Accident & Emergency Radiology: A Survival Guide, Second Edition

Accident & Emergency Radiology: A Survival Guide, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-341

  Raby, Nigel ^a   Berman, Laurence ^b   de Lacey, Gerald ^c  

^a WESTERN INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c NORTHWICK PARK HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85159499960     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (219)

1. DB Hackney (1991) Skull radiography in the evaluation of trauma: a survey of current practice. Radiology 181 711-714.
2. I Moseley (2000) Skull fractures and mild head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 403-404.
3. PAM Hofman, P Nelemans, GJ Kemerink, et al. (2000) Value of radiological diagnosis of skull fracture in the management of mild head injury: meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 416-422.
4. DP Frush, SM O'Hara and MA Kliewer (1998) Pediatric imaging perspective: acute head trauma – is skull radiography useful? J Pediatrics 132 553-554.
5. I McGlinchey, MF Fleet, FC Eatock and ND Raby (1998) A comparison of two or three radiographic views in the diagnosis of skull fractures. Clin Radiol 53 215-217.
6. KI Mogbo, TL Slovis, AI Canady, et al. (1998) Appropriate imaging in children with skull fractures and suspicion of abuse. Radiology 208 521-524.
7. H Carty and A Pierce (2002) Non-accidental injury: a retrospective analysis of a large cohort. Eur Radiol 12 2919-2925.
8. WE Allen III, EL Kier and SL Rothman (1973) Pitfalls in the evaluation of skull trauma. A review. Radiol Clin North Am 11 479-503.
9. R Shapiro (1972) Anomalous parietal sutures and the bipartite parietal bone. AJR 115 569-577.
10. G Matsumura, T Uchiumi, K Kida, et al. (1993) Developmental studies on the interparietal part of the human occipital squama. J Anat 182 197-204.
11. ME Billmire and PA Myers (1985) Serious head injury in infants: accident or abuse? Pediatrics 75 340-342.
12. DF Merten, DRS Osborne, MA Radkowski and JC Leonidas (1984) Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome: radiologic observations. Pediatr Radiol 14 272-277.
13. GJ Lonergan, AM Baker, MK Morey, et al. (2003) Child abuse: Radiologic–pathologic correlation. Radiographics 23 811-845.
14. P Worlock, M Stower and P Barbor (1986) Pattern of fractures in accidental and non-accidental injury in children: a comparative study. Br Med J 293 100-102.
15. AD Gean (1994) Non-accidental trauma (child abuse). AD Gean (Ed.) Imaging of head trauma New York: Raven Press 411-426.
16. CJ Hobbs (1984) Skull fracture and the diagnosis of abuse. Arch Dis Child 59 246-252.
17. DF Merten, MA Radkowski and JC Leonidas (1983) The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology 146 377-381.
18. RT Loder and C Bookout (1991) Fracture patterns in battered children. J Orthop Trauma 5 428-433.
19. J King, D Diefendorf, J Apthorp, et al. (1988) Analysis of 429 fractures in 189 battered children. J Pediatr Orthop 8 585-589.
20. P Rao and H Carty (1999) Non-accidental injury: review of the radiology. Clin Radiol 54 11-24.
21. EE Gilles and MD Nelson (1998) Cerebral complications of nonaccidental head injury in childhood. Pediatr Neurol 19 119-128.
22. AJ Sidebottom and G Sissons (1999) Radiographic screening for midfacial fracture in A and E. Br J Radiol 72 523-524.
23. A McGhee and J Guse (2000) Radiography for midfacial trauma: is a single OM15° radiograph as sensitive as OM15° and OM30° combined? Br J Radiol 73 883-885.
24. MA Pogrel, SW Podlesh and KE Goldman (2000) Efficacy of a single occipitomental radiograph to screen for midfacial fractures. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 58 24-26.
25. N Raby and D Moore (1998) Radiography of facial trauma: the lateral view is not required. Clin Radiol 53 218-220.
26. GJ de Lacey, BK Wignall, S Hussain and JR Reidy (1977) The radiology of nasal injuries: problems of interpretation and clinical relevance. Br J Radiol 50 412-414.
27. S Li, B Papsin and DH Braun (1996) Value of nasal radiographs in nasal trauma management. J Otolaryngol 25 162-164.
28. DB McGrigor and W Campbell (1950) The radiology of war injuries. Part VI. Wounds of the face and jaw. Br J Radiol 23 685-696.
29. L Druelinger, M Guenther and EG Marchand (2000) Radiographic evaluation of the facial complex. Emerg Med Clin North Am 18 393-410.
30. SB Hammerschlag, S Hughes, GV O'Reilly, et al. (1982) Blow-out fractures of the orbit: a comparison of computed tomography and conventional radiography with anatomical correlation. Radiology 143 487-492.
31. SA Rubin, RL Gray and WR Green (1974) The shoulder ‘Y’: a diagnostic aid in shoulder trauma. Radiology 110 725-726.
32. D Horsfield and SN Jones (1987) A useful projection in radiography of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg 69B 338.
33. AA De Smet (1980) Anterior oblique projection in radiography of the traumatized shoulder. AJR 134 515-518.
34. PJ Kornguth and AM Salazar (1987) The apical oblique view of the shoulder: its usefulness in acute trauma. AJR 149 113-116.
35. WP Garth Jr, CE Slappey and CW Ochs (1984) Roentgenographic demonstration of instability of the shoulder: the apical oblique projection. J Bone Joint Surg 66A 1450-1453.
36. D Stanley and SH Norris (1988) Recovery following fractures of the clavicle treated conservatively. Injury 19 162-164.
37. RJ Hawkins, CS Neer, RM Pianta, et al. (1987) Locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg 69A 9-18.
38. CR Rowe and B Zarins (1982) Chronic unreduced dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone and Joint Surg 64–A 494-505.
39. LF Rogers (1982) Radiology of skeletal trauma New York: Churchill Livingstone
40. LM Newstadter and MJ Weiss (1991) Trauma to the shoulder girdle. Semin Roentgenol 26 331-343.
41. B Mlasowsky, P Brenner, W Duben and H Heymann (1988) Repair of complete acromioclavicular dislocation (Tossy Stage III) using Balser's hook plate combined with ligament sutures. Injury 19 162-164.
42. A Greenspan and A Norman (1982) The radial head – capitellum view. Useful technique in elbow trauma. AJR 138 1186-1188.
43. Berman L. Personal communication, 2004.
44. LF Donnelly, TT Klostermeier and LA Klosterman (1998) Traumatic elbow effusions in pediatric patients: are occult fractures the rule? AJR 171 243-245.
45. JF Griffith, DJ Roebuck, JC Cheng, et al. (2001) Acute elbow trauma in children: spectrum of injury revealed by MR imaging not apparent on radiographs. AJR 176 53-60.
46. LF Rogers, S Malave, H White and MO Tachdjian (1978) Plastic bowing, torus and greenstick supracondylar fractures of the humerus: radiographic clues to obscure fractures of the elbow in children. Radiology 128 145-150.
47. KA Miles and DBL Finlay (1989) Disruption of the radiocapitellar line in the normal elbow. Injury 20 365-367.
48. JW Chessare, LF Rogers, H White, et al. (1977) Injuries of the medial epicondylar ossification center of the humerus. AJR 129 49-55.
49. GY El-Khoury, WW Daniel and MH Kathol (1997) Acute and chronic avulsive injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 35 747-766.
50. RM Gore, LF Rogers, J Bowerman, et al. (1980) Osseous manifestations of elbow stress associated with sports activities. AJR 134 971-977.
51. JV Fowles, N Slimane and MT Kassab (1990) Elbow dislocation with avulsion of the medial humeral epicondyle. J Bone Joint Surg 72B 102-104.
52. DJ Curtis, EF Downey, AC Brower, et al. (1984) Importance of soft-tissue evaluation in hand and wrist trauma: statistical evaluation. AJR 142 781-788.
53. I Zammit-Maempel, RAL Bisset, J Morris and W.S.C. Forbes WStC (1988) The value of soft tissue signs in wrist trauma. Clin Radiol 39 664-668.
54. CA Goldfarb, Y Yin, LA Gilula, et al. (2001) Wrist fractures: what the clinician wants to know. Radiology 219 11-28.
55. JK Mayfield (1980) Mechanism of carpal injuries. Clin Orthop 149 45-54.
56. G Annamalai and N Raby (2003) Scaphoid and pronator fat stripes are unreliable soft tissue signs in the detection of radiographically occult fractures. Clin Radiol 58 798-800.
57. DJ Curtis (1981) Injuries of the wrist: an approach to diagnosis. Radiol Clin North Am 19 625-644.
58. AL Panting, DW Lamb, J Noble and CS Haws (1984) Dislocations of the lunate with and without fractures of the scaphoid. J Bone Joint Surg 66B 391-395.
59. JK Mayfield (1984) Patterns of injury to carpal ligaments. Clin Orthop 157 36-42.
60. JMG Kauer (1987) Functional anatomy of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Clin Orthop 220 7-13.
61. FM Howard (1987) Fractures of the basal joint of the thumb. Clin Orthop 220 46-51.
62. DP Green and SA Rowland (1975) Fractures and dislocations in the hand. CA Rockwood, Jr,DP Green (Eds) Fractures Philadelphia: JB Lippincott
63. JJ Henderson and MAM Aarafa (1987) Carpometacarpal dislocation: an easily missed diagnosis. J Bone Joint Surg 69B 212-214.
64. JJ Mueller (1986) Carpometacarpal dislocations. Report of five cases and review of the literature. J Hand Surg 11A 184-188.
65. O Engkvist, B Balkfors and U Lindsjo (1982) Thumb injuries in downhill skiing. Int J Sports Med 3 50-55.
66. MJ Clancy (1999) Clearing the cervical spine of adult victims of trauma. J Accid Emerg Med 16 208-214.
67. WJ Frohna (1999) Emergency Department evaluation and treatment of the neck and cervical spine injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am 17 739-790.
68. IG Stiell, GA Wells, et al. (2001) The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 286 1841-1848.
69. ME Ivy and SM Cohn (1997) Addressing the myths of cervical spine injury management. Am J Emerg Med 15 591-595.
70. K Brohi and J Wilson-Macdonald (2000) Evaluation of unstable cervical spine injury: a 6-year experience. J Trauma 49 76-80.
71. OC West, MM Anbari, TK Pilgram, et al. (1997) Acute cervical spine trauma: diagnostic performance of single-view versus three-view radiographic screening. Radiology 204 819-823.
72. JA Marx and MH Biros (2000) Who is at low risk after head or neck trauma? N Engl J Med 343 137-140.
73. RL MacDonald, ML Schwartz, D Mirich, et al. (1999) Diagnosis of cervical spine injury in motor vehicle crash victims: how many X-rays are enough? J Trauma 30 392-397.
74. DB Turetsky, FS Vines, DA Clayman and HM Northup (1993) Technique and use of supine oblique views in acute cervical spine trauma. Ann Emerg Med 22 685-689.
75. JH Harris and SE Mirvis (1996) The radiology of acute cervical spine trauma 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins 16-20.
76. JH Harris, JT Burke, DD Ray, et al. (1984) Low (type III) odontoid fractures: a new radiographic sign. Radiology 153 353-356.
77. JH Harris (2001) The cervicocranium: its radiographic assessment. Radiology 218 337-381.
78. CH Herr, PA Ball, SK Sargent, et al. (1998) Sensitivity of prevertebral soft tissue measurement at C3 for detection of cervical spine fractures and dislocations. Am J Emerg Med 16 346-349.
79. LD Matar and AJ Doyle (1997) Prevertebral soft-tissue measurements in cervical spine injury. Austr Radiol 41 229-237.
80. JB Naidich, TP Naidich, C Garfein, et al. (1977) The widened interspinous distance: a useful sign of anterior cervical dislocation in the supine frontal projection. Radiology 123 113-116.
81. JA Gehweiler Jr, RH Daffner and L Roberts Jr (1983) Malformations of the atlas vertebra simulating the Jefferson fracture. AJR 140 1083-1086.
82. RA Suss, RD Zimmerman and NE Leeds (1983) Pseudospread of the atlas: false sign of Jefferson fracture in young children. AJR 140 1079-1082.
83. D Barton, HP Redmond and W Quinlan (1989) Radiological assessment of atlanto-axial injuries. Injury 20 42-45.
84. SE Mirvis (1998) How much lateral atlantodental interval asymmetry and atlantoaxial lateral mass asymmetry is acceptable on an open-mouth odontoid radiograph, and when is additional investigation necessary? AJR 170 1106-1107.
85. JH Harris and JS Yeakley (1989) Radiographically subtle soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine. Curr Prob Diagn Radiol 18 161-192.
86. KA Miles and D Finlay (1988) Is prevertebral soft tissue swelling a useful sign in injury of the cervical spine? Injury 19 177-179.
87. RH Daffner (1977) Pseudofracture of the dens: Mach bands. AJR 128 607-612.
88. TE Keats (2001) Atlas of normal Roentgen variants that may simulate disease 7th edn. Chicago, IL: Year Book
89. C Lee, JH Woodring, LF Rogers, et al. (1986) The radiographic distinction of degenerative slippage (spondylolisthesis and retrolisthesis) from traumatic slippage of the cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol 15 439-443.
90. MN Pathria and CA Petersilge (1991) Spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 29 847-865.
91. MD Murphey, S Batritzky and JM Bramble (1989) Diagnostic imaging of spinal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 27 855-872.
92. F Denis (1983) The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine 8 817-831.
93. GP Genereux (1983) The posterior pleural reflections. AJR 141 141-149.
94. LF Donnelly, DP Frush, JY Zheng and GS Biusset (2000) Differentiating normal from abnormal inferior thoracic paravertebral soft tissues on chest radiography in children. AJR 175 477-483.
95. TH Berquist (1986) Imaging of orthopedic trauma and surgery Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders
96. JA Gehweiler, RL Osborne and RF Becker (1980) The radiology of vertebral trauma Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders
97. RH Daffner, ZL Deet and WE Rothfus (1987) The posterior vertebral body line's importance in the detection of burst fractures. AJR 148 93-96.
98. J Hunter, E Brandser and K Tran (1997) Pelvic and acetabular trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 35 559-590.
99. LF Rogers (1992) Radiology of skeletal trauma 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone 991-1105.
100. NH Theumann, JP Verdon, et al. (2002) Traumatic injuries: imaging of pelvic fractures. Eur Radiol 12 1312-1320.
101. M MacLeod and J Powell (1997) Evaluation of pelvic fractures: clinical and radiologic. Orthop Clin North Am 28 299-319.
102. JWR Young, et al. (1986) Pelvic fractures: value of plain radiography in the early assessment and management. Radiology 160 445-451.
103. JF Kellam and BD Browner (1992) Fractures of the pelvic ring. Skeletal trauma Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders 849-897.
104. E Brandser and JL Marsh (1998) Acetabular fractures: easier classification with a systematic approach. AJR 171 1217-1228.
105. M Saunders and H Carty (1994) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis in children: a report of 32 fractures and their outcome. Skeletal Radiol 23 85-90.
106. SK Fernbach and RH Wilkinson (1981) Avulsion injuries of the pelvis and proximal femur. AJR 137 581-584.
107. JN Metzmaker and AM Pappas (1985) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis. Am J Sports Med 13 349-358.
108. GY El-Khoury, WW Daniel and MH Kathol (1997) Acute and chronic avulsive injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 35 747-751.
109. EA Brandser, GY El-Khoury and MH Kathol (1995) Adolescent hamstring avulsions that simulate tumours. Emerg Radiol 2 273-278.
110. MJ Parker and GA Pryor (1993) Hip fracture management Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
111. I Otremski, A Katz, S Dekel, et al. (1990) Natural history of impacted subcapital femoral fractures and its relevance to treatment options. Injury 21 379-381.
112. LF Rogers, et al. (1975) Occult central fractures of the acetabulum. AJR 124 96-101.
113. E Brandser and JL Marsh (1998) Acetabular fractures: easier classification with a systematic approach. AJR 171 1217-1228.
114. IG Stiell, GA Wells, RH Hoag, et al. (1997) Implementation of the Ottawa knee rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA 278 2075-2079.
115. RH Daffner and JH Tabas (1987) Trauma oblique radiographs of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg 69A 568-571.
116. GW Capps and CW Hayes (1994) Easily missed injuries around the knee. Radiographics 14 1191-1210.
117. J Insall and E Salvati (1971) Patella position in the normal knee joint. Radiology 101 101-104.
118. A Newberg and L Wales (1977) Radiographic diagnosis of quadriceps tendon rupture. Radiology 125 367-371.
119. AB Goldman, H Pavlow and D Rubenstein (1988) The Segond fracture of the proximal tibia. A small avulsion that reflects major ligamentous damage. AJR 151 1163-1167.
120. GW Dietz, DM Wilcox and JB Montgomery (1986) Segond tibial condyle fracture: lateral capsular ligament avulsion. Radiology 159 467-469.
121. CH Rorabeck and WP Bobbechko (1976) Acute dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fracture: a review of eighteen cases. J Bone Joint Surg 58B 237-240.
122. GY El-Khoury, WW Daniel and MH Kathol (1997) Acute and chronic avulsive injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 35 747-766.
123. JA Ogden, RB Tross and MJ Murphy (1980) Fractures of the tibial tuberosity in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg 62A 205-215.
124. ZS Rosenberg, M Kawelblum, YY Cheung, et al. (1992) Osgood–Schlatter's lesion: fracture or tendinitis? Scintigraphic, CT, and MR imaging features. Radiology 185 853-858.
125. UM Kujala, M Kvist and O Heinonen (1985) Osgood–Schlatter's disease in adolescent athletes. Retrospective study of incidence and duration. Am J Sports Med 13 236-241.
126. I Stiell, G Wells, A Laupacis, et al. (1995) Multicentre trial to introduce the Ottawa ankle rules for use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. BMJ 311 594-597.
127. JJ Leddy, RJ Smolinski, J Lawrence, et al. (1998) Prospective evaluation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules in a University Sports Medicine Centre. AMJ Sports Med 26 158-165.
128. MC Harper and TS Keller (1989) A radiographic evaluation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot Ankle 10 156-160.
129. ST Canale and RH Belding (1980) Osteochondral lesions of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg AM 62 97-102.
130. EA Brandser, RJ Braksiek, GY El-Khoury, et al. (1997) Missed fractures on emergency room ankle radiographs: an analysis of 433 patients. Emergency Radiology 4 295-302.
131. LJ Prokuski and CL Saltzman (1997) Challenging fractures of the foot and ankle. Rad Clin North America 35 655-670.
132. P Slatis, O Kiviluoto, S Santavirta, et al. (1979) Fractures of the calcaneum. J Trauma 19 939-943.
133. PL Ramsey and W Hamilton (1976) Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 356-357.
134. GS Edwards and JC Delee (1984) Ankle diastasis without fracture. Foot Ankle 4 305-312.
135. HG David (1989) Value of radiographs in managing common foot injuries. Br Med J 298 1491-1492.
136. TE Keats (2001) Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease 7th ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers
137. LD Anderson (1977) Injuries of the forefoot. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 122 18-27.
138. LJ Prokuski and CL Saltzman (1997) Challenging fractures of the foot and ankle. Rad Clin North Am 35 655-670.
139. EG Anderson (1990) Fatigue fractures of the foot. Injury 21 275-279.
140. TH Berquist (2000) Radiology of the foot and ankle 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
141. SJ Lawrence and MJ Botte (1993) Jones' fractures and related fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal. Foot Ankle 14 358-365.
142. S Inokuchi and N Usami (1997) Jones' fracture. The Foot 7 75-78.
143. JE Wipf, BA Lipsky and JV Hirschmann (1999) Diagnosing pneumonia by physical examination. Relevant or relic? Arch Intern Med 159 1082-1087.
144. P Armstrong, AG Wilson, P Dee and DM Hansell (2000) Imaging of diseases of the chest St Louis, MO: Mosby
145. P Armstrong (1989) Chest. TE Keats (Ed.) Emergency radiology 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: Year Book
146. P Schnyder and M Wintermark (2000) Radiology of blunt trauma of the chest Berlin: Springer-Verlag
147. SE Mirvis and P Templeton (1992) Imaging in acute thoracic trauma. Semin Roentgenol 27 84-210.
148. SA Groskin (1992) Selected topics in chest trauma. Radiology 183 605-617.
149. G Gavelli, R Canini, P Bertaccini, et al. (2002) Traumatic injuries: imaging of thoracic injuries. Eur Radiol 12 1273-1294.
150. JHM Austin (1984) The lateral chest radiograph in the assessment of non-pulmonary health and disease. RCNA 22 687-698.
151. JP Whalen and EF Lane (1969) Bronchial re-arrangements in pulmonary collapse as seen on the lateral radiograph. Radiology 93 285-288.
152. VA Vix and EC Klatte (1970) The lateral chest radiograph in the diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal masses. Radiology 96 307-316.
153. B Felson (1973) Chest roentgenology Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders 496.
154. SA Emamian, MA Kaasbol, JF Olsen, et al. (1997) Accuracy of the diagnosis of pleural effusion on supine chest X-ray. Eur Radiol 7 57-60.
155. JH Woodring (1984) Recognition of pleural effusion on supine radiographs: how much fluid is required? AJR 142 59-64.
156. JC Reed (2003) Chest radiology: plain film patterns and differential diagnosis 5th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby
157. SR Baker (1999) Plain films and cross-sectional imaging for acute abdominal pain: unresolved issues. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 20 142-147.
158. GJ de Lacey, BK Wignall, S Bradbrooke, et al. (1980) Rationalising abdominal radiography in the Accident and Emergency Department. Clin Radiol 31 453-455.
159. GA Jelinek and NDG Banham (1990) Reducing the use of plain abdominal radiographs in an emergency department. Arch Emerg Med 7 241-245.
160. RE Miller and SW Nelson (1971) The roentgenologic demonstration of tiny amounts of free intraperitoneal gas: experimental and clinical studies. Am J Roentgenol 112 574-585.
161. S Field, P Guy, SM Upsdell and AE Scourfield (1985) The erect abdominal radiograph in the acute abdomen: should its routine use be abandoned? Br Med J 290 1934-1936.
162. SL Gammill and CM Nice (1972) Air fluid levels: their occurrence in normal patients and their role in the analysis of ileus. Surgery 71 771-780.
163. DDT Maglinte, EJ Balthazar, FM Kelvin and AJ Megibow (1997) The role of radiology in the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction. AJR 168 1171-1180.
164. DDT Maglinte, FM Kelvin, MG Rowe, et al. (2001) Small bowel obstruction: optimizing radiologic investigation and non-surgical management. Radiology 218 39-46.
165. JA Levine, J Neitlich, M Verga, et al. (1999) Ureteral calculi in patients with flank pain: correlation of plain radiography with unenhanced helical CT. Radiology 204 27-31.
166. JF Platt, JM Rubin and JH Ellus (1993) Acute renal obstruction: evaluation with intrarenal duplex Doppler and conventional ultrasound. Radiology 186 685-688.
167. BL Enderson and KI Maull (1991) Missed injuries. The trauma surgeon's nemesis. Surg Clin North Am 71 399-418.
168. SS Lingawi and AR Buckley (2000) Focused abdominal US in patients with trauma. Radiology 217 426-429.
169. KL McKenney (1999) Ultrasound of blunt abdominal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 37 879-893.
170. MA Brown, G Casola, CB Sirlin, et al. (2001) Blunt abdominal trauma: screening US in 2,693 patients. Radiology 218 352-358.
171. D Weisthaupt, AM Grozaj, JK Willmann, et al. (2002) Traumatic injuries: imaging of abdominal and pelvic injuries. Eur Radiol 12 1295-1311.
172. JE Ingeman, MC Plewa, RE Okasinski, et al. (1996) Emergency physician use of ultrasonography in blunt abdominal trauma. Acad Emerg Med 10 931-937.
173. D Tandberg (1982) Glass in the hand and foot. Will an X-ray show it? JAMA 248 1872-1874.
174. G de Lacey, R Evans and B Sandin (1985) Penetrating injuries: how easy is it to see glass (and plastic) on radiographs? Br J Radiol 58 27-30.
175. CA Roobottom and MJ Weston (1994) The detection of foreign bodies in soft tissue – comparison of conventional and digital radiography. Clin Radiol 49 330-332.
176. FJ Gilbert, RSD Campbell and AP Bayliss (1990) The role of ultrasound in the detection of non-radiopaque foreign bodies. Clin Radiol 41 109-112.
177. MJ Ginsburg, GL Ellis and LL Flom (1990) Detection of soft-tissue foreign bodies by plain radiography, xerography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography. Ann Emerg Med 19 701-703.
178. AE Schlesinger and RJ Hernandez (1992) Diseases of the musculoskeletal system in children: imaging with CT, sonography, and MR. Am J Radiol 158 729-741.
179. AM McElvanney and AR Fielder (1993) Intraocular foreign body missed by radiography. Br Med J 306 1060-1061.
180. RJ Etherington and MD Hourihan (1989) Localisation of intraocular and intraorbital foreign bodies using computed tomography. Clin Radiol 40 610-614.
181. D Remedios, C Charlesworth and G deLacey (1993) Imaging of foreign bodies. Imaging 5 171-179.
182. MW Cooke and EE Glucksman (1991) Swallowed coins. Br Med J 302 1607.
183. C Park (1993) Seeing is believing. Br Med J 307 1010.
184. MD Stringer and SNJ Capps (1991) Rationalising the management of swallowed coins in children. Br Med J 302 1321-1322.
185. Swallowed coins. Editorial. Lancet 2 659-660.
186. B Nahman and C Meubler (1984) Asymptomatic oesophageal perforation by a coin in a child. Ann Emerg Med 13 627-629.
187. K Seikel, PA Primm, BJ Elizondo, et al. (1999) Hand-held metal detector localisation of ingested metallic foreign bodies; accurate in any hands? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153 853-857.
188. SK Lee, NS Beck and HH Kim (1996) Mischievous magnets: unexpected health hazard in children. J Paediatr Surg 31 1694-1695.
189. SR McCormick, PO Brennan and JG Yassa (2000) Magnets and children – an attractive combination. Br Med J 321 514.
190. K Remsen, HF Biller, W Lawson and L Som (1983) Unusual presentations of penetrating foreign bodies of the upper aerodigestive tract. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 105 32-44.
191. P Nandi and GB Ong (1978) Foreign body in the oesophagus: review of 2394 cases. Br J Surg 65 5-9.
192. RCD Herdman, SR Saeed and EA Hinton (1991) The lateral soft tissue X-ray in accident and emergency medicine. Arch Emerg Med 8 149-156.
193. SR EII and A Sprigg (1991) The radio-opacity of fishbones – species variation. Clin Radiol 44 104-107.
194. T Litovitz and BF Schmitz (1992) Ingestion of cylindrical and button batteries: an analysis of 2382 cases. Pediatrics 89 747-757.
195. A McCombe and M Ramadan (1990) Severe tissue destruction in the ear caused by alkaline button batteries. Postgrad Med 66 52-53.
196. T Votteler, J Nash and J Rutledge (1983) The hazards of alkaline disk batteries in children. JAMA 249 2504-2506.
197. NG Velitchkov, GI Grigorov, JE Losanoff and KT Kjossev (1996) Ingested foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract: retrospective analysis of 542 cases. World J Surg 20 1001-1005.
198. T Mizuta, WM Benson, BK Foster, et al. (1987) Statistical analysis of the incidence of physeal injuries. J Pediatr Orthop 7 518-523.
199. SCS Kao and WL Smith (1997) Skeletal injuries in the pediatric patient. Radiol Clin North Am 35 727-746.
200. LE Swischuk, SD John and EJ Tschoepe (1999) Upper tibial hyperextension fractures in infants: another occult toddler's fracture. Pediat Radiol 29 6-9.
201. K Blumber and RJ Patterson (1991) The toddler's cuboid fracture. Radiology 179 93-94.
202. N Laliotis, BH Pennie, H Carty and L Klenemar (1993) Toddler's fracture of the calcaneum. Injury 24 169-170.
203. LF Donnelly (2000) Toddler's fracture of the fibula. AJR 175 922.
204. SD John, CS Moontry and LE Swischuk (1997) Expanding the concept of the toddler's fracture. Radiographics 17 367-376.
205. M Fink, L Berman, D Edwards and K Jacobson (1993) Irritable hips – is there a need for hospital admission? Br J Radiol 66 629.
206. M Saunders and H Carty (1994) Avulsion fractures of the pelvis in children: a report of 32 fractures and their outcome. Skeletal Radiol 23 85-90.
207. GY El-Khoury, WW Daniel and MH Kathol (1997) Acute and chronic avulsive injuries. Radiol Clin North Am 35 747-751.
208. TE Keats (2001) Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease 7th ed Chicago, IL: Year Book
209. H Carty and A Pierce (2002) Non-accidental injury: a retrospective analysis of a large cohort. Eur Radiol 12 2919-2925.
210. PK Kleinman (1990) Diagnostic imaging in infant abuse. AJR 155 703-712.
211. PK Kleinman, PL Belanger, A Karellas and MR Spevak (1991) Normal metaphyseal radiologic variants not to be confused with findings of infant abuse. AJR 156 781-783.
212. DF Merten, MA Radkowski and JC Leonidas (1983) The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology 146 377-381.
213. DF Merten and DRS Osbourne (1984) Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome: radiological observations. Paediatr Radiol 14 272-277.
214. DF Merten and BL Carpenter (1990) Radiologic imaging of inflicted injury in the child abuse syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 37 815-837.
215. KI Mogbo, TL Slovis, AI Canady, et al. (1998) Appropriate imaging in children with skull fractures and suspicion of abuse. Radiology 208 521-524.
216. BF Rothman and CR Boeckman (1980) Foreign bodies in the larynx and tracheo-bronchial tree in children. Ann Otol 89 434-436.
217. F Baharloo, F Veyckemans, C Francis, et al. (1999) Tracheobronchial foreign bodies: presentation and management in children and adults. Chest 115 1357-1362.
218. E Svedstrom, H Puhakka and P Kero (1989) How accurate is chest radiography in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children? Pediatr Radiol 19 520-522.
219. H Imaizumi, M Kaneko, S Nara, et al. (1994) Definitive diagnosis and location of peanuts in the airways using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Ann Emerg Med 23 1379-1382.