History: Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke (1989)

The Womanist Reader

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 173-192

  Brown, Elsa Barkley ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85145514574     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203943670-11     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Evelyn Brooks, “The Feminist Theology of the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1900, " in Class, Race, and Sex: The Dynamics of Control, ed. Amy Swerdlow and Hanna Lessinger (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1983), 31-59;
2. Hazel V. Carby, Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);
3. Elizabeth Clark-Lewis, "‘This Work Had a’ End’: The Transition from Live In to Day Work, " Southern Women: The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender Working Paper no. 2 (Memphis, Tenn.: Memphis State University, Center for Research on Women, 1985);
4. Patricia Hill Collins, “The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought, " Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14, no. 4 (Summer 1989), forthcoming;
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7. Ros Young, “Report from Nairobi: The UN Decade for Women Forum, " Race and Class 27, no. 2 (Autumn 1985): 67-71;
8. African Women Rising, vol. 2, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 1986).
9. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, “Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, " 261-78;
10. Lois Scharf and Joan M. Jensen, “Introduction, " 9-10, both in Decades of Discontent: The Women’s Movement, 1920-1940, ed. Lois Scharf and Joan M. Jensen (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983).
11. “Has Poverty Been Feminized in Black America?" Black Scholar 16, no 2 [March/April 1985]: 14-24
12. Parita Trivedi, “A Study of ‘Sheroes, '" Third World Book Review 1, no 2 (1984): 71-72;
13. Angela Davis, Women, Race, and Class (New York: Random House, 1981);
14. Nawal el Saadawi, The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World, trans. Sherif Hetata (Boston: Beacon, 1982);
15. Jenny Bourne, “Towards an Anti-Racist Feminism, " Race and Class 25, no. 1 (Summer 1983): 1-22;
16. Bonnie Thornton Dill, “Race, Class, and Gender: Prospects for an All-inclusive Sisterhood, " Feminist Studies 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 131-50;
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19. Barbara Smith, “Some Home Truths on the Contemporary Black Feminist Movement, " Black Scholar 16, no. 2 (March/April 1985): 4-13;
20. Asoka Bandarage, Toward International Feminism: The Dialectics of Sex, Race and Class (London: Zed Press, forthcoming).
21. Deborah K. King, “Race, Class, and Gender Salience in Black Women’s Feminist Consciousness” (paper presented at American Sociological Association annual meeting, Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities, New York, August 1986).
22. Alice Walker’s oft-quoted definition is in In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1983), xi-xii
23. Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, “Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English, " Signs 11, no. 1 (Autumn 1985): 63-80.
24. May Wright Sewall, ed., World’s Congress of Representative Women (Chicago, 1893), 715
25. Bert James Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin, eds., Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American Life: Their Words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976), 330-31
26. Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South (Xenia, Ohio: Aldine. 1892)
27. Wendell P. Dabney, Maggie L. Walker and The I.O. of Saint Luke: The Woman and Her Work (Cincinnati: Dabney, 1927);
28. Sadie Iola Daniel, Women Builders (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1931), 28-52;
29. Sadie Daniel St. Clair, “Maggie Lena Walker, " in Notable American Women, 1607-1960 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Belknap, 1971), 530-31;
30. Elsa Barkley Brown, “Maggie Lena Walker and the Saint Luke Women” (paper presented at the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History 69th annual conference, Washington, D.C., October 1984)
31. "‘Not Alone to Build This Pile of Brick’: The Role of Women in the Richmond, Virginia, Black Community, 1890-1930" (paper presented at the Midcontinental and North Central American Studies Association joint conference, University of Iowa, April 1983);
32. Lily Hammond, In the Vanguard of a Race (New York: Council of Women for Home Missions and Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1922), 108-18;
33. A.B. Caldwell, ed., Virginia Edition, vol. 5 of History of the American Negro (Atlanta: A.B. Caldwell, 1921), 9-11;
34. Rayford Logan, “Maggie Lena Walker, " in Dictionary of American Negro Biography, ed Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston (New York: Norton, 1982), 626-27;
35. Gertrude W. Marlowe, “Maggie Lena Walker: African-American Women, Business, and Community Development” (paper presented at Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, Wellesley, Mass., June 21, 1987);
36. Kim Q. Boyd, "‘An Actress Born, a Diplomat Bred’; Maggie L. Walker, Race Woman” (M.A. thesis, Howard University, 1987);
37. Sallie Chandler, “Maggie Lena Walker (1867-1934): An Abstract of Her Life and Activities, " 1975 Oral History Files, Virginia Union University Library, Richmond, Va., 1975;
38. Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial Ideologies in the Age of Booker T. Washington [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963], 130
39. Maggie L. Walker, “Diary, " March 6, 1928
40. Andrew Buni, The Negro in Virginia Politics, 1902-1965 [Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1967], 77-88
41. George C. Wright, “Black Political Insurgency in Louisville, Kentucky: The Lincoln Independent Party of 1921, " Journal of Negro History 68 (Winter 1983): 8-23.
42. M.L. Walker, “Addresses, " 1909
43. Celia Jackson Suggs. “Maggie Lena Walker.” truth: Newsletter of the Association of Black Women Historians 7 (Fall 1985): 6.
44. Peter J. Rachleff, Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1890 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984).
45. W.P. Burrell and D.E. Johnson, Sr., Twenty-Five Years’ History of the Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers, 1881-1905 (Richmond, Va.: Grand Fountain, United Order of True Reformers, 1909), 76-77.
46. Works Progress Administration, The Negro in Virginia (New York: Hastings House, 1940), 299.
47. Beverly Guy-Sheftall, "‘Daughters of Sorrow’: Attitudes toward Black Women. 1830-1920" (Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1984), 62-86;
48. Darlene Clark Hine, “Lifting the Veil, Shattering the Silence: Black Women’s History in Slavery and Freedom, " in The State of Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Darlene Clark Hine (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), 223-49
49. Willi Coleman, “Black Women and Segregated Public Transportation: Ninety Years of Resistance, " truth: Newsletter of the Association of Black Women Historians 8, no. 2 (1986): 3-10
50. Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: William Morrow, 1984), 82-86.
51. Charles F. McLaurin, “State Federation of Colored Women” (n.p., November 10, 1908). Peabody Clipping File, no. 231, vol. 1.
52. Daniel Webster Davis and Giles Jackson, The Industrial History of the Negro Race, of the United States (Richmond Virginia Press, 1908), 133.
53. Baptist in Women’s Era 1, no. 6 (September 1894): 8.
54. M.L. Walker, “Speech to Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, " Hampton, Va., July 14, 1912
55. M.L. Walker, “Speech to the Negro Young People’s Christian and Educational Congress, " Convention Hall, Washington, D.C., August 5, 1906, MLW Papers.
56. M.L. Walker, “Speech to Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs” (n. 26 above).
57. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1900, Population Part 1 (Washington, D.C.: Census Office, 1901)
58. Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, vol. 4: Population 1910-Occupation Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914), 595
59. Fifteenth Census of the United States: Population, vol. 4: Occupations, by States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933);
60. Benjamin Brawley, Negro Builders and Heroes (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937), 267-72;
61. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920, vol. 4: Population 1920-Occupations (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923);
62. Ethel Thompson Overby, “It’s Better to Light a Candle Than to Curse the Darkness”: The Autobiographical Notes of Ethel Thompson Overby (1975), copy in Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
63. New York Age (June 22, 1909), Peabody Clipping File, no. 231, vol. 1.
64. Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson (New York: Collier, 1965; originally published in 1954 as The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir).
65. J. Thomas Hewin, “Is the Criminal Negro Justly Dealt with in the Courts of the South?" in Twentieth Century Negro Literature, or a Cyclopedia of Thought on the Vital Topics Relating to the American Negro, ed. D.W. Culp (Toronto: J.L. Nichols, 1902), 110-11.
66. New York Age (June 22, 1909), Peabody Clipping File, no. 231, vol. 1.
67. M.L. Walker, “Speech to the Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs” (n. 26 above).
68. Darkwater, Voices from within the Veil [New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920], 165
69. M.L. Walker, “Saint Luke Thanksgiving Day Speech, " City Auditorium, March 23, 1913, MLW Papers (n. 9 above).
70. M.L. Walker, “Address-Virginia Day Third Street Bethel AME Church, " January 29, 1933, MLW Papers.
71. Vernon J. Dixon and Badi G. Foster, eds., Beyond Black or White: An Alternate America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971)
72. Dixon, “Two Approaches to Black-White Relations, " 23-66
73. Black Studies: Pedagogy and Revolution: A Study of Afro-American Studies and the Liberal Arts Tradition through the Discipline of Afro-American Literature (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981), esp. 96-102.