Radiocarbon dating and its applications in Quaternary studies;Die Radiokohlenstoffmethode und ihre Anwendung in der Quartarforschung

E and G Quaternary Science Journal

Volumn 57, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 2-24

  Hajdas, Irka ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

calibration; Quaternary; Radiocarbon dating; sample preparation

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152200419     PISSN: 04247116     EISSN: 21999090     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3285/eg.57.1-2.1     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. ARNOLD, J. R. & LIBBY, W. F. (1949): Age Determinations by Radiocarbon Content - Checks with Samples of Known Age. "Science, 110: 678-680.
2. ARSLANOV, K. A. & SVEZHENTSEV, Y. S. (1993): An Improved Method for Radiocarbon Dating Fossil Bones. "Radiocarbon, 35: 387-391.
3. BEER, J., SIEGENTHALER, U., BONANI, G., FINKEL, R. C., OESCHGER, H., SUTER, M. & WOLFLI, W. (1988): Information on Past Solar-Activity and Geomagnetism from Be-10 in the Camp Century Ice Core. "Nature, 331: 675-679.
4. BIRD ,M. I., AYLIFFE, L. K., FIFIELD, L. K., TURNEY, C.S.M., CRESSWELL. R.G., BARROWS. T. T. & DAVID. B. (1999): Radiocarbon dating of “old” charcoal using a wet oxidation, stepped-combustion procedure. "Radiocarbon. 41: 127-140.
5. BLAAUW, M., BAKKER, R., CHRISTEN, J.A., HALL, V.A. & VAN DER PLICHT, J. (2007): A Bayesian framework for age modeling of radiocarbon-dated peat deposits: Case studies from the Netherlands. "Radiocarbon, 49: 357-367.
6. BLAAUW, M. & CHRISTEN, J.A. (2005): Radiocarbon peat chronologies and environmental change. "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C-Applied Statistics, 54: 805-816.
7. BONANI, G., BEER, J., HOFMANN, H., SYNAL, H. A., SUTER, M., W -LFLI, W., PFLEIDERER, C., JUNGHANS, C. & MÜNNICH, K.O. (1987): Fractionation, precision and accuracy in 14C and 13C measurements. "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, B29: 87-90.
8. BONDEVIK, S., BIRKS, H.H., GULLIKSEN, S. & MANGERUD, J. (1999): Late Weichselian marine C-14 reservoir ages at the western coast of Norway. "Quaternary Research, 52: 104-114.
9. BONDEVIK, S., MANGERUD, J., BIRKS, H.H., GULLIKSEN, S. & REIMER, P. (2006): Changes in North Atlantic Radiocarbon Reservoir Ages During the Allerød and Younger Dryas. "Science, 312: 1514-1517.
10. BONDEVIK, S., MANGERUD, J. & GULLIKSEN, S. (2001): The marine C-14 age of the Vedde Ash Bed along the west coast of Norway. "Journal of Quaternary Science, 16: 3-7.
11. BROECKER, W., BARKER, S., CLARK, E., HAJDAS, I. & BONANI, G. (2006): Anomalous radiocarbon ages for foraminifera shells. "Paleoceanography 21: PA2008, doi:10.1029/2005PA001212.
12. BROECKER, W., MATSUMOTO, K., CLARK, E., HAJDAS, I. & BONANI, G. (1999): Radiocarbon age differences between coexisting foraminiferal species. "Paleoceanography, 14: 431-436.
13. BROWN, T. A., NELSON, D.E., VOGEL, J.S. & SOUTHON, J.R. (1988): Improved Collagen Extraction by Modifi ed Longin Method. "Radiocarbon, 30: 171-177.
14. BRUHN, F., DUHR, A., GROOTES, P.M., MINTROP, A. & NADEAU, M.J. (2001): Chemical removal of conservation substances by ‘soxhlet (tm)-type extraction. "Radiocarbon, 43: 229-237.
15. BUCK, C.E., CHRISTEN, J.A. & JAMES, G.N. (1999): BCal: an on-line Bayesian radiocarbon calibration tool. "Internet Archaeology 7: http: //intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue7/buck/.
16. BUCK, C.E., CAVANAGH, W.G. & LITTON, C.D. (1996): The Bayesian Approach to Interpreting Archaeological Data. "377 S.; Chichester (Wiley).
17. BURR, G.S., EDWARDS, R.L., DONAHUE, D.J., DRUFFEL, E.R.M. & TAYLOR, F.W. (1992): Mass-Spectrometric C-14 and U-Th Measurements in Coral. "Radiocarbon, 34: 611-618.
18. CHANNELL, J.E.T., STONER , J.S., HODELL, D.A. & CHARLES, C.D. (2000): Geomagnetic paleointensity for the last 100 kyr from the sub-antarctic South Atlantic: A tool for inter-hemispheric correlation. "Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 175: 145-160.
19. CRAIG, H. (1953): The Geochemistry of the Stable Carbon Isotopes. "Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 3: 53-92.
20. CRAIG, H. (1954): Carbon-13 in Plants and the Relationships between Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 Variations in Nature. "Journal of Geology, 62: 115-149.
21. DE VRIES, H.L. & BARENDSEN, G.W. (1954): Measurements of Age by the Carbon-14 Technique. "Nature, 174: 1138-1141.
22. ELINGTON, T.I, ALUWIHARE L.I., BAUER J.E., DRUFFEL E.R.M. & MCNICHOL, A.P. (1996): Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrices for radiocarbon dating. "Analytical Chemistry 68: 904-912.
23. FAIRBANKS, R.G., MORTLOCK, R.A., CHIU, T.-C., CAO, L., KAPLAN, A., GUILDERSON, T.P., FAIRBANKS, T.W., BLOOM, A.L., GROOTES, P.M. & NADEAU, M.-J. (2005): Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired 230Th/234U/238U and 14C dates on pristine corals. "Quaternary Science Reviews, 24: 1781-1796.
24. FINKEL, R.C. & SUTER, M. (1993): AMS in the Earth Sciences:Technique and Applications. "Advances in Analytical Geochemistry, 1: 1-114.
25. FRANKE, J., PAUL, A. & SCHULZ, M. (2008): Modeling variations of marine reservoir ages during the last 45 000 years. "Climate of the Past Discussions, 4: 81 "110.
26. GODWIN, H. (1962): Half-Life of Radiocarbon. "Nature, 195: 984 HAJDAS, I. (1993): Extension of the radiocarbon calibration curve by AMS dating of laminated sediments of lake Soppensee and lake Holzmaar. "Diss. ETH Nr.10157 thesis: 147 S.; ETH Zurich.
27. HAJDAS, I., IVY, S.D., BEER, J., BONANI, G., IMBODEN, D., LOTTER, A.F., STURM, M. & SUTER, M. (1993): Ams Radiocarbon Dating and Varve Chronology of Lake Soppensee - 6000 to 12000 C-14 Years BP. "Climate Dynamics, 9: 107-116.
28. HAJDAS, I., ZOLITSCHKA, B., IVY-OCHS, S.D., BEER, J., BONANI, G., LEROY, S.A.G., NEGENDANK, J.W., RAMRATH, M. & SUTER, M. (1995): Ams Radiocarbon Dating of Annually Laminated Sediments from Lake Holzmaar, Germany. "Quaternary Science Reviews, 14: 137-143.
29. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., ZOLITSCHKA, B., BRAUER, A. & NEGENDANK, J.W. (1998): C-14 ages of terrestrial macrofossils from Lago Grande di Monticchio (Italy). "Radiocarbon, 40: 803-808.
30. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., HADORN, P., THEW, N., COOPE, G.R. & LEMDAHL, G. (2004a): Radiocarbon and absolute chronology of the Late-Glacial record from Hauterive/Rouges-Terres, Lake Neuchatel (CH). "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 223-224: 308-312.
31. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., SLUSARENKO, I.Y. & SEIFERT, M. (2004b): Chronology of Pazyryk 2 and Ulandryk 4 Kugrans based on high resolution radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology -a step towards precise dating of Scythian Burials. "In: SCOTT, E.M. (ed.): Impact of the Environment on the Human Migration in Eurasia: 107-116; Printed in the Netherlands (Kluwer Academic Publishers).
32. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., THUT, J., LEONE, G., PFENNINGER, R. & MADEN, C. (2004c): A report on sample preparation at the ETH/PSI AMS facility in Zurich. "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 223-224: 267-271.
33. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., ZIMMERMAN, S.H., MENDELSON, M. & HEMMING, S. (2004d): C-14 ages of ostracodes from pleistocene lake sediments of the western Great Basin, USA-Results of progressive acid leaching. "Radiocarbon, 46: 189-200.
34. HAJDAS, I., LOWE, D.J., NEWNHAM, R.M. & BONANI, G. (2006): Timing of the late-glacial climate reversal in the Southern Hemisphere using high-resolution radiocarbon chronology for Kaipo bog, New Zealand. "Quaternary Research, 65: 340-345.
35. HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G., FURRER, H., MADER, A. & SCHOCH, W. (2007): Radiocarbon chronology of the mammoth site at Niederweningen, Switzerland: Results from dating bones, teeth, wood, and peat. "Quaternary International, 164-65: 98-105.
36. HATTÉ, C., MORVAN, J., NOURY, C. & PATERNE, M. (2001): Is classical acid-alkali-acid treatment responsible for contamination? An alternative proposition. "Radiocarbon, 43: 177-182.
37. HEAD, M.J. & ZHOU, W. J. (2000): Evaluation of NaOH leaching techniques to extract humic acids from palaeosols. "Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 172: 434-439.
38. HIGHAM, T., RAMSEY, C.B., KARAVANIC, I., SMITH, F.H. & TRINKAUS, E. (2006a): Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G(1) upper Paleolithic Neandertals. "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103: 553-557.
39. HIGHAM, T.F.G., JACOBI, R.M. & RAMSEY, C.B. (2006b): AMS radiocarbon dating of ancient bone using ultrafi ltration. "Radiocarbon, 48: 179-195.
40. HOGG, A.G., FIFIELD, L.K., TURNEY, C.S.M., PALMER, J.G., GALBRAITH, R. & BAILLIE, M.G.K. (2006): Dating ancient wood by high-sensitivity liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry - Pushing the boundaries. "Quaternary Geochronology, 1: 241-248.
41. HOGG, A. G., FIFIELD, L.K., PALMER, J.G., TURNEY, C.S.M. & GALBRAITH, R. (2007): Robust radiocarbon dating of wood samples by high-sensitivity liquid scintillation spectroscopy in the 50-70 kyr age range. "Radiocarbon, 49: 379-391.
42. HUA, Q. & BARBETTI, M. (2004): Review of tropospheric bomb C-14 data for carbon cycle modeling and age calibration purposes. "Radiocarbon 46: 1273-1298.
43. HUGHEN, K., LEHMAN S., SOUTHON J., OVERPECK J., MARCHAL O., HERRING C. & TURNBULL J. (2004a): C-14 activity and global carbon cycle changes over the past 50,000 years. "Science 303: 202-207.
44. HUGHEN, K.A., BAILLIE, M.G.L., BARD, E., BECK, J.W., BERTRAND, C.J.H., BLACKWELL, P.G., BUCK, C.E., BURR, G.S., CUTLER, K.B., DAMON, P.E., EDWARDS, R.L., FAIRBANKS, R.G., FRIEDRICH, M., GUILDERSON, T.P., KROMER, B., MCCORMAC, G., MANNING, S., RAMSEY, C.B., REIMER, P.J., REIMER, R.W., REMMELE, S., SOUTHON, J.R., STUIVER, M., TALAMO, S., TAYLOR, F.W., VAN DER PLICHT, J. & WEYHENMEYER, C.E. (2004b): Marine04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. "Radiocarbon, 46: 1059-1086.
45. HUGHEN, K., SOUTHON, J., LEHMAN, S., BERTRAND, C. & TURNBULL, J. (2006): Marine-derived C 14 calibration and activity record for the past 50,000 years updated from the Cariaco Basin. "Quaternary Science Reviews, 25: 3216-3227.
46. HUMLUM O., ELBERLING B., HORMES A., FJORDHEIM K., HANSEN O. H. & HEINEMEIER J. (2005): Late-Holocene glacier growth in Svalbard, documented by subglacial relict vegetation and living soil microbes. "Holocene 15: 396-407.
47. INGALLS, A.E., ANDERSON, R.F. & PEARSON, A. (2004): Radiocarbon dating of diatom-bound organic compounds.-Marine Chemistry, 92: 91-105.
48. JULL, A.J.T. & BURR, G. S. (2006): Accelerator mass spectrometry: Is the future bigger or smaller? "Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 243: 305-325.
49. KROMER B. & MÜNNICH O. (1992): CO2 gas proportional counting in radiocarbon dating-review and perspective. In: TAYLOR, R.E., LONG, A. & KRA, R.S. (eds) Radiocarbon after four decades. An interdisciplinary perspective: 184-197; New York (Springer Verlag)
50. KUZMIN, Y.V., SLUSARENKO, I.Y., HAJDAS, I., BONANI, G. & CHRISTEN, J.A. (2004): The comparison of C-14 wiggle-matching results for the ‘fl oating (tm) tree-ring chronology of the Ulandryk-4 burial ground (Altai mountains, Siberia). "Radiocarbon, 46: 943-948.
51. LAJ, C., KISSEL, C., MAZAUD, A., CHANNELL, J.E.T. & BEER, J. (2000): North Atlantic palaeointensity stack since 75 ka (NAPIS-75) and the duration of the Laschamp event. "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 358: 1009-1025.
52. LAJ, C., KISSEL, C., SCAO, V., BEER, J., THOMAS, D.M., GUILLOU, H., MUSCHELER, R. & WAGNER, G. (2002): Geomagnetic intensity and inclination Variations at Hawaii for the past 98 kyr from core SOH-4 (Big Island): a new study and a comparison with existing contemporary data. "Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 129: 205-243.
53. LEVIN, I., HAMMER, S., KROMER, B. & MEINHARDT, F. (2008): Radiocarbon observations in atmospheric CO2: Determining fossil fuel CO2 over Europe using Jungfraujoch observations as background. "Science of The Total Environment, 391: 211-216.
54. LEVIN, I. & HESSHAIMER, V. (2000): Radiocarbon - A unique tracer of global carbon cycle dynamics. "Radiocarbon, 42: 69-80.
55. LEVIN, I. & KROMER, B. (2004): The tropospheric (CO2)-C-14 level in mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). "Radiocarbon, 46: 1261-1272.
56. LIBBY, W.F., ANDERSON, E.C. & ARNOLD, J.R. (1949): Age Determination by Radiocarbon Content - World-Wide Assay of Natural Radiocarbon. "Science, 109: 227-228.
57. LONGIN, R. (1971): New Method of Collagen Extraction for Radiocarbon Dating. "Nature, 230: 241-242.
58. MANGERUD, J., BONDEVIK, S., GULLIKSEN, S., KARIN HUFTHAMMER, A. & HOISAETER, T. (2006): Marine 14C reservoir ages for 19th century whales and molluscs from the North Atlantic. "Quaternary Science Reviews, Critical Quaternary Stratigraphy, 25: 3228-3245.
59. MANN, W.B. (1983): An International Reference Material for Radiocarbon Dating. "Radiocarbon, 25: 519-527.
60. MASARIK, J. & BEER, J. (1999): Simulation of particle fl uxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth (tm)s atmosphere. "Journal of Geophysical Research, 104: 12099-12111.
61. MCCORMAC, F.G., HOGG, A.G., BLACKWELL, P.G., BUCK, C.E., HIGHAM, T.F.G. & REIMER, P.J. (2004): SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0-11.0 cal kyr BP. "Radiocarbon, 46: 1087-1092.
62. MOOK, W.G. & VAN DER PLICHT, J. (1999): Reporting C-14 activities and concentrations. "Radiocarbon, 41: 227-239.
63. NAYSMITH, P., SCOTT, E.M., COOK, G.T., HEINEMEIER, J., VAN DER PLICHT, J., VAN STRYDONCK, M., RAMSEY, C.B., GROOTES, P.M. & FREEMAN, S.P.H.T. (2007): A cremated bone intercomparison study. "Radiocarbon, 49: 403-408.
64. NYDAL, R., GULLIKSEN, S., LOVSETH, K. & SKOGSETH, F.H. (1984): Bomb C-14 in the Ocean Surface 1966-1981. "Radiocarbon, 26: 7-45.
65. NYDAL, R. & LOVSETH, K. (1965): Distribution of Radiocarbon from Nuclear Tests. "Nature, 206: 1029.
66. NYDAL, R. & LOVSETH, K. (1983): Tracing Bomb C-14 in the Atmosphere 1962-1980. "Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans and Atmospheres, 88: 3621-3642.
67. NYDAL, R., LOVSETH, K. & SKOGSETH, F.H. (1980): Transfer of Bomb C-14 to the Ocean Surface. "Radiocarbon, 22: 626-635.
68. OLSSON, I. U., KARLEN, I. & STENBERG, A. (1966): Radiocarbon Variations in Atmosphere. "Tellus, 18: 293.
69. PATERNE, M., AYLIFFE, L.K., ARNOLD, M., CABIOCH, G., TISNERAT-LABORDE, N., HATTE, C., DOUVILLE, E. & BARD, E. (2004): Paired C-14 and Th-230/ U dating of surface corals from the Marquesas and Vanuatu (sub-equatorial Pacifi c) in the 3000 to 15,000 cal yr interval. "Radiocarbon, 46: 551-566.
70. PAWELCZYK, S. & PAZDUR, A. (2004): Carbon. isotopic composition of tree rings as a tool for biomonitoring CO2 level. "Radiocarbon, 46: 701-719.
71. PIOTROWSKA, N. & GOSLAR, T. (2002): Preparation of bone samples in the Gliwice radiocarbon laboratory for AMS radiocarbon dating. "Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 38: 267-275.
72. RAMSEY, C.B. (2001): Development of the radiocarbon calibration program. "Radiocarbon, 43: 355-363.
73. RAMSEY, C.B., BUCK, C.E., MANNING, S. W., REIMER, P. & VAN DER PLICHT, H. (2006): Developments in radiocarbon calibration for archaeology. "Antiquity, 80: 783-798.
74. RAMSEY, C.B., VAN DER PLICHT, J. & WENINGER, B. (2001): ‘Wiggle matching (tm) radiocarbon dates. "Radiocarbon, 43: 381-389.
75. RAMSEY, C.B. (2008): Deposition models for chronological records. "Quaternary Science Reviews, 27: 42-60.
76. REIMER, P.J., BAILLIE, M.G.L., BARD, E., BAYLISS, A., BECK, J.W., BERTRAND, C.J.H., BLACKWELL, P.G. & BUCK, C.E. (2004a): IntCal04 Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0-26 Cal Kyr BP. "Radiocarbon, 46: 1029-1058.
77. REIMER, P.J., BAILLIE, M.G.L., BARD, E., BAYLISS, A., BECK, J.W., BERTRAND, C.J.H., BLACKWELL, P.G., BUCK, C.E., BURR, G.S., CUTLER, K.B., DAMON, P.E., EDWARDS, R.L., FAIRBANKS, R.G., FRIEDRICH, M., GUILDERSON, T.P., HOGG, A.G., HUGHEN, K.A., KROMER, B., MCCORMAC, G., MANNING, S., RAMSEY, C.B., REIMER, R.W., REMMELE, S., SOUTHON, J.R., STUIVER, M., TALAMO, S., TAYLOR, F.W., VAN DER PLICHT, J. & WEYHENMEYER, C.E. (2004b): IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. "Radiocarbon, 46: 1029-1058.
78. REIMER, P.J., BROWN, T.A. & REIMER, R.W. (2004c): Discussion: Reporting and calibration of postbomb C-14 data. "Radiocarbon, 46: 1299-1304.
79. REIMER, P.J. & REIMER, R.W. (2001): A marine reservoir correction database and on-line interface. "Radiocarbon, 43: 461-463.
80. ROM, W., BRENNINKMEIJER, C.A.M., RAMSEY, C.B., KUTSCHERA, W., PRILLER, A., PUCHEGGER, S., ROCKMANN, T. & STEIER, P. (2000): Methodological aspects of atmospheric (CO)-C-14 measurements with AMS. "Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 172: 530-536.
81. ROZANSKI, K., LEVIN, I., STOCK, J., FALCON, R.E.G. & RUBIO, F. (1995): Atmospheric (CO2)-C-14 variations in the Equatorial region. "Radiocarbon, 37: 509-515.
82. RUFF, M., WACKER, L., GAGGELER, H.W., SUTER, M., SYNAL, H.A. & SZIDAT, S. (2007): A gas ion source for radiocarbon measurements at 200 kV. "Radiocarbon, 49: 307-314.
83. SCOTT, E.M. (2003a): Part 2: The Third International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (TIRI). "Radiocarbon, 45: 293-328.
84. SCOTT, E.M. (2003b): Section 1: The Fourth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (FIRI). "Radiocarbon, 45: 135-150.
85. SCOTT, E.M. (2003c): Section 2: The Results. "Radiocarbon, 45: 151-157.
86. SCOTT, E. M., BOARETTO, E., BRYANT, C., COOK, G.T., GULLIKSEN, S., HARKNESS, D.D., HEINEMEIER, J., MCGEE, E., NAYSMITH, P. & POSSNERT, G. (2004): Future needs and requirements for AMS 14C standards and reference materials. "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 223-224: 382-387.
87. SCOTT, E.M., COOK, G.T. & NAYSMITH, P. (2007a): Error and uncertainty in radiocarbon measurements. "Radiocarbon, 49: 427-440.
88. SCOTT, E.M., COOK, G.T., NAYSMITH, P., BRYANT, C. & O (tm)DONNELL, D. (2007b): A report on phase 1 of the 5th International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (VIRI). "Radiocarbon, 49: 409-426.
89. SIEGENTHALER, U., HEIMANN, M. & OESCHGER, H. (1980): C-14 Variations Caused by Changes in the Global Carbon-Cycle. "Radiocarbon, 22: 177-191.
90. SPALDING, K.L., BHARDWAJ, R.D., BUCHHOLZ, B.A., DRUID, H. & FRISEN, J. (2005a): Retrospective birth dating of cells in humans. "Cell, 122: 133-143.
91. SPALDING, K.L., BUCHHOLZ, B.A., BERGMAN, L.-E., DRUID, H. & FRISEN, J. (2005b): ForensicsAge written in teeth by nuclear tests. "Nature, 437: 333-334.
92. STUIVER, M. & POLACH, H.A. (1977): Reporting of C-14 Data - Discussion. "Radiocarbon, 19: 355-363.
93. STUIVER, M. & REIMER, P. (1989): Histograms Obtained from Computerized Radiocarbon Age Calibration. "Radiocarbon, 31: 817-823.
94. STUIVER, M. & REIMER, P.J. (1986): A Computer-Program for Radiocarbon Age Calibration. "Radiocarbon, 28: 1022-1030.
95. SUESS, H.E. (1955): Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood. "Science, 122: 415-417.
96. SUTER, M., DOBELI, M., GRAJCAR, M., MULLER, A., STOCKER, M., SUN, G., SYNAL, H.-A. & WACKER, L. (2007): Advances in particle identifi cation in AMS at low energies. "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry - Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, 259: 165-172.
97. SYNAL, H.-A., STOCKER, M. & SUTER, M. (2007): MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system. "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry - Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, 259: 7-13.
98. SYNAL, H.A., BONANI, G., DOBELI, M., ENDER, R.M., GARTENMANN, P., KUBIK, P.W., SCHNABEL, C. & SUTER, M. (1997): Status report of the PSI/ETH AMS facility. "Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 123: 62-68.
99. TAYLOR, R.E., LONG, A. & KRA, R.S. (1992): Radiocarbon after Four Decades. "596 S., New York (Springer-Verlag). TURNEY, C.S.M., FIFIELD, L.K., PALMER, J.G., HOGG, A.G., BAILLIE, M.G.L., GALBRAITH, R., OGDEN, J., LORREY, A. & TIMS, S.G. (2007): Towards a radiocarbon calibration for oxygen isotope stage 3 using New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis). "Radiocarbon, 49: 447-457.
100. VAN DER PLICHT, J. & HOGG, A. (2006): A note on reporting radiocarbon. "Quaternary Geochronology, 1: 237-240.
101. VAN KLINKEN, G.J. & HEDGES, R.E.M. (1998): Chemistry strategies for organic C-14 samples. "Radiocarbon, 40: 51-56.
102. VENKATESAN, M.I., LINICK, T.W., SUESS, H.E. & BUCCELLATI, G. (1982): Asphalt in C-14-Dated Archaeological Samples from Terqa, Syria.-Nature, 295: 517-519.
103. VOELKER, A.H.L., GROOTES, P.M., NADEAU, M.J. & SARNTHEIN, M. (2000): Radiocarbon levels in the Iceland Sea from 25-53 kyr and their link to the Earth (tm)s magnetic fi eld intensity. "Radiocarbon, 42: 437-452.
104. VOGEL, J.S., SOUTHON, J.R., NELSON, D.E. & BROWN, T.A. (1984): Performance of Catalytically Condensed Carbon for Use in Accelerator Mass- Spectrometry. "Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 233: 289-293.
105. VOGT, S., HERZOG, G.F. & REEDY, R.C. (1990): Cosmogenic Nuclides in Extraterrestrial Materials. "Reviews of Geophysics, 28: 253-275.
106. VON REDEN, K.F., MCNICHOL, A.P., PEARSON, A. & SCHNEIDER, R.J. (1998): C-14 AMS measurements of <100 mu g samples with a high-current system. "Radiocarbon, 40: 247-253.
107. WAGNER, G., BEER, J., LAJ, C., KISSEL, C., MASARIK, J., MUSCHELER, R. & SYNAL, H.-A. (2000): Chlorine- 36 evidence for the Mono Lake event in the Summit GRIP ice core. "Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181: 1-6.
108. WANG, Y.J., CHENG, H., EDWARDS, R.L., AN, Z. S., WU, J. Y., SHEN, C.C. & DORALE, J.A. (2001): A high-resolution absolute-dated Late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. "Science, 294: 2345-2348.