Mycobacteriology and antimycobacterial susceptibility testing

Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook: Third Edition

Volumn 2-3, Issue , 2022, Pages 7.0.1-7.8.8.3

  Della Latta, Phyllis ^a  

^a NewYork Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimycobacterial susceptibility; M. tuberculosis; Mycobacteriology; Pyrazinamide

Indexed keywords

EID: 85148190749     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1128/9781555817435.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 4th ed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
2. Garner, J. 1996. CDC GuidelineforIsolation Precautions in Hospitals, Hospital Infection Control Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
3. Hawkins, J. E., R. C. Good, G. P. Kubica, P. R. J. Gangadharam, H. M. Guft, D. D. Stottmeier, H. M. Sommers, and L. G. Wayne. 1983. Levels of laboratory services for mycobacterial diseases: official statement of the American Thoracic Society. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:213.
4. Richmond, J. Y. R., C. Knudsen, and R. C. Good. 1996. Biosafety in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Clin. Lab. Med. 16:527-550.
5. Salfinger, M. 1995. Role of the laboratory in evaluating patients with mycobacterial disease. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 17:108-109.
6. Cooper, H. J., and N. Uyei. 1930. Oxalic acid as a reagent for isolating tubercle bacilli and a study of the growth of acid-fast nonpathogens on different mediums with their reaction to chemical reagents. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 15:348-369.
7. Della-Latta, P. 1996. Workflow and optimal protocols for laboratories in industrialized countries. Clin. Lab. Med. 16:677-695.
8. Garner, J. 1996. CDC GuidelineforIsolation Precautions in Hospitals, Hospital Infection Control Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
9. Good, R. C., V. Silcox, and J. O. Kilburn. 1981. Tuberculosis and other mycobacter-ioses, p. 675-703. In A. Balows and W. J. Hausler (ed.), Diagnostic Procedures forBac-terial, Mycotic and Parasitic Infections, 6th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
10. Gullans, C. R., Sr. 1992. Preparation of specimens for mycobacterial culture, p. 3.3.1-3.3.6. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
11. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
12. Kubica, G. P., W. E. Dye, M. L. Cohn, and G. Middlebrook. 1963. Sputum digestion and decontamination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine-so-dium hydroxide for culture of mycobacteria. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 87:775-779.
13. Patterson, R. A., T. L. Thompson, and D. H. Larsen. 1956. The use of Zephiran in the isolation of M. tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Tuberc. 74:284-288.
14. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
15. Smithwich, R. W. 1976. Laboratory Manual for Acid-Fast Microscopy, 2nd ed. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
16. Tenover, F. C., J. T. Crawford, R. E. Huebner, L. J. Geiter, C. R. Horsburgh, Jr., and R. C. Good. 1993. The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:767-770.
17. Centers for Disease Control. 1989. A strategic plan for the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 38(Suppl. S-3):1-25.
18. Difco Laboratories. 1984. Difco Manual. Dehydrated Culture Media and Reagents for Microbiology, 10th ed. Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.
19. Garner, J. 1996. CDC Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals, Hospital Infection Control Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
20. Gullans, C. R., Sr. 1992. Digestion-decontamination procedures, p. 3.4.1-3.4.14. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
21. Gullans, C. R., Sr. 1992. Preparation of specimens for mycobacterial culture, p. 3.3.1-3.3.6. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
22. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
23. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
24. Smithwich, R. W. 1976. Laboratory Manual for Acid-Fast Microscopy, 2nd ed. Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
25. Centers for Disease Control. 1989. A strategic plan for the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 38(Suppl. S-3):1-25.
26. Della-Latta, P. 1996. Workflow and optimal protocols for laboratories in industrialized countries. Clin. Lab. Med. 16:677-695.
27. Tenover, F. C., J. T. Crawford, R. E. Huebner, L. J. Geiter, C. R. Horsburgh, Jr., and R. C. Good. 1993. The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:767-770.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 4th ed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
29. Daniel, T. M. 1990. The rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: a selective review. J. Lab. Med. 116:277-282.
30. Della-Latta, P., and I. Weitzman. 1998. Acid-fast stain procedures, p. 176-178. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Essential Procedures for Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
31. Ebersole, L. L. 1992. Acid-fast stain procedures, p. 3.5.1-3.5.11. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
32. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory, p. 57-68. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
33. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
34. Salfinger, M., and G. E. Pfyffer. 1994. The new diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:961-979.
35. Yeager, H. J., Jr., J. Lacy, L. Smith, and C. LeMaistre. 1967. Quantitative studies of mycobacterial populations in sputum and saliva. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 95:998-1004.
36. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
37. Lambi, E. A. 1992. Medium selection and incubation for the isolation of mycobacteria, p. 3.6.1.-3.6.8. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
38. NCCLS. 1990. Quality Assurance for Commercially Prepared Microbiological Culture Media. NCCLS document M-22A, vol. 16, no. 16. NCCLS, Villanova, Pa.
39. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
40. Silcox, V. 1992. Identification of mycobacteria, p. 3.11.1-3.11.11. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
41. Whittier, S., R. L. Hopfer, M. R. Knowles, and P. H. Gilligan. 1993. Improved recovery of mycobacteria from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:861-864.
42. Fadda, G., and S. Roe. 1984. Recovery and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from extrapulmonary specimens by the BACTEC radiometric method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:720-721.
43. Hoffner, S. E. 1988. Improved detection of M. avium complex with the BACTEC radiometric system. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10:1-6.
44. Kiehn, T. E., and R. Cammarata. 1986. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:708-711.
45. Kiehn, T. E., and R. Cammarata. 1988. Comparative recoveries of Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare from isolator lysiscentrifugation and BACTEC 13A blood culture systems. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:760-761.
46. Kirihara, J. M., S. L. Hillier, and M. B. Coyle. 1985. Improved detection times for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the BACTEC radiometric system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:841-845.
47. Morgan, M. A., C. D. Horstmeier, D. R. DeYoung, and G. D. Roberts. 1983. Comparison of a radiometric method (BACTEC) and conventional culture media for recovery of mycobacteria from smear-negative specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:384-388.
48. Roberts, G. D., N. L. Goodman, L. Heifets, H. W. Larh, T. H. Lindner, J. K. McClatchy, M. R. McGinnis, S. H. Siddiqi, and P. Wright. 1983. Evaluation of BACTEC radiometric method for recovery of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from acid-fast smear-positive specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:689-696.
49. Siddiqi, S. H., and C. Hwangbo. 1987. A new medium (Middlebrook 7H13) for recovery of mycobacteria from blood specimens, abstr. U-78. Program Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1987. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
50. Strand, C. L., C. Epstein, S. Verzosa, E. Ef-fatt, P. Hormozi, and S. H. Siddiqi. 1989. Evaluation of a new blood culture medium for mycobacteria. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 91:316-318.
51. Takahashi, H., and V. Foster. 1983. Detection and recovery of mycobacteria by a radiometric procedure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:380-381.
52. Witebsky, F. G., J. F. Keiser, P. S. Conville, R. Bryan, C. H. Park, R. Walker, and S. H. Siddiqi. 1988. Comparison of BACTEC 13A medium and DuPont Isolator for detection of mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1501-1505.
53. Bloom, B. R., and C. J. L. Murray. 1992. Tuberculosis: commentary on a re-emergent killer. Science 257:1055-1064.
54. Cohn, M. L., R. F. Waggoner, and J. K. McClatchy. 1968. The 7H11 medium for the cultivation of mycobacteria. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 98:295-296.
55. Horsburgh, C. R., Jr. 1991. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:1332-1338.
56. Isenberg, H. D. (ed.). 1992. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
57. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
58. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1991. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens: final rule. 29CFR part 1910.1030. Fed. Regist. 56:64175-64182.
59. Youmans, G. P. 1979. Tuberculosis, p. 25-35. The W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
60. LaBombardi, V. J., L. Carter, and S. Massarella. 1997. Use of nucleic acid probes to identify mycobacteria directly from Difco ESP-Myco bottles. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1002-1004.
61. Trek Diagnostic Systems, Inc. 2000. ESP Culture System II Product insert. Trek Diagnostic Systems, Westlake, Ohio.
62. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
63. Nord, J. A., and V. J. LaBombardi. 1998. The effect of a continuously monitored culture system on the isolation rates of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), abstr. U82. Abstr. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
64. Shay, W. E., and V. J. LaBombardi. 1999. Diagnosis of disseminated Mycobacterium scrofu-laceum in an AIDS patient using a continuously monitored culture system. Int. J. STD AIDS 10:413-416.
65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. 1993. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 3rd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
66. NCCLS. 1996. Quality Assurance for Commercially Prepared Microbiological Culture Media, 2nd ed., vol. 16, no. 16. Approved standard M22-A2. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
67. Organon Teknika. 2000. BacT/ALERT MB, MP culture bottles, package inserts. Organon Teknika, Malvern, Pa.
68. Cernoch, P. L., R. K. Enns, M. A. Saubolle, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 1994. Cumitech 16A-, Laboratory Diagnosis of the Mycobacterioses. Coordinating ed., A. C. Weissfeld. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
69. Organon Teknika. 2000. MB/BacTSystem TrainingManual, p. 21. Organon Teknika, Malvern, Pa.
70. Baron, E. J., L. R. Peterson, and S. M. Finegold (ed.). 1990. Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 9th ed., p. 206-207. Mosby, St. Louis, Mo.
71. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Eliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
72. Wampole Laboratories. 1991. ISOSTAT Microbial System Resource Guide. Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.
73. D'Amato, R. F., H. D. Isenberg, L. Höchstem, A. J. Mastellone, and P. Alperstein. 1991. Evaluation of the Roche Septi-Chek AFB system for recovery of mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2906-2908.
74. Isenberg, H. D., R. F. D'Amato, L. Heifets, P. R. Murray, M. Scardamaglia, M. C. Jacobs, P. Alperstein, and A. Niles. 1991. Collaborative feasibility study of biphasic system (Roche Septi-Chek AFB) for the rapid detection and isolation of mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1719-1722.
75. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory, p. 21-30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
76. Kiehn, T. E., F. F. Edwards, P. Brannon, A. Y. Tsang, M. Maio, J. W. M. Gold, E. Whimbey, B. Wong, J. K. McClatchy, and D. Armstrong. 1985. Infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex in immunocompromised patients: diagnosis by blood culture and fecal examination, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and morphological and seroagglutination characteristics. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:168-173.
77. California State Department of Public Health, Department of Mycobacteriology. Procedures. California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley.
78. Della-Latta, P., and I. Weitzman. 1998. Identification procedures from culture, p. 187-197. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Essential Procedures for Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
79. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
80. Kubica, G., and L. Wayne. 1984. The Mycobacteria, a Sourcebook. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
81. Lutz, B. 1992. Identification tests for mycobacteria, p. 3.12.1-3.12.28. In H. D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
82. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
83. Roberts, G. D., E. W. Koneman, and Y. K. Kim. 1991. Mycobacterium, p. 304-339. In A. Balows, W. J. Hausler, Jr., K. L. Herrmann, H. D. Isenberg, and H. J. Shadomy (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 5th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
84. Della-Latta, P. 1996. Workflow and optimal protocols for laboratories in industrialized countries. Clin. Lab. Med. 16:677-695.
85. Orange County Public Health Department Laboratory, Mycobacteriology/Mycology Section. Standard Operating Procedures for the Mycobacteriology Laboratory. Orange County Public Health Department Laboratory, Santa Ana, Calif.
86. Silcox, V. A. 1992. Identification of mycobacteria, p.3.11.1-3.11.11. In H.D. Isenberg (ed.), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
87. Ellner, P. D., T. E. Kiehn, R. Cammarata, and M. Hosmer. 1988. Rapid detection and identification of pathogenic mycobacteria by combining radiometric and nucleic acid probe methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1349-1352.
88. Gen-Probe Inc. 1991. AccuProbe Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Culture Identification Test. Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, Calif.
89. Gonzalez, R., and B. A. Hanna. 1987. Evaluation of Gen-Probe DNA hybridization systems for the identification of M. tuberculosis and M. avium-intracellulare. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8:69-77.
90. Kaminski, D. A., and D. J. Hardy. 1995. Selective utilization of DNA probes for identification of Mycobacterium species on the basis of cord formation in primary BACTEC 12B cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1548-1550.
91. Laszlo, A., and S. H. Siddiqi. 1984. Evaluation of a rapid radiometric differentiation test for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by selective inhibition with p -nitro-a -acetylamino- b-hydroxy-propiophenone. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:694-695.
92. Morgan, M. A., K. A. Doerr, H. O. Hempel, N. M. L. Goodman, and G. D. Roberts. 1985. Evaluation of the p-nitro-a-acetylamino-b-hydroxy-propiophenone differential test for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:634-635.
93. Siddiqi, S. H., C. C. Hwangbo, V. Silcox, R. C. Good, D. E. Sneider, Jr., and G. Middlebrook. 1984. Rapid radiometric methods to detect and differentiate M. tuberculosis/M. bovis from other mycobacterial species. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130:634-640.
94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993. Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance. Recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42(RR-7):1-8.
95. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
96. NCCLS. 2000. Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Aerobic Ac-tinomycetes, 2nd ed., vol. 20,no. 26. Tentative standard M24-T2. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
97. Pfyffer, G. E., B. A. Brown-Elliott, and R. J. Wallace, Jr. 2003. Mycobacterium, p. 532-584. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
98. Wayne, L. G., and I. Krasnow. 1966 Preparation of tuberculosis susceptibility testing medium by means of impregnated discs. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45:769-771.
99. Canetti, G., W. Fox, A. Khomenko, N. Mah-lor, N. K. T. Menon, D. A. Mitchinson, N. Rist, and J. A. Smelev. 1969. Advances in techniques of testing mycobacterial drug susceptibility, and the use of sensitivity tests in tuberculosis programs. Bull. W. H. O. 41:21-43.
100. Hawkins, J. E. 1986. Non-weekend schedule for BACTEC susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:934-937.
101. Libonati, J. P., C. C. Stager, J. R. Davis, and S. H. Siddiqi. 1988. Direct drug susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis by the radiometric method. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 101:41-48.
102. NCCLS. 2000. Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Aerobic Ac-tinomycetes, 2nd ed., vol. 20, no.26. Tentative standard M24-T2. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
103. Pfyffer, G. E., D. A. Bonato, A. Ebrahimza-deh, W. Gross, J. Hotaling, J. Kornblum, A. Laszlo, G. Roberts, M. Salfinger, F. Witt-mer, and S. Siddiqi. 1999. Multicenter laboratory validation of susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against classical second-line and newer antimicrobial drugs by using the radiometric BACTEC 460 technique and the proportion method with solid media. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:3179-3186.
104. Robert, G. D., N. L. Goodman, L. Heifets, H. W. Larsh, T. H. Lindner, J. R. McClatchy, M. R. McGinnis, S. H. Siddiqi, and P. Wright. 1983. Evaluation of BACTEC radiometric method for recovery of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from acid-fast smear-positive specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:689-696.
105. Siddiqi, S. H., J. P. Libonati, M. E. Carter, N. M. Hooper, J. F. Baker, C. C. Hwangbo, and L. E. Warfel. 1988. Enhancement of mycobacterial growth in Middlebrook 7H12 medium by polyoxyethylene stearate. Curr. Microbiol. 17:105-110.
106. Gross, W. M., J. Ridderhof, I. George, H. Lipman, G. H. Mazurek, B. Metchock, B. Robinson-Dunn, L. Samons, A. Solutsky, G. Washington, and B. Madison. 2001. A multicenter evaluation of non-weekend reading schedule for radiometric pyrazinamide susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis, abstr. C-247. Abstr. 101st Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
107. Miller, M. A., L. Thibert, F. Desjardins, S. Siddiqi, and A. Dascal. 1996. Growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by polyoxyethylene stearate present in the BACTEC pyrazinamide susceptibility test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:84-86.
108. Salfinger, M., and L. Heifets. 1988. Determination of pyrazinamide MICs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at different pHs by the radiometric method. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1002-1004.
109. Salfinger, M., L. B. Reller, B. Demchuck, and Z. T. Johnson. 1989. Rapid radiometric method for pyrazinamide susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis. Res. Microbiol. 140:301-309.
110. Siddiqi, S. H., J. P. Libonati, M. E. Carter, N. M. Hooper, J. F. Baker, C. C. Hwangbo, and L. E. Warfel. 1988. Enhancement of mycobacterial growth in Middlebrook 7H12 medium by polyoxyethylene stearate. Curr. Microbiol. 17:105-110.
111. Hawkins, J. E., and W. M. Gross. 1984. Radiometric drug susceptibility testing of M. kansasii and M. marinum, abstr. 2300. Program Abstr. 24th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
112. Heifets, L. 1988. MIC as a quantitative measurement of the susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium strains to seven antituberculosis drugs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:1131-1136.
113. Heifets, L. B., M. D. Iseman, and P. J. Lindholm-Levy. 1988. Combinations of rifampin or rifabutin plus ethambutol against M. avium complex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:711-715.
114. Lee, C., and L. B. Heifets. 1987. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations of antituberculosis drugs by radiometric and conventional methods. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:349-352.
115. Rastogi, N., C. Frehel, A. Ryter, H. Ohayon, M. Lesourd, and H. L. David. 1981. Multiple drug resistance in Mycobacterium avium: is the wall architecture responsible for exclusion of antimicrobial agents? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 20:666-667.
116. Siddiqi, S. H., L. B. Heifets, M. H. Cynamon, N. M. Hooper, A. Laszlo, J. P. Libonati, P. J. Lindholm-Levy, and N. Pearson. 1993. Rapid microdilution method for determination of MICs for Mycobacterium avium isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2332-2338.
117. Libonati, J. P., C. C. Stager, J. R. Davis, and S. H. Siddiqi. 1988. Direct drug susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis by the radiometric method. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 101:41-48.
118. Barenfanger, J. 1993. Making your lab safe against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 15:76-80.
119. NCCLS. 1995. Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tentative standard M24-T. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
120. NCCLS. 2000. Susceptibility testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Aerobic actinomy-cetes, 2nd ed., vol. 20, no. 26. Tentative standard M24-T2. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
121. NCCLS 1995. Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, vol. 15, no. 16. Tentative standard M24-T. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
122. NCCLS 2000. Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Aerobic Ac-tinomycetes, 2nd ed., vol. 20, no. 20. Tentative standard M24-T2. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa.
123. Butler, W. R., and J. O. Kilburn. 1982. Improved method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to pyrazinamide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:1106-1109.
124. Heifets, L. B., and M. D. Iseman. 1985. Radi-ometeric method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to pyrazinamide in 7H12 broth. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:200-204.
125. Kent, P. T., and G. P. Kubica. 1985. Public Health Mycobacteriology. A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
126. Salfinger, M., L. B. Reller, B. Demchuick, and Z. T. Johnson. 1989. Rapid radiometric method for pyrazinamide susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Res. Microbiol 140:301-309.
127. LaBombardi, V. J., and C. Łukowski. 1997. Antitubercular susceptibility testing using the ESP culture system II, abstr. Y75. Abstr. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
128. TrekDiagnostic System, Inc. 1997. ESPCul-ture System II. M. tuberculosis susceptibility testing. Clinical site protocol. Trek Diagnostic Systems, Westlake, Ohio.
129. Difco 1996. Difco ESP Culture System II M. tuberculosis susceptibility testing. Clinical site protocol, phase 3. Difco, Detroit, Mich.
130. Hannan, M. M., E. P. Desmond, G. P. Mor-lock, G. H. Mazwek, and J. T. Crawford. 2001. Pyrazinamide-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:647-650.
131. LaBombardi, V. J. 2002. Comparison of the ESP and Bactec systems for susceptibilitytesting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex to pyrazinamide. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2238-2239.