
44. Armstrong BK, Mann JI, Adelstein AM, Eskin F. Commodity consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality, with special reference to dietary practices. J Chron Dis 1975; 28:455-69.
45. Knox EG. Ischemic-heart-disease mortality and dietary intake of calcium. Lancet 1973; 1:1465-8.
46. Palgi A. Association between dietary changes and mortality rates: Israel 1949 to 1977; a trend-free regression model. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:1569-83.
47. Vollset SE, Bjelke E. Does consumption of fruit and vegetables protect against stroke? Lancet 1983; 2:742.
48. Crombie IK, Smith WCS, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Geographical clustering of risk factors and lifestyle for coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990; 64: 199-203.
49. Ginter E. Decline of coronary mortality in the United States and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32:511-2.
50. Manson JA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of antioxidant vitamins and incidence of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 1991; 84(Suppl. II-546):Abstract 2168.
51. Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Beta carotene therapy for chronic stable angina. Circulation 1990; 82(Suppl. III-201):Abstract 796.
52. Pierpoint WS. Flavonoids in the human diet. Prog Clin Biol Res 1986; 213:125-40.
53. Harborne JB, ed. The flavonoids: advances in research since 1980. London: Chapman and Hall, 1988.
54. Udassin R, Ariel I, Haskel Y, Kitrossky N, Chevion M. Salicylate as an in vivo free radical trap: studies on ischemic insult to the rat intestine. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 10:1-6.
55. Jessup W, Rankin SM, DeWhalley CV, Hoult JRS, Scott J, Leake DS. Tocopherol consumption during low-density-lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem J 1990; 265:399-405.
56. DeWhalley CV, Rankin SM, Hoult JBS, et al. Modification of low-density lipoproteins by flavonoids. Biochem Soc Trans 1990; 18:1172-3.
57. DeWhalley CV, Rankin SM, Hoult JRS, Jessup W, Leake DS. Flavonoids inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:1734-50.
58. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem 1983; 52:223-61.
59. Heinecke JW, Rosen H, Chait A. Iron and copper promotes modification of low density lipoprotein by human arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:1890-4.
60. Jürgens G, Hoff HF, Chisolm GM, Esterbauer H. Modification of human serum low density lipoprotein by oxidation-characterization and pathophysiological implications. Chern Phys Lipids 1987; 45:315-36.
61. Steinberg D. Arterial metabolism of lipoproteins in relation to atherogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1990; 598:125-35.
62. Steinberg D. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: a current assessment. Circulation 1991; 84:1420-5.
63. Esterbauer H, Jürgens G, Quehenberger O, Koller E. Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes. J Lipid Res 1987; 28:495-509.
64. Esterbauer H, Rotheneder M, STriegl G, et al. Vitamin E and other lipophilic antioxidants protect LDL against oxidation. Fat Sei Technol 1989; 91:316-24.
65. Esterbauer H, STriegl G, Puhi H, et al. The role of vitamin E and carotenoids in preventing oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1989; 570:254-61.
66. Esterbauer H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Waeg G, Puhl H, Tatzber F. Endogenous antioxidants and lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem Soc Trans 1990; 18:1059-61.
67. Esterbauer H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Waeg G, Striegl G, Jürgens G. Biochemical, structural, and functional properties of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Chern Res Tox 1990; 3:77-92.
68. Esterbauer H, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Striegl G, Waeg G. Role of vitamin E in preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:314S-21S.
69. Steinbrecher UP, Zhang H, Lougheed M. Role of oxidatively modified LDL in atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9:155-68.
70. Gey KF. Epidemiological correlations between poor plasma levels of essential antioxidants and the risk of coronary heart disease and cancer. In: Ong AHS, Packer L, eds. Lipid-soluble antioxidants: biochemistry and clinical applications. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1992; in press.
71. Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser UK. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:326S-34S.
72. Mitchinson MJ, Ball RY, Carpenter KLH, Enright JH, Brabbs CE. Ceroid, macrophages and atherosclerosis. Biochem SocTrans 1990; 18:1066-8.
73. Carpenter KHL, Ballentine JA, Fussell B, Enright JH, Mitchinson MJ. Oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate by human monocyte-macrophages in vitro. Atherosclerosis 1990; 83:217-29.
74. Carpenter KLH, Ball RY, Carter NP, et al. Modulation of ceroid accumulation in macrophages in vitro. In: Porta EA, ed. Lipofuscin and ceroid pigments. New York: Plenum, 1990; 333-43.
75. Machlin LJ. Vitamin E. A comprehensive treatise. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980.
76. Machlin LJ. Vitamin E. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Handbook of vitamins, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990; 99-144.
77. Amemiya T. Effects of vitamin E and selenium deficiencies on rat capillaries. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59:122-6.
78. Loewi G. A lesion in the aorta of vitamin E-deficient animals. J Pathol Bacteriol 1955; 70:246-9.
79. Nelson JS. Pathology of vitamin E deficiency. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Vitamin E, a comprehensive treatise. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980; 397-428.
80. Liu SK, Dolensek EP, Tappe JP. Cardiomyopathy associated with vitamin E deficiency in seven gelada baboons. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185:1347-50.
81. Rath M, Pauling L. Immunological evidence for the accumulation of lipoprotein (a) in the atherosclerotic lesion of the hypoascorbic guinea pig. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:9388-90.
82. Nafstad I. Endothelial damage and platelet thrombosis associated with PUFA-rich, vitamin E deficient diet fed to pig. Thromb Res 1974; 5:25-6.
83. Bieri JG, Corash L, Hubbard VS. Medical uses of vitamin E. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1063-71.
84. Farrell PM. Defiency states, pharmacological effects, and nutrient sequirements. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Vitamin E. A comprehensive treatise. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980; 520-620.
85. Bartley W, Krebs HA, O’Brien JRP. Vitamin C requirement of human adults. Med Res Council, Spec Rep Ser 1953; 280:1-179.
86. Shafar J. Rapid reversion of electrocardiographic abnormalities after treatment in two cases of scurvy. Lancet 1967; 2:176-8.
87. Singh D, Chan W. Cardiomegaly and generalized oedema due to vitamin C deficiency. Singapore Med J 1974; 15:60-3.
88. Follis RH. Sudden death in infants with scurvy. J Pediatr 1942; 20:347-57.
89. Verlangieri AJ, Bush M. Prevention and regression of primate atherosclerosis by d-a-tocopherol. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9(suppl. 1):73.
90. Wilson RB, Middleton CC, Sun GY. Vitamin E antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. J Nutr 1978; 108:1858-67.
91. Wojcicki J, Rozewicka B, Barcew-Wiszniewska L, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87:9-16.
92. Viswanathan M, Bhakthan NMG, Rockerbie RA. Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin E on serum lipids and lipoproteins in rabbits fed a cholesterolemic diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979; 49:370-5.
93. Phonpanichrasamee C, Komaratat P, Wilairat P. Hypocholesterolemic effect of vitamin E on cholesterol-fed rabbit. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1990; 60:240-4.
94. Paul J, Bai NJ, Devi GL. Effect of vitamin E on lipid components of atherogenic rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59:35-9.
95. Szczeklik A, Grylewski B, Domagala B, Dworski R, Batista M. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipoproteinemias: effects on plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity, prostacyclin generation and platelet aggregability. Thromb Hemost 1985; 54:425-30.
96. Howard DR, Rundell CA, Batsakis JG. Vitamin E does not modify HLD-cholesterol. Am J Clin Pathol 1982; 77:86-9.
97. Serfontein WJ, Ubbink JB, de Villiers LS. Further evidence in the effect of vitamin E on the cholesterol distribution of lipoproteins with special reference to HDL subfractions. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 79:604-6.
98. De Maio SJ, King SB, Lembo NJ, et al. Vitamin E supplementation, plasma lipids and incidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11:68-73.
99. Kita T, Yokode M, Ishii K, Arai H, Nagano Y. The role of atherogenic low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 598:188-93.
100. Ishii K, Kita T, Yokode M, et al. Characterization of very low density lipoprotein from Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. J Lipid Res 1989; 30:1-7.
101. Tanimura N, Asada Y, Hayashi T, Kisanuki A, Sumiyoshi A. Aortic endothelial cell damage induced by /3-VLDL and macrophages in vitro. Atherosclerosis 1990; 85:161-7.
102. Weitzel G, Schon H, Gey KF, Buddecke E. Lipid-soluble vitamins and atherosclerosis. Hoppe- Seylers Z Physiol Chern 1956; 304:247-72.
103. Smith TL, Kummerow FA. Effect of dietary vitamin E on plasma lipids and atherogenesis in restricted ovulator chicken. Atherosclerosis 1989; 75:105-9.
104. McCord JM. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 159-63.
105. Janero DR. Therapeutic potential of vitamin E against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 10:315-24.
106. Ferrari R, Ceconi C, Curello S, Cargnoni A, Condorelli E, Raddino R. Role of oxygen in myocardial ischemic and reperfusion damage: effect of tocopherol. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1987; 7(suppl.):61-70.
107. Ferrari R, Curello S, Boffa GM, et al. Oxygen free radical-mediated heart injury in animal models and during bypass surgery in humans. Effects of a-tocopherol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570: 237-53.
108. Gauduel Y, Duvelleroy MA. Role of oxygen radicals in cardiac injury due to reoxygenation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1984; 16:459-70.
109. Marabayashi S, Dohi K, Sugino K, Kawasaki T. The protective effect of administered a-tocopherol against hepatic damage caused by ischemia-peperfusion or endotoxemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:208-18.
110. Yoshida S. Brain injury after ischemia and trauma. The role of vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:219-36.
111. Andrews JS, Griffith WH, Mead JF, Stein RA. Toxicity of air-oxidized soybean oil. J Nutr 1960; 70:199-210.
112. Gabriel HG, Alexander JC, Valli VE. Effects of intubating rats with fractions from thermally oxidized corn oil and olive oil. Nutr Rep Int 1979; 19:515-26.
113. Thafvelin B. Role of cereal fat in the production of nutritional disease in pigs. Nature 1960; 188: 1169-72.
114. Cortesi RA, Privett OS. Toxicity of fatty ozonides and peroxides. Lipids 1972; 7:715-21.
115. Horgan VJ, Philpot JSL, Porter BW, Roodyn DB. Toxicity of autoxidized squalene and linoleic acid, and of simpler peroxides, in relation to toxicity of radiation. Biochem J 1957; 67:551-8.
116. Yagi K. Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chern Phys Lipids 1987; 45:337-51.
117. Bird RP, Alexander JC. Effects of vitamin E and ascorbyl palmitate on cultured myocardial cells exposed to oxidized fats. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981; 7:59-68.
118. Cutler RG, Schneider R. Linoleate oxidation products and cardiovascular lesions. Atherosclerosis 1974; 20:383-94.
119. Hennig B, Enoch C, Chow CK. Protection by vitamin E against endothial cell injury by linoleic acid hydroperoxides. Nutr Res 1987; 7:1253-9.
120. Orekhov AN, Tertov SA, Kudryashov SA, Khashimov KA, Smirnov VN. Primary culture of human aortic intima cells as a model for testing antiatherosclerotic drugs. Effects of cyclic AMP, prostaglandins, calcium antagonists, antioxidants, and lipid-lowering agents. Atherosclerosis 1986; 60:101-10.
121. Sevanian A, Berliner J, Peterson H. Uptake, metabolism, and cytotoxicity of isomeric cholesterol-5,6-epoxides in rabbit aortic endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:147-55.
122. Evensen SA, Gaidai KS, Nilsen E. LDL-induced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by antioxidant treatment in cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Atherosclerosis 1983; 49:23-30.
123. Van Hinsbergh VWM. LDL toxicity. The state of the art. Atherosclerosis 1984; 53:113-8.
124. Morel DW, Hessler JR, Chisolm GM. Low density lipoprotein cytotoxicity induced by free radical peroxidation of lipid. J Lipid Res 1983; 24:1070-6.
125. Nordoy A, Svensson B, Wiebe D, Hoack JC. Lipoprotein and the inhibitory effect of human endothelial cells on platelet function. Circ Res 1978; 43:527-34.
126. Morin RJ, Peng SK. The role of cholesterol oxidation products in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1989; 19:225-37.
127. Gray MF, Lavrie TDV, Brooks CJW. Isolation and identification of cholesterol-a-epoxide and other minor sterols in human serums. Lipids 1971; 6:836-43.
128. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6499-503.
129. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3:149-59.
130. Morel DW, DiCorleto PE, Chisolm GM. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells alter low-density lipoprotein in vitro by free radical oxidation. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4:357-64.
131. Van Hinsbergh VWM, Scheffer M, Havekes L, Kempen HJM. Role of endothelial cells and their products on the modification of low-density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 878:4964.
132. Hiramatsu K, Rosen H, Heinecke JW, Wolfbauer G, Chait A. Superoxide initiates oxidation of low density lipoprotein by human monocytes. Arteriosclerosis 1987; 7:55-60.
133. Parthasarathy S, Young SC, Witztum JL, Pitman RC, Steinberg D. Probucol inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:641-4.
134. Parthasarathy S, Quinn MT, Schwenke DC, Carew TE, Steinberg D. Oxidative modification of beta-very low density lipoprotein. Potential role in monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9:398-404.
135. Parthasarathy S, Wieland E, Steinberg D. A role for endothelial cell lipoxygenase in the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1989; 86:1046-50.
136. Hessler JR, Morel DW, Lewis LJ, Chisolm GM. Lipoprotein oxidation and lipoprotein-induced cytotoxicity. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3:215-22.
137. Haberland ME, Fogelman AM. The role of altered lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 1987; 113:573-7.
138. Haberland ME, Fogelman AM, Edwards PA. Specificity of receptor-mediated recognition of malondialdehyde modified low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1982; 79: 1712-6.
139. Haberland ME, Fong D, Cheng L. Malondialdehyde-altered protein occurs in atheroma of Watanabe heritable hyperlipemic rabbits. Science 1988; 241:215-8.
140. Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, Ylä-Herttuala S, et al. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1989; 86:1372-6.
141. Palinski W, Ylä-Herttuala S, Rosenfeld ME, et al. Antisera and monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes generated during oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10:325-35.
142. Ylä-Herttuala S, Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, et al. Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1086-95.
143. Shaikh M, Martini S, Quiney JR, et al. Modified plasma-derived lipoproteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 1988; 69:165-72.
144. Hoff HF, Lie JT, Titus JL, et al. Lipoproteins in atherosclerotic lesions. Localization by immunofluorescence and apo-low density lipoproteins in atherosclerotic arteries from normal and hyperlipoprotéinémies. Arch Pathol 1975; 99:253-8.
145. Hoff H, O’Neil J, Osborne A, Pepin J. Lesion-derived LDL and oxidized LDL share an enhanced aggregability that leads to phagocytosis but unefficient processing by macrophages. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10:783a.
146. Glavind J, Hartmann S, Clemmensen J, Jessen KE, Dam H. Studies on the role of lipoperoxides in human pathology. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1952; 30:1-6.
147. Goto Y. Lipid peroxides as a cause of vascular disease. In: Yagi K, ed. Lipid peroxides in biology and medicine. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1982; 295-303.
148. Harland WA, Gilbert JD, Brooks CJW. Lipids of human atheroma. VIL Oxidised derivatives of cholesteryl linoleate. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 316:378-85.
149. Wilson RB. Lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Food Sei Nutr 1976; 7:325-37.
150. Piotrowski JJ, Hunter GC, Eskelson CD, Dubick MA, Bernhard VM. Evidence for lipid peroxidation in atherosclerosis. Life Sciences 1990; 46:715-21.
151. Ylä-Herttuala S, Rosenfeld ME, Parthasarathy S, et al. Colocalization of 15-lipoxygenase mRNA with epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1990; 87:6959-63.
152. Ylä-Herttuala S, Rosenfeld ME, Parthasarathy S, et al. Gene expression in macrophage-rich human atherosclerotic lesions: 15-lipoxygenase and acetyl-LDL receptor mRNA colocalizes with oxidation specific lipid-protein adducts. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1146-52.
153. Cathcart MK, McNally AK, Morel DW, Chisolm GM III. Lipoxygenase-mediated transformation of human low density lipoprotein to an oxidized and cytotoxic complex. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:63-70.
154. Cathcart MK, McNally AK, Morel DW, Chisolm GM III. Superoxide anion participation in human monocyte-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and conversion of low-density lipoprotein to a cytotoxin. J Immunol 1989; 142: 262:707-12.
155. Cathcart MK, Chisolm GM III, McNally AK, Morel DW. Oxidative modification of low density (LDL) by activated human monocytes and cell lines U937 and HL60. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1988; 24:1001-8.
156. Sparrow CP, Parthasarathy S, Steinberg D. Enzymatic modification of low density lipoprotein by purified lipoxygenase plus phospholipase A2 mimics cell-mediated oxidative modification. J Lipid Res 1988; 29:745-53.
157. Jürgens G. Modified serum lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. Annu Rep Med Chern (London: Academic Press) 1989; 25 (Johns ed.):169-76.
158. Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhi H, Waeg G, Striegel G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with D-a-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:1325-32.
159. Cathcart MK, Morel DW, Chisolm GM III. Monocytes and neutrophils oxidize low density lipoproteins making it cytotoxic. J Leukocyte BIOL 1985; 38:341-50.
160. Kuzuya M, Naito M, Funaki C, Hayashi T, Asai K, Kuzuya F. Probucol prevents oxidative injury to endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:197-204.
161. Masuda M, Ihara N, Kuriki H, et al. Spontaneous injuries in the aortic endothelium of the inherited cataract rats and their prevention by tocopherol. A study by scanning electron microscopy. Atherosclerosis 1989; 75:23-30.
162. Hennig B, Boissonneault GA, Wang Y. Protective effects of vitamin E in age-related endothelial cell injury. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59:273-9.
163. Hladovec J. Protective effect of oxygen-derived free radical scavengers on the endothelium in vivo. Physiol Bohemoskov 1986; 35:97-103.
164. Kaneko T, Nakano SI, Matsuo M. Protective effect of vitamin E on linoleic acid hydroperoxideinduced injury to human endothelial cells. Lipids 1991; 26:345-8.
165. Saito Y, Shinomiya M, Kumagai A. Effect of tocopherol on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ester metabolism in the arterial wall. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 393:183-5.
166. Bowyer DE, Mitchinson MJ. The role of macrophages in atherosclerosis. In: Zembala M, Ash- erson GL, eds. Human monocytes. London: Academic Press, 1989; 439-58.
167. Shimasaki H, Maeba R, Ueta N. Lipid peroxidation and storage of fluorescent products by macrophages in vitro as a model of ceroid-like pigment formation. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 266:323-30.
168. Shimakasi H, Maeba R, Ueta N. Lipid peroxidation and storage of fluorescent products by macrophages in vitro as a model of ceroid-like pigment formation. In: Porta EA, ed. Lipofuscin and ceroid pigments. New York: Plenum, 1990; 323-31.
169. Sharmanov AT, Aidarkhanov BB, Burmangaliev SM. Effect of vitamin E on the oxidative metabolism of macrophages. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1986; 101:723-5.
170. Shirai K, Matsuoka N, Morisaki N, et al. Effect of tocopherol deficiency on lipid metabolism in the arterial walls of rats on normal and high cholesterol diets. Artery 1980; 6:484-506.
171. Fruchart JC, Sauzieres J, Clavey V, Plancke MO. Antioxidant therapy and uptake of human oxidized LDL by macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:447-8.
172. Baehner RL, Boxer LA. Role of membrane vitamin E and cytoplasmatic glutathione in the regulation of phagocytic functions of neutrophils and monocytes. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1979; 1:71-6.
173. Hatchigan EA, Santos JI, Broitman SA, Vitale JJ. Vitamin A supplements improve macrophage function and bacterial clearance during experimental salmonella infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989; 191:47-54.
174. Rocha NP. Vitamin E stimulates endotoxin-inhibited monocyte migration and phagocytosis in vivo. Braz J Med Biol Res 1989; 22:1401-3.
175. Ganguly R, Waldman RH. Macrophage functions in aging: effects of vitamin C deficiency. Allerg Immunol (Leipz) 1985; 31:37-43.
176. Lopez AJ, Palomo DG, Castrillon JL, Arellano JL. “In vitro” improvement of defective chemotaxis in intravenous drug abusers after incubation with ascorbic acid. Klin Wochenschr 1987; 65:625-6.
177. Scheinberg MA. The effect of vitamin C on certain monocyte cell functions. An in vitro and in vivo approach. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1983; 23:199-206.
178. Moriguchi S, Kobayashi N, Kishino Y. Effects of vitamin E deficiency on the functions of splenic lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Nutr Sei Vitaminol 1989; 35:419-30.
179. Sakamoto W, Fujie K, Handa H, Ogihara T, Mino M. In vivo inhibition of superoxide production and protein kinase C activity in macrophages from vitamin E-treated rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1990; 60:338-42.
180. Sakamoto W, Yoshikawa K, Shindo M, et al. In vivo effect of vitamin E on peritoneal macrophages and T-kininogen level in rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1989; 59:131-9.
181. Cathcart RF. A unique function for ascorbate. Med Hypotheses 1991; 35:32-7.
182. Leake DS, Rankin SM. The oxidative modification of LDL by macrophages. Biochem J 1990; 270:741-8.
183. Pacht ER, Kaseki H, Mohammed JR, Cornwell DG, Davis WB. Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:789-96.
184. Akeson AL, Woods CW, Mosher LB, Thomas CE, Jackson RL. Inhibition of IL-10 expression in THP-1 cells by probucol and tocopherol. Atherosclerosis 1991; 86:261-70.
185. Ku G, Doherty NS, Schmidt LF, Jackson RL, Dinerstein RJ. Ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 secretion from murine peritoneal macrophages inhibited by probucol, a hypocholestérolémie agent with antioxidant properties, inhibits interleukin (IL-1) secretion. FASEB J 1990; 4:1645-53.
186. Ku G, Doherty NS, Wolos JA, Jackson RL. Inhibition by probucol of interleukin-1 secretion and its implication in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:77B.
187. Yamamoto A, Takaichi S, Hara H, et al. Probucol prevents lipid storage in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 1986; 62:209-17.
188. Yamamoto A, Hara H, Takaichi S, Wakasugi JI, Tomikawa M. Effect of probucol on macrophages, leading to regression of xanthomas and atheromatous vascular lesions. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:31B-6B.
189. Kita T, Nagano Y, Yokode M, et al. Prevention of atherosclerotic progression in Watanabe rabbits by probucol. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:13B-9B.
190. Kita T, Nagano Y, Yokode M, et al. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1987; 84:5928-31.
191. Carew TE, Schwenke DC, Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1987; 84:7725-9.
192. Nagano Y, Kume N, Otani K, et al. Probucol does not act on lipoprotein metabolism of WHHL rabbit macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1990; 598:530-1.
193. Goldberg RB, Mendez A. Probucol enhances cholesterol efflux from cultured human fibroblasts. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:109-17.
194. Stein Y, Stein O, Delplanque B, Fesmire JD, Lee DM, Alaupovic P. Lack of effect of probucol on atheroma formation in cholesterol-fed rabbits kept at a comparable plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 1989; 75:145-66.
195. Björkhem I, Henriksson-Freyschuss A, Breuer O, Diczfalusy U, Berglund L, Henriksson P. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene protects against atherosclerosis. Arterioscl Thromb 1991; 11:15-22.
196. Gey KF. Inverse correlation of vitamin E and ischemic heart disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1989; 30:224-31.
197. Gey KF, Stähelin HB, Puska P, Evans A. Relationship of plasma vitamin C to mortality from ischemic heart disease. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1987; 498:110-23.
198. Gey KF, Brubacher GB, Stähelin HB. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins in relation to ischemic heart disease and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45:1368-77.
199. Gey KF, Puska P. Plasma vitamins E and A inversely related to mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1989; 570:268-82.
200. Willett WW. Nutritional epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
201. Rubba P, Mancini M, Fidanza F, Leccia G, Riemersma RA, Gey KF. Plasma vitamin E, apoprotein B and HDL-cholesterol in middle-aged men from Southern Italy. Atherosclerosis 1989; 77:25-9.
202. Gurusinghe A, DeNiese M, Renaud JF, Austin L. The binding of lipoproteins to human muscle cells: binding and uptake of LDL, HDL, and tocopherol. Muscle Nerve 1988; 11:1231-9.
203. Thurnham DI, Davies JA, Crump BJ, Situnayake RD, Davis M. The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurement of vitamin E status. Ann Clin Bio-chem 1986; 23:514-20.
204. Ellis N, Lloyd B, Lloyd RS, Clayton BE. Selenium and vitamin E in relation to risk factors for coronary heart disease. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37:200-6.
205. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M, et al. Blood pressure, dietary fats, and antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:1226-32.
206. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Seppänen K, et al. Relationship of serum selenium and antioxidants to plasma lipoproteins, platelet aggregability and prevalent ischemic heart disease in eastern finnish men. Atherosclerosis 1988; 70:155-60.
207. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Seppänen K, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on platelet function: a randomized pair-matched, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in men with low antioxidant status. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:1222-9.
208. Bulpitt CJ. Vitamin C and blood pressure. J Hypertension 1990; 8:1071-5.
209. Trout DL. Vitamin C and cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:322-5.
210. Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, Stähelin HB, Eichholzer M, Lüdin E. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma levels of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; in press.
211. Vatassery GT, Smith WE, Quach HT. Ascorbic acid, glutathione and synthetic antioxidants prevent the oxidation of vitamin E in platelets. Lipids 1989; 24:1043-7.
212. Hruba F, Novakowa V, Ginter E. The effect of chronic marginal vitamin C deficiency on the a-tocopherol content of the organs and plasma of guinea pigs. Experientia 1982; 38:1454-5.
213. Kanazawa K, Takeuchi S, Hasegawa R, et al. Influence of ascorbic acid deficiency on the level of non-protein SH compounds and vitamin E in the blood and tissues of guinea pigs. Nihon Univ J Med 1981; 23:257-65.
214. De AK, Darad R. Physiological antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in vitamin E-deficient rats. Toxicol Lett 1988; 44:47-54.
215. Burton GW, Wronska U, Stone L, Foster DO, Ingold KU. Biokinetics of dietary RRR-a-toco- pherol in the male guinea pig at three dietary levels of vitamin C and two levels of vitamin E. Evidence that vitamin C does not “spare” vitamin E in vivo. Lipids 1990; 25:199-210.
216. Bai NJ, Kumar PS, George T, Krishunamurthy S. Effect of dietary protein and hypervitaminosis A or C on tissue peroxidation and erythrocyte lysis of vitamin E deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1982; 52:386-92.
217. Chen LH, Barnes KJ. Nutritional relationship of vitamin E and vitamin C in guinea pigs. Nutr Rep Int 1976; 14:89-96.
218. Chen LH, Chang ML. Effect of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C on respiration and swelling of guinea pig liver mitochondria. J Nutr 1978; 108:1616-20.
219. Chen LH, Chang ML. Effects of high level of vitamin C on tissue antioxidant status of guinea pigs. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1979; 49:87-91.
220. Chen LH, Chow CK. Effect of cigarette smoking and dietary vitamin E on plasma level of vitamin C in rats. Nutr Rep Int 1980; 22:301-9.
221. Ginter E, Kostinova A, Hudecova A, Majaric A. Synergism between vitamins C and E: effect of microsomal hydroxylation in guinea pig liver. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1982; 52:54-7.
222. Tappel AL. Will antioxidant nutrients slow aging processes? Geriatrics 1968; 23:97-105.
223. Kunert KJ, Tappel AL. The effect of vitamin C on in vivo lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs as measured by pentane and ethane production. Lipids 1983; 18:271-4.
224. Leung HW, Vang MJ, Mavis RD. The cooperative interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C in suppression of peroxidation of membrane phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 664: 266-72.
225. Tappel AL, Brown WD, Zalkin H, Maier VP. Unsaturated lipid peroxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds and its inhibition by vitamin E. J Am Oil Chern Soc 1961; 38:5-9.
226. Fidanza A, Audisio M, Mastroacovo P. Vitamin C and cholesterol. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl 1982; 23:153-71.
227. Ingold KU, Webb AC, Witter D, Burton GW, Metcalfe TA, Muller DPR. Vitamin E remains the major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human plasma even in individuals suffering severe vitamins E deficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys 1987; 259:224-5.
228. Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhi H, Rotheneder M. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res Commun 1989; 6:67-75.
229. Jessup W, Bedwell S, Kwok K, Dean RT. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein: initiation by free radicals and protection by antioxidants. Agents Actions Suppl 1988; 26:241-6.
230. Frei B, Stocker R, Ames AN. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:9748-52.
231. Frei B, England L, Ames BN. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:6377-81.
232. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants in low density lipoprotein by ascorbate but not by probucol during oxidative modification. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:597-601.
233. Jialal I, Vega GL, Grundy SM. Physiologic levels of ascorbate inhibit the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 1990; 82:185-91.
234. Stocker R, Bowry VW, Frei B. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does a-tocopherol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:1646-50.
235. Maguire JJ, Wilson DS, Packer L. Mitochondrial electron transport-linked tocopheroxyl radical reduction. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:21462-5.
236. Barclay LRC, Locke SJ, MacNeil JM. The antioxidation of unsaturated lipids in micelles. Synergism of inhibitors vitamins C and E. Can J Chem 1983; 61:1288-90.
237. Golumbic C, Mattill HA. Antioxidants and the antioxidation of fats. XIII. The antioxygenemic action of ascorbic acid in association with tocopherols, hydrochinones and related compounds. J Am Chem Soc 1941; 63:1279-80.
238. Lambelet P, Loeliger J. The fate of antioxidant radicals during lipid autoxidation. I. The tocopheroxyl radicals. Chem Phys Lipids 1984; 35:185-98.
239. Niki E, Saito T, Kawakami A, Kamiya Y. Inhibition of oxidation of methyl linoleate in solution by vitamin E and vitamin C. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:4177-82.
240. Niki E, Yamamoto Y, Kamiya Y. Oxidation of phosphatidylcholine and its inhibition by vitamin E and vitamin C. In: Bors W, Saran M, Tait D, eds. Oxygen radicals in chemistry and biology. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984; 274-8.
241. Niki E. Interaction of ascorbate and a-tocopherol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 498:186-99.
242. Niki E, Yamamoto Y, Takahashi M, Komura E, Miyama Y. Inhibition of oxidation by biomembranes by tocopherol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:23-31.
243. Packer JE, Slater TF, Willson RL. Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C. Nature 1979; 278:737-8.
244. Scarpa M, Rigo A, Maiorino M, Ursini F, Gregolin C. Formation of a-tocopherol radical and recycling of a-tocopherol by ascorbate during peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 801:215-9.
245. Liebier DC, Kaysen KL, Kennedy TA. Redox cycles of vitamin E: hydrolysis and ascorbic acid dependent reduction of 8A-(alkyldioxy)-tocopherones. Biochemistry 1989; 28:9772-7.
246. Kagan VE, Serbinova EA, Packer L. Recycling and antioxidant activity of tocopherol homologs of different hydrocarbon chain length in liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 282:221-5.
247. McCay PB, Lai EK, Brueggemann G, Powell SR. A biological antioxidant function for vitamin E: electron shuttling for a membrane-bound “free radical reductase.” NATO ASI Ser, Ser A 1987; 131:145-56.
248. McCay PB, Brueggemann G, Lai EK, Powell SR. Evidence that a-tocopherol functions cyclically to quench free radicals in hepatic microsomes: requirement for glutathine and a heat-labile factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:32-45.
249. Packer L, Maguire J, Melhorn R, Serbinova E, Kagan V. Mitochondria and microsomal membranes have a free radical reductase activity that prevents chromanoxyl radical accumulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 159:229-35.
250. Demopoulos HB, Flamm ES, Pietronigro DD, Seligmann ML. The free radical pathology and the microcirculation in the major central nervous system disorders. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1980; 492:91-119.
251. Swartz HM, Dodd NJF. The role of ascorbic acid on radical reactions in vivo. In: Rodgers MAJ, Powers EL, eds. Oxygen and oxy radicals in chemistry and biology. New York: Academic Press, 1981; 161-8.
252. Rao PS, Mueller HS. Adv Esp Med Biol 1983; 161:347-67.
253. Borg DC, Schaich KM. Pro-oxidant action of antioxidants. In: Miquel J, Quintanilha AT, Weber H, eds. CRC Handbook of free radicals and antioxidants in biomedicine, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: RCR Press, 1989; 63-80.
254. Wayner DDM, Burton GW, Ingold KW. The antioxidant efficiency of vitamin C is concentration dependent. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 884:119-23.
255. Link G, Pinson A, Kahane I, Hershko C. Iron loading modifies the fatty acid composition of cultured rat myocardial cells and liposomal vesicles: effect of ascorbate and a-tocopherol on myocardial lipid peroxidation. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 144:243-9.
256. Wefers H, Sies H. Antioxidant effects of ascorbate and glutathione in microsomal lipid peroxidation are dependent on vitamin E. Adv Biosci 1988; 76:309-16.
257. Graham KS, Reddy CC, Scholz RW. Reduced glutathione effects on a-tocopherol concentration of rat liver microsomes undergoing NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation. Lipids 1989; 24: 909-14.
258. Costagliola C, Menzione M. Effect of vitamin E on the oxidative state of glutathione in plasma. Clin Physiol Biochem 1990; 140:140-3.
259. Mrtensson J, Meister A. Glutathione deficiency decreases tissues ascorbate levels in newborn rats: ascorbate spares glutathione and protects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:4656-60.
260. Stahelin HB, Gey KF, Eichholzer M, et al. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the 12-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 766-75.
261. Herberth B, Didelot Barthelemy L, Le Devehat C, Lemoine A. Plasma retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols: biological variation factors between 18-45 years. Ann Nutr Metab 1988; 32:297304.
262. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. A survey of the dietary behaviour, nutritional status and blood pressure of adults aged 16 to 64 living on Great Britain, carried out by the Social Division of OPCS and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Department of Health. London: HMSO, 1990.
263. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CCA, Elton R, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Low plasma vitamins E and C: increased risk of angina pectoris in Scottish men. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:291-5.
264. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CCA, Elton RA, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E and carotene. Lancet 1991; 337:1-5.
265. Sullivan JL. Antioxidants and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1991; 337:432-3.
266. Subar AF, Harlan LC, Mattson ME. Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the US. Am J Public Health 1990; 80:1323-9.
267. Hornig DH, Moser U, Glatthaar BE. Ascorbic acid. In: Shils ME, Young VR, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febriger, 1988; 417-35.
268. Kallner AB, Hartmann D, Hornig DH. On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: steady-state turnover and body pool in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:1347-55.
269. Anderson R. Assessment of the roles of vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene in the modulation of oxidant stress mediated by cigarette smoke-activated phagocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:358-61.
270. Gey KF. Vitamin E: the functional significance of suboptimal plasma levels. In: Pietrzik K, ed. Modern lifestyles, lower energy intake and micronutrient status. London: Springer, 1991; 126-33.
271. Ramirez J, Flowers NC. Leucocyte ascorbic acid and its relationship to coronary heart disease in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:2079-87.
272. Weglicki WB, Mak IT, Simic MG. Mechanisms of cardiovascular drugs as antioxidants. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 22:1199-208.
273. Islam S, Houtia NE, Maziere C, Polonovski J. Comparative study of the effect of beta-blockers with different pharmacological properties on cholesteryl ester formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:847-9.
274. Atkinson JB, Swift LL. Nifedipine reduces atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed heterozygous WHHL rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1990; 84:195-201.
275. Mazière JC, Salmon S, Mora L, Auclair M. The antihypertensive drug propranolol enhances LDL catabolism and alters cholesterol metabolism in human cultured fibroblasts. Atherosclerosis 1990; 81:151-60.
276. Naruszewicz M, Mirkiewicz E, Klosiewiczf-Latoszek L. Modification of low-density lipoproteins from hypertriglyceridemic patients by macrophages in vitro and the effect of benzafibrate treatment. Atherosclerosis 1989; 79:261-5.
277. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA 1990; 264:3007-12.
278. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1289-98.
279. Kok FJ, van Poppel G, Meise J, et al. Do antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a combined association with coronary atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 1991; 31:85-90.
280. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Penttilae L, et al. Serum fatty acids, apolipoproteins, selenium and vitamin antioxidants and the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56:226-31.
281. Kok F, de Bruijn AM, Vermeeren R, et al. Serum selenium, vitamin antioxidants and cardiovascular mortality: a 9-year follow-up study in the Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45:462-8.
282. Stähelin HB, Gey KF, Eichholzer M, Lüdin E, Brubacher G. Cancer mortality and vitamin E status. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1989; 570:391-9.
283. Malone W. Studies evaluating antioxidants and /3-carotene as chemopreventives. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:305S-13S.
284. Steinberg D. Summary of the proceedings of a NHLBI workshop: “Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis.” September 5-6, 1991—Bethesda MD. Circulation 1992. In press. v
285. McCormick J, Skrabanek P. Coronary heart disease is not preventable by population intervention. Lancet 1988; 2:839-41.
286. Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R, et al. Lovastation decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1990; 87:8931-4.
287. Keenan JM, Fontaine PL, Wenz JB, Myers S, Huang Z, Ripsin CM. Niacin revisisted. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1424-32.
288. Bendich A, Machlin LJ. Safety of oral intake of vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:612-9.
289. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwith LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 1990; 336:129-33.
290. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, Riet G. Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 37:541-4.
291. Smith CL, Kelleher J, Losowsky MS, Morrish N. The content of vitamin E in British diets. Br J Nutr 1971; 26:89-96.
292. Davies T, Kelleher J, Kosowski MS. Interrelation of serum lipoprotein and tocopherol levels. Clin Chim Acta 1969; 24:431-6.
293. Lewis J, Buss DH. Trace nutrients. 5. Minerals and vitamins in the British household food supply. Br J Nutr 1988; 60:413-24.
294. Schorah CH. In: Counsell JN, Hornig DH, eds. Vitamin C. London: Applied Science Publishers, 1981; 23-47.
295. Block G. Dietary guidelines and the results of food consumption surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:356-7.
296. Murphy SP, Subar AF, Block G. Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:361-7.
297. Horwitt MK. Status of human requirements for vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27:1182-93.
298. Horwitt MK. Supplementation with vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47:1088-9.
299. Horwitt MK. Data supporting supplementation of humans with vitamin E. J Nutr 1991; 121: 424-9.
300. Horwitt MK, Elliott WH, Kanjananggulpan P, Fitch CD. Serum concentrations of a-tocopherol after ingestion of various vitamin E preparations. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 40:240-5.
301. Horwitt MK, Century B, Zeman AA. Erythrocyte survival and reticulocyte levels after tocopherol depletion in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1963; 12:99-106.
302. Lehmann J, Marshall MW, Slover HT, Jacono JM. Influence of dietary fat level and dietary tocopherols on plasma tocopherols in human subjects. J Nutr 1977; 107:1006-15.
303. Lehmann J, Martin HL, Lashley EL, Marshall MW, Judo JF. Vitamin E in foods from high and low linoleic acid diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1986; 86:1208-16.
304. Lemoyne M, van Gossom A, Kurian R, Ostro M, Axler J, Jeejeebhoy KN. Breath pentane analysis as index of lipid peroxidation: a functional test of vitamin E status. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:267-72.
305. Van Gossum A, Kurian R, Whitwell J, Jeejeebhoy KN. Decrease in lipid peroxidation measured by breath pentane output in normals after oral supplementation with vitamin E. Clin Nutr 1988; 7:53-7.
306. Bendich A. Antioxidant micronutrient and immune response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 587: 168-80.
307. Bendich A. Antioxidant vitamins and their functions in immune responses. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 262:35-55.
308. Buzina R, Aurer-Kozelj J, Srdak-Jorgic K, Buhler E, Gey KF. Increase of gingival hydroxyproline and proline by improvement of ascorbic acid status in man. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1986; 56:367-72.
309. Suboticanec-Buzina K, Buzina R, Brubacher G, Sapunar J, Christeller S. Vitamin C status and physical work capacity in adolescents. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1984; 54:55-60.
310. Frankel EN. The antioxidant and nutritional effects of tocopherols, ascorbic acid and betacarotene in relation to processing of edible oils. Bibi Nutr Dieta 1989; 43:297-312.
311. Diplock AT. Dietary supplementation with antioxidants. Is there a case for exceeding the recommended dietary allowance? Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 3:199-201.
312. Horwitt MK. Relative biological values of d-a-tocopheryl acetate and a//-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33:1856-60.
313. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Underwood BA, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Vitamins A, E and beta-carotene: effects of supplementation on their plasma levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38:559-66.
314. Lehmann J, Rao DD, Canary JJ, Judd JT. Vitamin E and relationship among tocopherols in human plasma, platelets, lymphocytes and red blood cells. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47:470-4.
315. Dimitrov NV, Meyer C, Gilliland D, Ruppenthal M, Chenoweth W, Malone W. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:723-9.
316. Refeat M, Moore TJ, Kazui M, Risby TH, Perman JA, Schwarz KB. Utility of breath pentane ethane as a noninvasive biomarker of vitamin E status in children. Pediatr Res 1991; 30:396403.
317. Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health 1989; 79:158-62.
318. Hoshino E, Shariff R, Van Gossum A, et al. Vitamin E suppresses increased lipid peroxidation in cigarette smokers. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14:300-5.
319. Duthie GG, Arthur JR, James WPF, Vint HM. Antioxidant status of smokers and nonsmokers: effect of vitamin E supplements. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:435-8.
320. Bittolo-Bon G, Cazzolato G, Saccarde M, Avogaro P. Presence of a modified LDL in humans: effect of vitamin E. In: Mayaishi EO, Mino M, eds. Clinical and nutritional aspects of vitamin E. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987; 109-20.
321. Yagi K. Assay for serum lipid peroxide level and its clinical significance. In: Yagi K, ed. Lipid peroxides in biology and medicine. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 223-42.
322. Janero DR. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9:515-40.
323. Wartanowicz M, Panczenkof Kresowska B, Ziemlanski S, Kowalska M, Okolska G. The effect of a-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on the serum lipid peroxide level in elderly people. Ann Nutr Metab 1984; 28:186-91.
324. Cordova C, Musca A, Violi F, et al. Influence of vitamin E on plasma malondialdehyde-like material in man. Thromb Hemost 1984; 51:347-8.
325. Tolonen M, Sarna S, Halme M, et al. Antioxidant supplementation decreases TBA reactants in serum of elderly. Biol Trace Elem 1988; 17:221-8.
326. Tolonen M, Sarna S, Westermarck T, et al. Reduktion von Lipidperoxiden im Serum bei älteren Menschen durch Supplementierung mit Antioxidantien. VitaMinSpur 1987; 2:181-6.
327. Harats D, Ben-Naim M, Dabach Y, et al. Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on susceptibility of plasma lipoproteins to peroxidation induced by acute smoking. Atherosclerosis 1990; 85:47-54.
328. Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, et al. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:557-63.
329. Sumida S, Tanaka K, Kitao H, Nakadomo F. Exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and leakage of enzymes before and after vitamin E supplementation. Int J Biochem 1989; 21:835-8.
330. Noma A, Maeda S, Okuno M, Abe A, Muto Y. Reduction of serum lipoprotein (a) levels in hyperlipidaemic patients with a-tocopheryl nicotinate. Atherosclerosis 1990; 84:213-7.
331. Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Donzella C, Dipalo G, Lefebvre PJ. Vitamin E reduction of protein glycosylation in diabetes. New prospect for prevention of diebatic complications? Diabetes Care 1991; 14:68-72.
332. Muckle J, Nazir DJ. Variation in human blood high-density lipoprotein response to oral vitamin E megadosage. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91:165-71.
333. Cloarec MJ, Perdriset GM, Lamberdiere FA, et al. a-Tocopherol: effect on plasma lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemic patients. Isr J Med Sei 1987; 23:669-72.
334. Haglund O, Luostarinen R, Wallin R, Wibell L, Saldeen T. The effect of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E. J Nutr 1991; 121:165-9.
335. Görög P, Kakkar VV. Increased uptake of monocyte-treated low-density lipoproteins by aortic endothelium in vivo. Atherosclerosis 1987; 65:99-107.
336. Boissonneault GA, Hennig B, Wang Y, Wood CL. Aging and endothelial barrier function in culture: effects of chronic exposure to fatty acid hydroperoxides and vitamin E. Meeh Ageing Dev 1990; 56:1-9.
337. Butler AM, Gerrard JM, Peiler J, Stoodard PF, Rao GHR, White JG. Vitamin E inhibits the release of calcium from a platelet membrane fraction in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1979; 2:203-16.
338. Douglas CE, Chan AC, Choy PC. Vitamin E inhibits platelet phospholipase A2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 876:639-45.
339. Chan AC, Leith MK. Decreased prostacyclin synthesis in vitamin E-deficient rabbit aorta. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:2341-7.
340. Karpen CW, Merola AJ, Trewyn RW, Cornwell DG, Panganamala RV. Modulation of platelet thromboxane Ai and arterial prostacyclin by dietary vitamin E. Prostaglandins 1981; 22:651-61.
341. Aliev MA, Bakbolotova AK, Kostiuchenko LS, Lemeshenko VA. Changes in lipid peroxidation and the antioxidative system of the myocardium in adrenaline-induced damage of the heart. Kardiologia 1989; 29:77-81.
342. Meydani SN, Stocking LM, Shapiro AC, Meydani M, Blumberg JB. Fish oil and tocopherol induced changes in ex-vivo synthesis of spleen and lung leukotriene B4 in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1988; 524:395-8.
343. Okuma M, Takayama H, Uchino H. Generation of prostacyclin-like substance and lipid peroxidation in vitamin E-deficient rats. Prostaglandins 1980; 19:527-36.
344. Stuart MJ. Deficiency of plasma PGL-like regenerating activity in neonatal plasma. Reversal by vitamin E in vitro. Pediatr Res 1981; 15:971-3.
345. Stuart MJ. Vitamin E deficiency: its effect on platelet-vascular interaction in various pathologic states. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1982; 393:277-88.
346. Valentovic MA, Gairola C, Lubawy CC. Lung, aorta and platelet metabolism of 14C-arachi- donic acid in vitamin E-deficient rats. Prostaglandins 1982; 24:215-24.
347. Weimann BJ, Steffen H, Weiser H. Effects of a- and y-tocopherol (a-T, 7-T) and a-tocotrienol (a-TT) on the spontaneous and induced prostacyclin (PGL) synthesis from cultured human endothelial cells (HEC) and rat aorta segments ex vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1989; 570:530-2.
348. Weimann BJ, Gey KF. Beziehungen von Vitamin E zur Arteriosklerose. Fat Sci Technol 1990; 92:29-37.
349. Umeda F, Kunisaki M, Inoguchi T, Nawata H. Vitamin E enhances prostacyclin production by cultured aortic endothelial cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1990; 8:175-83.
350. Pyke DD, Chan AC. Effects of vitamin E on prostacyclin release and lipid composition of the ischemic rat heart. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 277:429-33.
351. Wang J, Zhen E, Guo Z, Lu Y. Effect of hyperlipidemic serum on lipid peroxidation, synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane by cultured endothelial cells: protective effect of antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 7:243-9.
352. Fitzgerald GA, Brash AR. Endogenous prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis during chronic vitamin E therapy in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 393:209-11.
353. Beetens JR, Coene MC, Verheynen A, Zonnekeyn L, Hermann AG. Influence of vitamin C on the metabolism of arachidonic acid and the development of aortic lesions during experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Biomed Biochem Acta 1984; 43:273-6.
354. Sharma SC. Relationship of total ascorbic acid to prostaglandins F2a and E2 levels in the blood of women during the 3rd trimester of normal pregnancy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1982; 23:239-56.
355. Lee JW, Lee TY, Mo S, et al. Effects of L-ascorbic acid on the plasma 2-thiobarbituric acid value prostaglandin biosynthesis, photohemolysis, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in guinea-pigs. Korean Biochem J 1987; 20:378-88.
356. Reddanna P, Whelan J, Burgess JR, et al. The role of vitamin E and selenium on arachidonic acid oxidation by way of 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:136-45.
357. Grossman S, Waksman EG. New aspects of the inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by cv-tocopherol. Evidence for the existence of a specific complex. Eur J Biochem 1984; 16:281-9.
358. Cucurou C, Battioni JP, Daniel R, Mansuy D. Peroxidase like activity of lipoxygenase: different substrate specificity of potato 5-lipoxygenase and soybean 15-lipoxygenase and particular affinity of vitamin E derivatives for the 5-lipoxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1081:99105.
359. Bakalova RA, Nekrasov AS, Lankin VZ, et al. Mechanism of the inhibitory action of «-tocopherol and its synthetic derivatives on linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed by lipoxygenase from reticulocytes. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1988; 299:1008-11.
360. Egan RW, Tischler AN, Baptista EM, Ham EA, Soderman DD, Gale PH. Specific inhibition and oxydative regulation of 5-lipoxygenase. Prostgland Thromboxane Leukot Res 1983; 1: 151-7.
361. Chamulitrat W, Mason RP. Lipid peroxyl radical intermediates in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenase. J Biol Chern 1989; 264:20968-73.
362. Gordon MH, Barimalaa IS. Co-oxidation of fat soluble vitamins by soybean lipoxygenase. Food Chern 1989; 32:31-7.
363. Barimalaa IS, Gordon MH. Cooxidation of beta-carotene by soybean lipoxygenase. J Agr Food Chern 1988; 36:685-7.
364. Schmidt KH, Steinhilber D, Moser U, Roth HJ. L-Ascorbic acid modulates 5-lipoxygenase activity in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988; 85:441-5.
365. Takahama U. Inhibition of lipoxygenase-dependent lipid peroxydation by quercetin: mechanism of antioxydative function. Phytochemistry 1985; 24:1443-6.
366. Kagan VE, Serbinova EA, Packer L. Generation and recycling of radicals from phenolic antioxidants. Arch Biochim Biophys 1990; 280:33-9.
367. Kao J, Huey G, Kao R, Stern R. Ascorbic acid stimulates production of glycosaminoglycans in cultured fibroblasts. Exp Mol Pathol 1990; 53:1-10.
368. Fisher E, McLennan SV, Tada H, Heffernan, Yue DN, Turtle J. Interaction of ascorbic acid and glucose on production of collagen and proteoglycan by fibroblasts. Diabetes 1991; 40:371-6.
369. Mamutov ZI. Effect of thymosin and vitamins A and E on the content of sialic acids in the blood serum and liver of thymectomized rats. Uzb Bioil Zh 1990; 1:4-8.
370. Olson JA. Vitamin A. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Handbook of vitamins. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990; 1-57.
371. Dougherty JJ, Croft WA, Hoekstra WG. Effects of ferrous chloride and iron-dextran on lipid peroxidation in vivo in vitamin E and selenium adequate and deficient rats. J Nutr 1981; 111: 1784-96.
372. Dougherty JJ, Hoekstra WG. Effects of vitamin E and selenium on copper-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo and on acute copper toxicity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982; 169:201-8.
373. Dillard CJ, Downey JE, Tappel AL. Effect of antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in iron-loaded rats. Lipids 1984; 19:127-33.
374. Messripour M, Haddady H. Effect of ascorbic acid administration on copper-induced changes of rat brain hypothalamic catecholamine contents. Acta Neurol Scand 1988; 77:481-5.
375. Jacob RA, Skala JH, Omaye ST, Turnland JR. Effect of varying ascorbic acid intakes on copper absorption and ceruloplasmin levels of young men. J Nutr 1987; 117:2109-15.
376. Weimann BJ, Weiser H. Functions of vitamin E in reproduction and in prostacyclin and immunoglobulin synthesis in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:1056-60.
377. Tengerdy RP. Vitamin E immune response, and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570: 335-44.
378. Tengerdy RP. The role of vitamin E in immune response and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 587:24-33.
379. Tengerdy RP. Immunity and disease resistance in farm animals fed vitamin E supplement. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 262:103-10.
380. Tengerdy RP, Mathias MM, Nockels CF. Effect of vitamin E on immunity and disease resistance. In: Prasad A, ed. Vitamins, nutrition and cancer. Basel: Karger, 1986; 123-33.
381. Penn ND, Purkins L, Kelleher J, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized trial. Age Ageing 1991; 20:169-74.
382. Meydani SN. Micronutrients and immune function in the elderly. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 587: 197-207.
383. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Barklund PM, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on immune responsiveness of the aged. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 570:283-90.
384. Moriguchi S, Kobayashi N, Kishino Y. High dietary intakes of vitamin E and cellular immune function in rats. J Nutr 1990; 120:1096-102.
385. Afonina GB, Bordonos VG. Role of free-radical oxidation of lymphocyte membrane lipids in the development of immunodeficiency and its correction by a-tocopherol. Immunologiya 1990; 5:33-5.
386. Roy RM, Petrella M, Shateri H. Effects of administering tocopherol after irradiation to survival and proliferation of murine lymphocytes. Pharmacol Ther 1988; 39:393-5.
387. Jensen M, Fossum C, Ederoth M, Hakkarainen RVJ. The effect of vitamin E on the cell-mediated immune response in pigs. J Vet Med (B) 1988; 35:549-55.
388. Siegel BV, Morton JI. Vitamin C and immunity: influence of ascorbate on prostaglandin E2 synthesis and implications for natural killer cell activity. J Vitam Nutr Res 1984; 54:39-42.
389. Payette H, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Ghardirian P. Nutrition factors in relation to cellular and regulatory immune variables in a free-living elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52:927-32.
390. Bowman TA, Goonewardene IM, Pasatiempo AMG, Ross AC, Taylor CE. Vitamin A deficiency decreases natural killer cell activity and interferon production in rats. J Nutr 1990; 120:1264-73.
391. Watson RR, Prabhala RH, Plezia PM, Alberts DS. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53:90-4.
392. Goetzel EJ. Vitamin E modulates the lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid in leukocytes. Nature 1981; 288:193-5.
393. Chan AC, Tran K, Pyke DD, Powell WS. Effects of dietary vitamin E on the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products in rat polmorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 1005:265-9.
394. Negre-Salvayre A, Alomar Y, Troly M, Salvayre R. Ultraviolet-treated lipoproteins as a model system of the biological effects of lipid peroxides on cultured cells. III. The protective effect of antioxidants (probucol, catechin, vitamin E) against cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1096:291-300.
395. Alink GM, Rietjens IMCM. Mechanisms of ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity in lung cells in vitro. In: Seemayer NH, Radnay W, eds. Enviro Hyg. Berlin: Springer, 1988; 1:7-14.
396. Boura P, Tsapas G, Papadopoulou A, Magoula I, Kountouras G. Monocyte locomotion in anergic chronic brucellosis patients: in vivo effect of ascorbic acid. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1989; 11:119-29.
397. Dietert R, Combs GF Jr, Lin HK, Puzzi JV, Golemboski KA, Marsh JA. Impact of combined vitamin E and selenium defiency on chicken macrophage function. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1990; 587:281-2.
398. Eskew ML, Zarkower A, Scheuchenzuber WJ, et al. Effects of inadequate vitamin E and/or selenium nutrition on the release of arachidonic acid metabolites in rat alveolar macrophages. Prostaglandins 1989; 38:79-89.
399. Boscoboinik D, Szewczyk A, Azzi A. a-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 286:264-9.
400. Boscoboinik D, Swewczyk A, Hensey C, Azzi A. Inhibition of cell proliferation by a-tocopherol. Role of protein kinase C. J Biol Chern 1991; 266:6188-94.
401. Azzi A. Boscoboinik D, Chatelain E. Modulation of cell proliferation by tocopherols and toco- trienols: role in arteriosclerosis. In: Ong AHS, Packer L, eds. Lipid-soluble antioxidants: biochemistry and clinical applications. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1992; in press.
402. Phoenix J, Edwards RH, Jackson MJ. Inhibition of Ca2 -induced cytosolic enzyme efflux from skeletal muscle by vitamin E and related compounds. Biochem J 1989; 257:207-13.
403. Diplock A, Xu GL, Yeow CL, Okikola M. Relationship of tocopherol structure to biological activity, tissue uptake, and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1989; 570:72-84.
404. Singal PK, Kapur N, Beamish RE. Antioxidant protection against epinephrine-induced arrhythmia. Dev Cardiovasc Med 1985; 60:190-201.
405. Bekbolotova AK, Varvashtyan VM, Aliev MA. a-Tocopherol influence on the conditioned reflex activity in adrenalin-induced myocardial dystrophy. Byull Eksp Biol Med 1990; 109:211-3.
406. Kirshenbaum LA, Gupta M, Thomas TP, Singal PK. Antioxidant protection against adrenaline- induced arrhythmias in rats with chronic heart hyperthrophy. Can J Cardiol 1990; 6:71-4.
407. Fuenmayor AJ, Fuenmayor AM, Lopez T, Winterdaal DM. Vitamin E and ventricular fibrillation threshold in myocardial ischemia. Jpn Cire J 1989; 53:1229-32.
408. Dzizinskii AA, Ananev AA, Fuks AR. Effect of membrane protectors on the diastolic function of the heart in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Kardiologiia 1989; 29:52-5.
409. Jandak J. Steiner M, Richardson PD. a-Tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 1989; 73:141-9.
410. Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Reduction of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supplementation in humans. Thromb Res 1988; 49:393-404.
411. Karpen CW, Cataland S, O’Dorosio TM, Panganamala RV. Production of 12-hydroxyeico- satetraenoic acid and vitamin E status in platelets from type I human diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1985; 34:526-31.
412. Watanabe J, Umeda F, Wakasugi H, Ibayashi H. Effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation in diabetes mellitus. Thromb Haemost 1984; 51:313-6.
413. Renaud S, Ciavatti M, Perrot L, et al. Influence of vitamin E administration on platelet functions in hormonal contraceptive users. Contraception 1987; 36:347-58.
414. Viola F, Pratico D, Ghiselli A, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-independent platelet aggregation by low vitamin E concentration. Atherosclerosis 1990; 82:247-52.
415. Salonen JT. Antioxidants and platelets. Ann Med 1989; 21:59-62.
416. Karpen CW, Cataland S, O’Dorisio TM, Panganamala RV. Interrelation of platelet vitamin E and thromboxane synthesis in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1984; 33:239-43.
417. Cordova C, Musca A, Violi F, et al. Vitamin C inhibits platelet lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. Prostaglandins 1984; 27(suppl):103.
418. Gwebu ET, Trewyn RW, Cornwel DG, Panganamala RV. Vitamin E and inhibition of platelet lipoxygenase. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1980; 28:361-76.
419. Fukuzawa K, Kurotori Y, Tokumura A, Tsukatani H. Vitamin E deficiency increases the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lipids 1989; 24:236-9.
420. Skjaerlund JM. Exocrine pancreatic degeneration during vitamin E and selenium deficiency in rats. Nutr Rep Int 1989; 40:151-9.
421. Bordia AK. The effect of vitamin C on blood lipids, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in patients with coronary artery diseae. Atherosclerosis 1980; 35:181-7.
422. Kudryashov BA, Pastorova VE, Lyapina LA, Londashevskaya MV, Kobozeva LP. Fibrin depolymerization and nonenzymic fibrinolysis in blood plasma of rabbits kept on atherogenic rations with antioxidants. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1990; 110:419-21.
423. Iwama M, Honda A, Ohohashi Y, Sakai T, Mori Y. Alterations in glycosaminoglycans of the aorta of vitamin E-deficient rats. Atherosclerosis 1985; 55:115-23.
424. Kakishita E, Suehiro A, Oura Y, Nagai K. Inhibitory effect of vitamin E (a-tocopherol) on spontaneous platelet aggregation in whole blood. Thromb Res 1990; 60:489-99.
425. Klein HH, Pich S, Lindert S, Nebendahl K, Niedmann P, Kreuzer H. Combined treatment with vitamins E and C in experimental myocardial infarction in pigs. Am Heart J 1989; 118:667-73.
426. Massey KD, Burton KP. a-Tocopherol attenuates myocardial membrane-related alterations resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1989; 256:H1192-9.
427. Massey KD, Burton KP. Free radical damage in neonatal rat cardiac myocyte cultures: effects of a-tocopherol, trolox, and phytol. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 8:449-58.
428. Mickle DAG, Li RK, Weisel RD, et al. Myocardial salvage with trolox and ascorbic acid for an acute evolving infarction. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47:546-57.
429. Janero DR, Burghardt B. Oxidative injury to myocardial membrane direct modulation by endogenous a-tocopherol. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1989; 21:1111-24.
430. Barsacchi R, Coassin M, Maiorino M, Pelosi G, Siminelli C, Ursini F. Increased ultra weak chemiluminescence emission from rat heart at postischemic reoxygenation: protective role of vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 6:573-9.
431. Axford-Gatley RA, Wilson GJ. Dietary loading with vitamin E reduces experimental myocardial infarct size. Cardiovasc Res 1991; 25:89-92.
432. Axford-Gatley RA, Wilson GJ. Myocardial infarct size reduction by vitamin E hypersupplementation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990; 22(Suppl III):S.28, Abstract PT3.
433. Cavarocchi NC, England MD, O’Brien JF, et al. Superoxide generation during cardiopulmonary bypass: is there a role for vitamin E? J Surg Res 1986; 40:519-27.
434. Buchwald A, Klein HH, Lindert S, et al. Effect of a-tocopherol (vitamin E) in a porcine model of stunned myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989; 14:46-52.
435. Matevosyan RS, Amatuni VG. The effect of pretreatment with a-tocopherol and intal on the course of experimental myocardial necrosis. Kardiologiya 1989; 29:94-6.
436. Weisel RD, Mickle DA, Finkle CO, et al. Myocardial free-radical injury after cardioplegia. Circulation 1989; 80(111): 14-8.
437. Stoyanovski D, Kagan V, Packer L. Iron binding to a-tocopherol-containing phospholipid liposomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160:834-8.
438. Hatzelmann A, Schatz M, Ullrich V. Involvement of glutathione peroxidase activity in the stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase activity by glutathione-depleting agents in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur J Biochem 1989; 180:527-33.
439. Camulitrat W, Mason RP. Lipid peroxyl radical intermediates in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenase direct ESR investigations. J Biol Chern 1989; 264:20968-73.
440. Cole EH, Levy GA. Interaction of monocytes with vascular endothelium. In: Zembala M, Asherson GL, eds. Human monocytes. London: Academic Press, 1989; 353-60.
441. Dinarello CA, Savage N. Interleukin-1 and its receptor. Crit Rev Immunol 1989; 9:1-20.
442. Nagai Y, Yamane T, Watanabe H, Yoshida Y. Diffuse intimal thickening and other mesenchymal changes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 598:71-6.
443. Gopalakrishna R, Anderson WB. Ca2 + - and phospholipid-independent activation of protein kinase C by selective oxidative modification of the regulatory domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:6758-62.
444. O’Brian CA, Ward NE, Weinstein IB, Bull AW, Marnett LJ. Activation of rat brain protein kinase C by lipid oxidation products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155:1374-80.
445. Smirnov VN, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, Antonov AS, et al. Vascular signal transduction and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sei 1990; 598:167-81.
446. Watson F, Robinson J, Edwards SW. Protein kinase C-dependent and -independent activation of the NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils. J Biol Chern 1991; 266:7432-9.
447. Mendez AJ, Oram JF, Bierman EL. Protein kinase C as a mediator of high density lipoprotein receptor-dependent efflux of intracellular cholesterol. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:10104-11.
448. Elstad MR, Mcintyre TM, Prescott SM, Zimmermann GA. Protein kinase C regulates their synthesis of platelet-activating factor by human monocytes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4:148-55.
449. Babiy AV, Gebicki FM, Sullivan DR. Vitamin E content and low density lipoprotein oxidizability induced by free radicals. Atherosclerosis 1990; 81:175-82.
450. De Graaf J, Hak Lemmers HLM, Hectors MPC, Demacker PNM, Hendiks JCM, Stanlenhoef AFH. Enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation of the dense low density lipoprotein subfraction in healthy subjects. Arteriosclerosis 1991; 11:298-306.
451. Shimano H, Yamada N, Ishibashi S, et al. Oxidation-labile subfraction of human plasma low density lipoprotein isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:763-73.
452. Nigon F, Lesnik kP, Rouis M, Chapman MJ. Discrete subspecies of human low density lipoproteins are heterogeneous in their interaction with the cellular LDL receptor. J Lipid Res 1991; 32:1741-53.
453. Knipping G, Rotheneder M, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Antioxidants and resistance against oxidation of porcine LDL fractions. J Lipid Res 1990; 31:1965-72.
454. Parthasarathy S, Khoo JH, Miller E, Barnett J, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Low-density lipoprotein enriched in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implication for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sei U S A 1990; 87:3894-8.
455. Andrikopoulos NK, Hassapidou MN, Manoukas AG. The tocopherol content of Greek olive oils. J Sei Food Agr 1989; 46:503-9.
456. Kiritsakis A, Markakis P. Olive oil: a review. Adv Food Res 1987; 31:453-82.
457. Hayes C.In: Ong AHS, Packer L, eds. Lipid-soluble antioxidants: biochemistry and clinical applications. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1992; in press.