Compressed air energy storage technologies for wind energy systems

Stand-Alone and Hybrid Wind Energy Systems: Technology, Energy Storage and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 393-422

  Cavallo, A ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

eliminating fossil fuel consumption; intermittent renewable energy storage; wind compressed air energy storage (CAES); wind energy systems analysis; wind storage transmission systems

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152848306     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845699628.2.393     Document Type: Chapter

References (46)

1. E. von Weizsäcker, A. Lovins and L. Lovins (1997) Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Consumption, A Report to the Club of Rome. London: Earth-scan Publications Ltd
2. A. Cavallo (2007) Controllable and affordable utility scale electricity from intermittent wind resources and compressed air energy storage (CAES). Energy 32 120-127
3. D.L. Elliott, L. Wendell and G. Glover (1991) Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), 7789, UC-261. An Assessment of the Available Windy Land Area and Wind Energy Potential in the US Richland, Washington, WA: PNNL
4. R. Wiser and M. Bolinger (2008) Annual Report on US Wind Power Installations, Costs, and Performance Trends, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/
5. J. Massey (2009) Bidders emerge for round three licences. WindPower Monthly 25(4), 51
6. W. Qi (2009) More complexes of 10 gigawatts each. Wind Power Monthly 25(3), 110
7. W. Qi (2009) China heads for first place ranking. Wind Power Monthly 25(6), 34
8. International Energy Outlook, 2008, D0E/EIA-0484
9. A. Cavallo (2002) Predicting the peak in world oil production. National Resources Research 11 187-195
10. A. Cavallo (2008) OPEC, peak oil, and the end of cheap gas, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/opec-peak-oil-and-the-end-of-cheap-gas
11. See www.opec.org for OPEC basket price data. OPEC sets the price by gradually bringing supplies in line with demand. This is often not a smooth process. Prices are fixed both for economic and geopolitical factors, and are far above production costs for both OPEC and non-OPEC producers
12. The International Energy Agency (IEA) (2008) noted that given the problems with fossil fuel supplies and environmental impact What is needed is nothing short of an energy revolution (p 37, Executive Summary, World Energy Outlook (2008), IEA, Paris, France, www.iea.org). Such forceful language is virtually never used by government organizations, and is a clear sign of the degree of concern regarding this challenge in its recent World Energy Outlook
13. C. Holly (2008) Loss of wind pushes Texas to brink of blackout. Power 152(5), 22
14. W. Report Wind (2005) E.ON Netz GmbH, 95448 Germany: Bayreuth www.eon-netz.com
15. R.B. Schainker, B. Mehta and R. Pollak (1993) Overview of CAES technology. Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 992-997
16. P. Denholm (2006) Improving the technical, environmental and social performance of wind energy systems using biomass based energy storage, Renew. Energy 31(9), 1355-1370
17. F. Crotogino, K.U. Mohmeyer and R. Scharf (2001) Huntorf CAES, More than twenty years of successful operation. Solution Mining Research Institute Meeting, Orlando, FL
18. M. Nakhamkin, L. Andersson, R. Schaniker, J. Howard and R. Meyer (1993) 110MW – 26HR CAES plant performance test results and initial reliability indices. Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 1016-1021
19. M. Nakhamkin, L. Andersen, et al. (1992) AEC 110MW CAES plant: status of project, J. Engineering for Gas Turbines 114 695-700
20. R. Energy Storage Ridge (2005) The Economic Impact of CAES on Wind in TX, OK and NM report prepared for the Texas State Energy Conservation Office, Austin TX
21. EPRI Report TR-103521 (August 15, 1994) Comparative Analyses of Compressed-Air Cycles; CAES, CASH-ES, CRCAES/CRCASH-ES, and MRCAES/MRCASH-ES PaloAlto CA: EPRI www.epri.com
22. P. Denholm and G.L. Kulcinski (2004) Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems. Energy Conversion and Management 45 2153-2172
23. N. Cultu (1988) Energy storage systems in operation. B. Kilkis, S. Kakac (Eds) Energy Storage Dordrecht: Kluwer 551–574
24. EPRI Report 1016901 (May 7, 2008) Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage Demonstration Palo Alto, CA: EPRI www.epri.com
25. M. Nakhamkin (2008) Second generation of the CAES technology, presented at the CAES Scoping Workshop Columbia University October 21, 2008
26. www.ge.com, GE Energy, LMS 100 Flexible Power
27. B. Mehta (1992) CAES geology, EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) Journal, October-November, 38–41
28. Ridge Energy Storage, 2005, op. cit
29. A. Cavallo (1996) Wind Engineering 20(2), 47-53. This fact is unmentioned and unmentionable in any discussion of energy policy The question of subsidies for renewable energy technologies is much more controversial than it should be, given that fossil fuels and nuclear power themselves benefit from immense tax breaks and favoritism. The most significant fossil fuel subsidy is the $1000 billion per year, including the cost of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that the US spends to provide secure petroleum and LNG supplies from the Middle East (Security of supply: a major neglected fossil fuel subsidy
30. In statistical terms, wind speed is a stochastic, or random, second order process; its mean is independent of time, and the correlation between values of the process at different points in time depends only on the time interval separating these points. This autocorrelation time can be extracted from long term wind velocity data
31. A.J. Cavallo (1997) Wind turbine cost of electricity and capacity factor. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119 312-314
32. See www.windpower.org, the web site of the Danish wind industry association. Power output data are given for a wide variety of Danish wind turbines, including the V27–225
33. D.L. Elliott, C.G. Holladay, W.R. Barchet, H.P. Foote and W.F. Snadusky (1987) Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the US, D)E/CH 10094–4
34. Nordex (1991) Maintenance Manual for Nordex 250/150kW Wind Turbines, DK-7323, Denmark. The manual listed the replacement cost for the gearbox for these machines, giving a rough estimate of the cost per kW of a gearbox. This is a gross simplification of the design problem, but is sufficient to illustrate the principle
35. Watkins, K., Blackfeet Area Wind Integration Study, PNUCC, 101S.W. Main, Suite 1605, Portland, Oregon, 97204
36. A.J. Cavallo (1995) High Capacity Factor Wind Energy Systems. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117 137-143
37. S. Succar (2008) Baseload Power Production from Wind Turbine Arrays Coupled to Compressed Air Energy Storage Princeton University PhD Thesis
38. J. Reason (1990) HVDC line brings Canadian hydropower to New England. Electrical World 3 27-32
39. The amount of storage required for wind/CASE applications depends on the autocorrelation time of the wind velocities, as well as other design objectives, such as seasonal storage, or daily power firming or peaking, and will be examined in a following section. Twenty hours of storage might be suitable for a peaking plant (4 hours at full output), while 50 hours might be needed for firming (12 hours at full power). The more subtle details of the wind speed distribution are important in the design of large-scale wind turbine-CAES-transmission systems
40. Wiser, R., and Bollinger, M., 2008, op. cit
41. A. McFarlane, P. Veers and L. Schluter (1994) Simulating high frequency winds for long duration. Proceedings of the Energy-Sources Technology Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Solar Energy Division (SED), vol. 15, Wind Energy 175-180
42. Succar, S., 2008, op. cit., p. 153
43. A. Cavallo (2008) Prorationing transmission resources with wind/transmission/compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems: focus on Texas. Presented at ElectricPower 2008 (EP2008), May 6–8, Baltimore, MD
44. An exception to this oversight is the essay ‘Time to ask the right questions’, by Mary McCaffery, in the Special Report: UK Offshore. The issue of uncertain resource availability in the medium term is specifically mentioned as a justification for large scale off shore wind turbine arrays for the UK WindPower Monthly, June
45. Wind Power in the UK, May, 2005, Sustainable Development Commission, www.sd-commission.org.uk, Room 101, 55 Whitehall, c/o 3–8 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HH
46. Oil production in the UK sector of the North Sea peaked in about 2000, and natural gas production is also in decline