Containment of High-Level Radioactive and Hazardous Solid Wastes with Clay Barriers

Containment of High-Level Radioactive and Hazardous Solid Wastes with Clay Barriers

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-468

  Yong, Raymond N ^a   Pusch, Roland ^a   Nakona, Masashi ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85140183697     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781482266245     Document Type: Book

References (305)

1. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Whittaker, R.H., 1969, ‘New concepts of kingdoms or organisms: Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms’, Science, 163(863): 150-60.
3. Yong, R.N., 2001, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
4. Yong, R.N., and Mulligan, C.N., 2004, Natural Attenuation of Contaminant in Soils, Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
5. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 2001, Managing Radioactive Waste Safely: Proposals for Developing a Policy for Managing Solid Radioactive Waste in the UK, DEFRA, Product Code PB 5957.
6. Environment Agency (UK), 2003, Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste, Technical Guidance WM2, Version 1.
7. Hedin, A., 1997, Spent Nuclear Fuel - How Dangerous Is It? SKB Technical Report, 97-13.
8. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Waste Technology Section, 2007, Categorizing Operational Nuclear Waste, IAEA-TECDOC-1538.
9. Pusch, R., 1994. Waste Disposal in Rock, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
10. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), 1999, Deep Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel: SR97 - Post-closure safety, SKB Report, TR-99-06, Main Report, Volume 1.
11. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC), 2002, Radioactive Waste: Production, Storage, Disposal, NUREG/BR-0216 Rev. 2.
12. Yong, R.N., 2001, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate and Mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
13. Yong, R.N., 2004, ‘On engineered soil landfill barrier-liner systems’, Proceedings of Malaysian Geotechnical Conference, pp. 109-118.
14. Alammawi, A.M., 1988, ‘Some aspects of hydration and interaction energies of montmorillonite’, PhD thesis, McGill University.
15. Bockris, J.O’M. and Reddy, A.K.N., 1970, Modern Electrochemistry, Plenum Press, New York, Volumes 1 and 2.
16. Bolt, G.H., 1955, ‘Analysis of the validity of the Gouy-Chapman theory of the electric double layer’, Journal of Colloid Science 10: 206-18.
17. Bolt, G.H., 1956, ‘Physico-chemical analysis of compressibility of pure clays’, Geotechnique 6: 86-93.
18. Börgesson, L., Hökmark, H., and Karnland, O., 1988, Rheological Properties of Sodium Smectite Clay, SKB Technical Report TR 88-30, SKB, Stockholm.
19. Bowden, J.W, Oisner, A.M., and Quirk, J.R., 1980, ‘Adsorption and charging phenomena in variable charge soils’, in B.K. Theng (ed.) Soils with Variable Charge, New Zealand Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt.
20. Brunauer, S., Emmett, PH., and Teller, E., 1938, ‘Adsorption of gases in multimo- lecular layers’, Journal of the American Chemistry Society 60: 309-19.
21. Buckingham, E., 1907, ‘Studies on the movement of soil moisture’, US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils, Bulletin 38, p. 61.
22. Carter, D.L., Mortland, M.M., and Kemper, WD., 1986, ‘Specific surface’, in A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 413-23.
23. Cloos, P., Leonard, A.J., Herbillon, A., and Fripiat, J.J., 1969, ‘Structural organization in amorphous silico-aluminas’, Clays and Clay Minerals 17: 279-85.
24. Darcy, H., 1856, ‘Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon; Exposition et application des principles à suivre et des formules à employer’, in V Dalmont (ed.) Histoire les Fontaines Publiques de Dijon, Libraire des Corps Imperiaux des Ponts et Chaussees et des Mines, Paris, pp. 305-311.
25. Deresiewicz, H., 1958, ‘Mechanics of granular materials’, Advances in Applied Mechanics 5: 233-306.
26. Farmer, VC., 1978, ‘Water on particle surfaces’, in D.J. Greenland and M.H.B. Hayes (eds) The Chemistry of Soil Constituents, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chapter 6.
27. Flaig, W, Beutelspacher, H., and Reitz, E., 1975, ‘Chemical composition and physical properties of humic substances’, in J.E. Gieseking (ed.) Soil Composition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1-219.
28. Flegmann, A.W, Goodwin, J.W, and Ottewill, R.H., 1969, ‘Rheological studies on kaolinite suspensions’, Proceedings of the British Ceramic Society pp. 31-44.
29. Gast R.G., 1977, ‘Surface and colloid chemistry’, in R.C. Dinauer (ed.) Minerals in Soil Environment, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, Chapter 2.
30. Grahame, D.C., 1947, ‘The electrical double layer and the theory of electocapillar- ity’, Chemistry Review 41: 441-501.
31. Greenland, D.J., and Mott, C.J.B., 1985, ‘Surfaces of soil particles’, in D.J. Greenland and M.H.B. Hayes (eds) The Chemistry of Soil Constituents, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 321-54.
32. Hansbo, S., 1960, ‘Consolidation of clay, with special reference to influence of vertical sand drains’, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Proceedings No. 18, pp. 41-61.
33. Hayes, M.H.B., and Swift, R.S., 1985, ‘The chemistry of soil organic colloids’, in D.J. Greenland and M.H.B. Hayes (eds) The Chemistry of Soil Constituents, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 179-320.
34. Hogg, R., Healy, T.W, and Fuerstenay, D.W, 1966, ‘Mutual coagulation of colloidal dispersions’, Transactions of the Faraday Society 62: 1638-51.
35. Horseman, S.T., Harrington, J.F., and Sellon, P, 1999, ‘Gas migration in clay barriers’, Engineering Geology 54: 139-49.
36. Ichikawa,Y., Kawamura, K., Nakano, M., Kitayama, K., and Kawamura, H., 1999, ‘Unified molecular dynamics and homogenization analysis for bentonite behaviour: current results and future possibilities’, Engineering Geology 54: 21-31.
37. Janbu, N., 1967, ‘Settlement calculation based on the tangent modulus concept’, Guest lectures at Moscow University, Geoteknikk Medd 2, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim.
38. Kawamura, K., 1992, ‘Interaction potential models for molecular dynamics simulations of multi-component oxides’, in F. Yonezawa (ed.) Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Springer Series in Solid State Sciences, Berlin, Volume 103, pp. 88-97.
39. Kruyt, H.R., 1952, Colloid Science, Volume I, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
40. Kumagai, N., Kawamura, K., and Yokokawa, T., 1994, ‘An interatomic potential model for H2O systems and the molecular dynamics applications to water and ice polymorphs’, Molecular Simulations 12: 177-86.
41. Lambe, T.W, 1953, ‘The structure of inorganic soil’, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, No. 315.
42. Lambe, T.W, 1958, ‘The structure of compacted clay’, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 84: SM2, 34.
43. Lutz, J.F., and Kemper, WD., 1959, ‘Intrinsic permeability of clay as affected by clay-water interactions’, Soil Science 88: 83-90.
44. Mooney, R.W, Keenan, A.C., and Wood, L.A., 1952, ‘Adsorption of water vapour by montmorillonite, II: Effect of exchangeable ions and lattice swelling as measured by x-ray diffraction’, Journal of the American Chemistry Society 74: 1371-4.
45. Mortland, M.M., and Kemper, WD., 1965, ‘Specific surface’, in C.A. Black (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 532-44.
46. Muurinen, A., 2006, Ion Concentration Caused by an External Solution into the Porewater of Compacted Bentonite, Working Report 2006-96, Posiva, Eurajoki, Finland.
47. Nakano, M., and Kawamura, K., 2006, ‘Adsorption sites of Cs on smectite by EXAFS analyses and molecular dynamics simularions’, Clay Science 12 (Suppl. 2): 76-81.
48. Newman, A.C.D., and Brown, G., 1987, ‘The chemical constitution of clays’, in A.C.D. Newman (ed.) Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Society Monograph No. 6, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 1-128.
49. van Olphen, H., 1977, An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry, 2nd edn, Wiley, New York.
50. Ouhadi, VR., Yong, R.N., and Sedighi, M., 2006, ‘Influence of heavy metal contaminants at variable pH regimes on rheological behaviour of bentonite’, Journal of Applied Clay Science 32: 217-31.
51. Pearson, R.G., 1963, ‘Hard and soft acids and bases’, Journal of the American Chemical Society 85: 3533-9.
52. Philip, J.R., 1957, The physical principles of soil water movement during the irrigation cycle’, Congress of International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, 8: 125-54.
53. Pusch, R., 1966, ‘Quick clay microstructure’, Journal of Engineering and Geology 3: 433-43.
54. Pusch, R., 1993, Evolution of Models for Conversion of Smectite to Non-expandable Minerals, SKB Technical Report TR 93-33, SKB, Stockholm.
55. Pusch, R., 1994, Waste Disposal in Rock, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
56. Pusch, R., 2002, The Buffer and Backfill Handbook. Part 1: Definitions, basic relationships and laboratory methods, SKB Technical report TR-02-20, SKB, Stockholm.
57. Pusch, R., and Karnland, O., 1988, Hydrothermal Effects on Montmorillonite. A Preliminary Study, SKB Technical Report TR 88-15, SKB, Stockholm.
58. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor & Francis, London.
59. Quigley, R.M., Sethi, A.J., Boonsinsuk, P., Sheeran, D.E., and Yong, R.N., 1985, ‘Geologic control on soil composition and properties, Lake Ojibway clay plain, Matagami, Quebec’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22: 491-500.
60. Quirk, J.P, 1968, ‘Particle interaction and soil swelling’, Israel Journal of Chemistry 6: 213-34.
61. Ritchie, G.S.P., and Sposito, G., 2002, ‘Speciation in soils’, in A.M. Ure and C.M. Davidson (eds) Chemical Speciation in the Environment, Wiley, Malden, MA.
62. Singh, A. and Mitchell, J.K., 1968, ‘General stress-strain-time functions for soils’, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Volume 94, No. SM 1.
63. Singh, U., and Uehara, G., 1986, ‘Electrochemistry of the double layer principles and applications to soils’, in D.L. Sparks (ed.) Soil Physical Chemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.1-38.
64. Sposito, G., 1981, The Thermodynamics of Soil Solutions, Oxford University Press, New York.
65. Sposito, G., 1984, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York.
66. Stern, O., 1924, ‘Theorie der electrolytischen Doppelschicht’, Z. Electrochemistry, 30: 508-16.
67. Suquet, H., de la Calle, C., and Pezerat, H., 1975, ‘Swelling and structural organization of saponite’, Clays and Clay Minerals, 23: 1-9.
68. Tanai, K., and Yamamoto, M., 2003, Experimental and Modelling Studies on Gas Migration in Kunigel V1 Bentonite, JNC TH8400, 2003-024, Japan Atomic Energy Agency.
69. Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R.B., 1948, Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
70. Warkentin, B.P, and Schofield, R.K., 1962, ‘Swelling pressure of sodium montmorillonite in NaCl solutions’, Journal of Soil Science 13: 98.
71. Yong, R.N., 2001, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate and Mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
72. Yong, R.N., and Mourato, D., 1988, ‘Extraction and characterization of organics from two Champlain Sea subsurface soils’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25: 599-607.
73. Yong, R.N., and Mourato, D., 1990, ‘Influence of polysaccharides on kaolinite structure and properties in a kaolinite-water system’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27: 774-8.
74. Yong, R.N., and Mulligan, C.N., 2003, ‘The impact of clay microstructural features on the natural attenuation of contaminants’, Applied Clay Science 23: 179-86.
75. Yong, R.N., and Mulligan, C.N., 2004, Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Soils, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
76. Yong, R.N., and Ohtsubo, M., 1987, ‘Interparticle action and rheology of kaolinite- amorphous iron hydroxide complexes’, Applied Clay Science 2: 63-81.
77. Yong, R.N., and Warkentin, B.P, 1966, Introduction to Soil Behaviour, Macmillan, New York.
78. Yong, R.N., and Warkentin, B.P, 1975, Soil Properties and Behaviour, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
79. Yong, R.N., Sethi, A.J., Ludwig, H.P, and Jorgensen, M.A., 1979, ‘Interparticle action and rheology of dispersive clays’. ACSE, Geotechnical Engineering Division 105: 1193-1209.
80. Yong, R.N., Boonsinsuk, P, and Yiotis, D., 1985, ‘Creep behaviour of a buffer material for nuclear fuel waste vault’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22: 541-50.
81. Yoshimi, Y., and Osterberg, J.O., 1963, ‘Compression of partially saturated cohesive soils’, Journal of Soil Mechanics, ASCE, SM, 1-24.
82. Albrigh, J.N., 1972, ‘X-ray diffraction studies of alkaline earth chloride solutions’, Journal of Chemical Physics 56: 3783-6.
83. Arrhenius, S., 1887, ‘On the dissociation of substances dissolved in water’, Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie 1: 631.
84. Bresler, E., McNeal, B.L. and Carter, D.L., 1982, ‘Saline and sodic soils’, Principles- Dynamics-Modeling Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences, New York: 85-101.
85. Brønsted, J., 1923, ‘Some remarks on the concept of acids and bases’, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 42: 718-28.
86. Chijimatsu, M., Fujita, T., Kobayashi, A., and Nakano, M., 2000, ‘Experiment and validation of numerical simulation of coupled thermal, hydraulic and mechanical behaviour in engineered buffer materials’, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 24: 403-24.
87. de Groot, S.R., 1961, Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Interscience Publishers, New York.
88. Einstein, A., 1905, ‘Uber die von der molekularkinetischen theorie der warme gefor- derte bewegung von in ruhenden flussigkeiten suspendierten teilchen’, Annalen der Physick 4: 549-660.
89. Elzahabi, M., and Yong, R.N., 1997, ‘Vadose zone transport of heavy metals’, in R.N. Yong, and H.R. Thomas (eds) Geoenvironmental Engineering - Contaminated Ground: Fate of Pollutants and Remediation, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 73-180.
90. Hillel, D., 1998, Environmental Soil Physics, Academic Press, San Diego.
91. Jost, W, 1960, Diffusion in Solids, Liquids, Gases, Academic Press, New York.
92. Lerman, A., 1979, Geochemical Processes: Water and Sediment Environments, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
93. Lewis, G.N., 1923, Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules, The Chemical Catalogue, New York.
94. Li, Y.H., and Gregory, S., 1974, ‘Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 38: 603-714.
95. Manheim, F.T., and Waterman, L.S., 1974, Diffusimetry (diffusion constant estimation) on Sediment Cores by Resistivity Probe, Initial Report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 22, US Government. Printing Office, pp. 663-70.
96. Nakano, M. and Miyazaki, T., 1979, ‘The diffusion and non-equilibrium, thermodynamic equations of water vapour in soils under temperature gradients’, Soil Science 128: 184-8.
97. Nakano, M., Amemiya Y. and Fujii K., 1986, ‘Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of swelling clays’, Soil Science 1410: 1-6.
98. Nakano, M., Kawamura, K., Emura, S., 2004, ‘Local structural information from EXAFS analyses and adsorption mode of strontium on smectite’, Clay Science 12, 311-19.
99. Neretnieks, I., and Moreno, L., 1993, ‘Fluid flow and solute transport in a network of channels’, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 14: 163-92.
100. Nernst, W, 1888, ‘Zur knetik der in losung befinlichen korper’, Zeitschrift für Phy- sikalische Chemie 2: 613-37.
101. Ohtomo, N., Arakawa, K., 1979, ‘Neutron diffraction study of aqueous ionic solutions. 1. Aqueous solutions of lithium chloride and cesium chloride’, Bulletin of the Chemistry Society of Japan 52: 2744-59.
102. Paissioura, J.B., 1971, ‘Hydrodynamic dispersion in aggregated media: I. Theory’, Soil Science 111: 339-44.
103. Pearson, R.G., 1963, ‘Hard and soft acids and bases’, Journal of the American Chemical Society 85: 3533-9.
104. Perkins, T.K., and Johnston, O.C., 1963, ‘A review of diffusion and dispersion in porous media’, Journal of the Society of Petroleum Engineers 17: 70-84.
105. Philip, J.R., and de Vries, D.A., 1957, ‘Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients’, Transactions American Geophysics Union 38: 222-32.
106. Philip, J.R., 1968, ‘Diffusion dead-end pores, and linearized adsorption in aggregated media’, Australian Journal of Soil Research 6: 31-9.
107. Philip, J.R., and Smiles, D.E., 1969, ‘Kinetics of sorption and volume change in three-component systems’, Australian Journal of Soil Research 7: 1-19.
108. Pusch, R., Moreno, L., and Neretnieks, I., 2001, ‘Microstructural modelling of transport in smectite clay buffer’, in K. Adachi and M. Fukue (eds) Clay Science for Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 47-54.
109. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Spon Research, Taylor and Francis.
110. Renkin, E.M., 1954, ‘Filtration, diffusion, and molecular sieving through porous cellulose membranes’, Journal of General Physiology 38: 225-43.
111. Rao, PS., Rolston, D.E., Jessup, R.E., and Davidson, J.M., 1980, ‘Solute transport in aggregated porous media: Theoretical and experimental evaluation’, Soil Science Society of America Journal 44: 1139-46.
112. Robinson, R.A., and Stokes, R.H., 1959, Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd edn, Butter- worths, London.
113. Rollins, F.L., Spangler, M.G., and Kirkham, D., 1954, ‘Movement of soil moisture under a thermal gradient’, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board 33: 492508.
114. Skopp, J., and Warrick, A.W, 1974, ‘A two-phase model for the miscible displacement of reactive solutes through soils’, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38: 545-50.
115. Sörenson, S.PL., 1909, ‘Enzyme studies II: The measurement and meaning of hydrogen ion concentration in enzymatic processes’, Biochemische Zeitschrift 21: 131-200.
116. Wagenet, R.J., 1983, ‘Principles of salt movement in soils: Chemical mobility and reactivity in soil systems’, Soil Science Society of America (Special Publication) 11: 123-40.
117. Yong, R.N., 2001, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate and Mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
118. Yong, R.N., and Xu, D.M., 1988, ‘An identification technique for evaluation of phe-nomenological coefficients in unsaturated flow in soils’, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12: 283-99.
119. Arnold, PW, 1978, ‘Surface-electrolyte interactions’, in D.J. Greenland and M.H.B. Hayes (eds) The Chemistry of Soil Constituents, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 355-401.
120. Bezile, N., Lecomte, P, and Tessier, A., 1989, ‘Testing readsorption of trace elements during partial chemical extractions of bottom sediments’, Environmental Science and Technology 23: 1015-20.
121. Bohn, H.L., 1979, Soil Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
122. Bolt, G.H., 1979, Soil chemistry, Part II: Physico-chemical Models, Elsevier Scientific, New York.
123. Burchill, S. and Hayes, M.H.B., 1980, ‘Adsorption of polyvinyl alcohol by clay minerals’, Proceedings of the International Soil Science Society Symposium ‘Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment’, Jerusalem, 1976, pp. 109-21.
124. Chang, A.C., Page, A.L., Warneke, J.E. and Grgurevic, E., 1984, ‘Sequential extraction of soils heavy metals following a sludge applications’, Journal of Environmental Quality 13: 33-8.
125. Chang, F.C., Skipper, N.T. and Sposito, G., 1995, ‘Computer simulation of interlayer molecular structure in sodium montmorillonite hydrate’, Langmuir 11: 2734-41.
126. Chester, R., and Hughes, R.M., 1967, ‘A chemical technique for the separation of ferromanganese minerals, carbonate minerals and adsorbed trace elements from Pelagic sediments’, Chemical Geology 2: 249-62.
127. Chiou, C.T., Schmedding, D.W, and Manes., 1982, ‘Partitioning of organic compounds on octanol-water system’, Environmental Science and Technology 16: 4-10.
128. Clevenger, T.E., 1990, ‘Use of sequential extraction to evaluate the heavy metals in mining waste’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 50: 241-54.
129. Elliott, H.A., Liberati, M.R., and Huang, C.P, 1986, ‘Competitive adsorption of heavy metals by soils’, Journal of Environmental Quality 15: 214-19.
130. El-Rahman, K.M.A., El-Sourougy, M.R., Abdel-Monem, N.M., and Ismail, I.M., 2006, ‘Modelling the sorption kinetics of cesium and strontium ions on zeolite A’, Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 7: 21-7.
131. Emmerich, WE., Lund, L.J., Page, A.L. and Chang, A.C., 1982, ‘Solid phase forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge-treated soils’, Journal of Environmental Quality 11: 178-81.
132. Engler, R.N., Brannon, J.M., Rose, J. and Bigham, G., 1977, ‘A practical selective extraction procedure for sediment characterization’, in T.F. Yen (ed.) Chemistry of Marine Sediments, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.
133. Farrah, H., and Pickering, WF., 1977, ‘The sorption of lead and cadmium species by clay minerals’, Australian Journal of Chemistry 30: 1417-22.
134. Frenkel, M., 1974, ‘Surface acidity of montmorillonites’, Clays and Clay Minerals 22: 435-441.
135. Gibson, M.J., and Farmer, H.G, 1986, ‘Multi-step sequential chemical extraction of heavy metals from urban soils’, Environmental Pollution Bulletin 11: 117-35.
136. Guy, R.D., Chakrabarti, C.L., and McBain, D.C., 1978, ‘An evaluation of extraction of copper and lead in model sediments’, Water Resources 12: 21-24.
137. Jones, G., and Dole, M., 1929, ‘The viscosity of aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes with special reference to barium chloride’, Journal of the American Chemical Society 52: 29-50.
138. Karickhoff, S.W, Brown, D.S., and Scott, T.A., 1979, ‘Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments, Water Research 13: 241-8.
139. Kenaga, E.E., and Goring, C.A.I., 1980, Relationship between Water Solubility, Soil Sorption, Octanol-water Partitioning and Concentration of Chemicals in Biota, ASTM-STP 707, pp. 78-115.
140. Kibe, K., Takahashi, M., Kameya, T., and Urano, K., 2000, ‘Adsorption equilibriums of principal herbicides on paddy soils in Japan’, Science of the Environment 263: 115-25.
141. McCarty, PL., and Semprini, L., 1994, ‘Groundwater treatment for chlorinated solvents’, in Bioremediation of Ground Water and Geologic Material: A Review of in situ Technologies, Section 5, Government Institutes, Lanham, MD.
142. McCarty, PL., Reinhard, M., and Rittman, B.E., 1981, ‘Trace organics in groundwater’, Environmental Science & Technology 15: 40-51.
143. MacDonald, E., 1994, ‘Aspects of competitive adsorption and precipitation of heavy metals by a clay soil’, MEng Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
144. Montgomery, J.H., and Welkom, L.M., 1991, Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
145. Morrill, L., Mahilum, B., and Mohiuddin, 1982, Organic Compounds in Soils: Sorption, Degradation, and Persistence, Ann Arbor Science Pubishers, Ann Arbor, MI.
146. Mortland, M.M., 1970, ‘Clay-organics complexes and interactions’, Advances in Agronomy 22: 75-117.
147. Nakano, M. and Kawamura, K., 2006, ‘Adsorption sites of Cs on smectite by EXAFS analyses and molecular dynamics simulations’, Clay Science 12(Suppl. 2): 76-81.
148. Olsen, R.I., and Davis, A., 1990, ‘Predicting the fate and transport of organic compounds in groundwater, Part 1’, Hazardous Materials Control 3: 38-64.
149. Onsager, L., 1931, ‘Reciprocal relation in irreversible processes, II’, Physical Review 38: 2265-79.
150. Ouhadi, VR., Yong, R.N., and Sedighi, M., 2006, ‘Influence of heavy metal contaminants at variable pH regimes on rheological behavior of bentonite’, Journal of Applied Clay Science 32: 217-31.
151. Puls, R.W, and Bohn, H.L., 1988, ‘Sorption of cadmium, nickel, and zinc by kaoli- nite and montmorillonite suspensions, Soil Science Society of America Journal 52: 1289-92.
152. Pusch, R., Kasbohm, J., and Thao, H.M., 2007, ‘Evolution of clay buffer under repository-like conditions’, Proceedings of the Workshop on Long-Term Performance of Smectite Clays Embedding Canisters with Highly Radioactive Waste, Lund, pp. 1-12.
153. Rao, PS.C., and Davidson, J.M., 1980, ‘Estimation of pesticide retention and transformation parameters required in nonpoint source pollution models’,in M.R. Overcash and J.M. Davidson (eds) Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 23-7.
154. Schwarzenbach, R.J., and Westall, J., 1981, ‘Transport of non-polar organic compounds from surface water to groundwater: laboratory sorption studies’, Enviro- nental Science &Technology 15: 1360-7.
155. Schwarzenbach, R.J., Gschwend, PM., and Imboden, D.M., 1993, Environmental Organic Chemistry, Wiley and Sons, New York.
156. Smith, D.E., 1998, ‘Molecular computer simulations of the swelling properties and interlayer structure of cesium montmorillonite’, Langmuir 14: 5959-68.
157. Solomon, D.H., and Murray, H.H., 1972, ‘Acid-base interactions and properties of kaolinite in non-aqueous media, Clays and Clay Minerals 20: 135-41.
158. Sposito, G., 1984, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York.
159. Tessier, A., Campbell, PG.C. and Bisson, M., 1979, ‘Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals, Analytical Chemistry 51: 844-51.
160. US EPA Science Advisory Board, 2001, Monitored Natural Attenuation; USEPA Research Programme: An EPA Science Advisory Board Review, Science Advisory Board (1400A), Washington, DC.
161. Verscheuren, K., 1983, Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 2nd edn, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
162. Xu, D., Zhou, X., and Wang, X., 2008, ‘Adsorption and desorption of Ni2+ on Na- montmorillonite: Effect of pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid, humic acid and addition sequences’, Journal of Applied Clay Science 39: 133-41.
163. Yanful, E.K., Quigley, R.M., and Nesbitt, H.W, 1988, ‘Heavy metal migration at a landfill site, Ontario, Canada - II: Metal partitioning and geotechnical implications’, Applied Geochemistry 3:623-9.
164. Yong, R.N., 2001, Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate and Mitigation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
165. Yong, R.N., and Mulligan, C.N., 2003, Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Soils, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
166. Yong, R.N., and Phadungchewit, Y., 1993, ‘pH influence on selectivity and retention of heavy metals in some clay soils’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30: 821-33.
167. Yong, R.N., and Samani, H.M.V, 1987, ‘Modelling of contaminant transport in clay via irreversible thermodynamics’, Proceedings of the Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal ’87, ASCE, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 846-60.
168. Yong, R.N., Galvez-Cloutier, R., and Phadungchewit, Y, 1993, ‘Selective sequential extraction analysis of heavy metal retention in soil’, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30: 834-47
169. Yong, R.N., Desjardins, S., Farant, J.P, and Simons, P, 1997, ‘Influence of pH and exchangeable cation on oxidation of methylphenols by a montmorillonite clay’, Journal of Applied Clay Science 12: 93-110.
170. Börgesson L., 1990, Interim Report on the Laboratory and Theoretical Work in Modeling the Drained and Undrained Behavior of Buffer Materials, SKB Technical Report TR 90-45, SKB, Stockholm.
171. Campbell, G.S. and Norman, J.M., 1988, An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics, 2nd edn, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
172. Feltham P, 1979, The Inter-relationship: Earth Science—Material Sciences. Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracture, Pergamon Press, London, Volume 29, No. 42.
173. Grindrod, P, and Takase, H., 1994, ‘Reactive chemical transport within engineered barriers’, in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, Oldenburg Verlag, Munich, pp. 773-9.
174. Hedin, A., 1997, Spent Nuclear Fuel - How Dangerous Is It? SKB Technical Report 97-13.
175. Huang, PM., and Schnitzer, M., 1986, Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes, 3rd print, SSSA Special Publication 17.
176. Huang, PM., Wang, M.K., and Chiu, C.Y, 2005, ‘Soil mineral-organic matter- microbe interactions: Impacts on biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in soils’, Pedobiologia 49: 609-35.
177. Ichikawa, Y., Kawamura, K., Nakano, M., Kitayama, K., and Kawamura, H., 1999, ‘Unified molecular dynamics and homogenization analysis for bentonite behavior: current results and future possibilities’, Engineering Geology 54: 21-31.
178. Jacobsson, A., and Pusch, R., 1972, ‘Thixotropic action in remoulded quick clay’, Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 5: 105-10.
179. Kasubuchi, T., 1977, ‘Twin transient-state cylindrical-probe method for the determination of thermal conductivity of soil’, Soil Science 124: 255-8.
180. Kasubuchi, T., 1984, ‘Heat conduction model of saturated soil and estimation of thermal conductivity of soil solid phase’, Soil Science 138: 240-7.
181. Katchalsky, A., and Curran, PF., 1967, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics, Harvard Books in Biophysics, 1, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
182. Kosika, J.E., Dtucki, J.W, Nealson, K.H., and Wu, J., 1996, ‘Reduction of structural Fe(III) in smectite by a pure culture of the Fe-reducing ‘Shewanella putrefaciens’ strain MR-1’, Clays and Clay Minerals 44: 522-9.
183. Krumbein, WE. (ed.), 1978, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Geomicrobiology: Methods, Metals and Assessment, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.
184. Made, B., Clement, A., and Fritz, B., 1994, ‘Modeling mineral/solution interactions: The thermodynamic and kinetic code KINDISP’, Computers and Geosciences 30: 1347-63.
185. Manose, T., Sakaguchi, I., and Kasubuchi, T., 2008, ‘Development of an apparatus for measuring one-dimensional steady state heat flux of soil under reduced air- pressure’, European Journal of Soil Science 59: 982-9.
186. Marty, N., Montes-Hernandez, G., Fritz, B., Clement, A., and Michau, N., 2007, ‘Modelling the long term alteration of the engineered bentonite barrier in an underground radioactive waste repository’, Proceedings of the Workshop on LongTerm Performance of Smectitic Clays Embedding Canisters with Highly Radioactive Waste, Lund, Sweden, pp. 222-31.
187. Mohamed, A.M.O., Yong, R.N., and Cheung, S.C.H., 1992, ‘Temperature dependence of soil water potential’, Geotechnical Testing Journal 15: 330-9.
188. Motosuke, M., Nagasaka, Y, and Nagashima, A., 2003, ‘Measurement of dynamically changing thermal diffusivity by the Forced Rayleigh Scattering method (measurement of the gelation process)’, Paper presented to 15th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June, Boulder, CO.
189. Murray, J.D., 1993, Mathematical Biology, 2nd edn, Biomathematics 19, Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
190. Nadeau, PH., and Bain, D.C., 1986, ‘Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin’, Clays and Clay Minerals 14: 455-64.
191. Nakano, M. and Miyazaki, T., 1979, ‘The diffusion and non-equilibrium, thermodynamic equations of water vapour in soils under temperature gradients’, Soil Science 128: 184-8.
192. Osako, M., and Ito, E., 1997, Simultaneous Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Mantle Materials up to 10 GPa, Technical Report of ISEI (Institute for Study of the Earth’s Interior), Ser.A. No. 67, Okayama University, Japan.
193. Pedersen, K., 2000, ‘Microbial Processes in Radioactive Waste Disposal’, Technical Report TR-00-04, SKB, Stockholm.
194. Pusch, R., 1983, Stress/Strain/Time Properties of Highly Compacted Bentonite, SKBF/KBS Technical Report 83-47, SKB, Stockholm.
195. Pusch, R., 1994, Waste Disposal in Rock, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
196. Pusch, R., 2000, On the Risk of Liquefaction of Buffer and Backfill, Technical Report TR-00-18, SKB, Stockholm.
197. Pusch, R., and Adey, R., 1986, ‘Settlement of clay-enveloped radioactive canisters’, Applied Clay Science 1: 353-65.
198. Pusch, R, and Feltham, P, 1981, ‘Computer simulation of creep of clay’, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (Div, ASCE) 107(GT1): 95-104.
199. Pusch, R., and Kihl, A., 2004, ‘Percolation of clay liners of ash landfills in short and long time perspectives’, Waste Management & Research 22: 71-7.
200. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor & Francis, London.
201. Pusch, R, Kasbohm, J., and Thao, H.M., 2007, ‘Evolution of clay buffer under repository-like conditions’, Proceedings of the Workshop on Long-Term Performance of Smectitic Clays Embedding Canisters with Highly Radioactive Waste, Lund, Sweden, pp. 1-12.
202. Pusch, R., Zhang, L., Adey, R., and Kasbohm J., 2009, ‘Rheology of artificially prepared clays’, Journal of Applied Clay Science (in press).
203. Pytte, A.M., 1982, ‘The kinetics of smectite to illite reactions in contact metamorphic shales’, MA Thesis, Dartmouth College, NH.
204. Robert, M., and Berthelin, J., 1986, Interactions of Soil Minerals with Natural Organics and Microbes, 3rd print, SSSA Special Publ. 17.
205. Seabaugh, J.L., Dong, H., Eberl, D.D., Kim, J., and Kukkadapu, R.K., 2004, ‘Reduction of structural Fe(iii) in nontronite by a thermophilic bacterium’, Symposium on ‘Microbial Impacts on Clay Transformation and Reactivity’, Clay Minerals Society 41st Annual Meeting, Richland, WA.
206. Sims, J.L., Sims, R.C., and Mathews, J.E., 1990, ‘Approach to bioremediation of contaminated soil’, Journal of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Matter 4: 117-49.
207. SKB, 1999, Deep Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel: SR97 - Post-closure Safety, SKB Report, TR-99-06, Main Report, Volume 1.
208. Stroes-Gascoyne, S., and West, J.M., 1996, ‘An overview of microbial research related to high-level nuclear waste disposal with emphasis on the Canadian concept for the disposal of nuclear fuel waste’, Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42: 1133-46.
209. Stucki, J.W, and Getty, PJ., 1986, ‘Microbial reduction of iron in nontronite’, Agronomy Abstracts, p. 279.
210. Stucki, J.W, and Roth, C.B., 1976, ‘Interpretation of infrared spectra of oxidized and reduced nontronite’, Clays and Clay Minerals 24: 293-6.
211. Stucki, J.W, Low, F.F., Roth, C.B., and Golden, D.C., 1984, ‘Effects of oxidation state of octahedral iron on clay swelling’, Clays and Clay Minerals 32: 357-62.
212. Stucki, J.W, Lee, K., Zhang, L., and Larson, R.A., 2002, ‘The effects of iron oxidation state on the surface and structural properties of smectites’, Pure and Applied Chemistry 74: 2079-92.
213. Wang, Y., and Francis, A.J., 2005, ‘Evaluation of microbial activities for long-term performance assessments of deep geologic nuclear waste repositories’, Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Science 6: 43-50.
214. Weaver, C.E., 1979, Geothermal Alteration of Clay Minerals and Shales: Diagenesis, Tech. Report, ONWI-21, ET-76-C-06-1830, Battelle Office on Nuclear Waste Isolation, Paris.
215. West, J.M., Cristofi, N., and McKinley, I.G., 1985, ‘An overview of microbiological research relevant to the geologic disposal of nuclear waste’, Radioactive Waste Management Nuclear Fuel Cycle 6: 79-95.
216. Wu, J., Low, P.E., and Roth, C.B., 1989, ‘Effects of octahedral-iron reduction and swelling pressure of interlayer distances in Na-nontronite’, Clays and Clay Minerals 37: 211-18.
217. Yan, L., and Stucki, J.W, 2000, ‘Structural perturbations in the solid-water interface of redox transformed nontronite’, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 225: 429-39.
218. Yong, R.N., and Mulligan, C.N., 2004, Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Soils, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
219. Yong, R.N., and Warkentin, B.P, 1975, Soil Properties and Behaviour, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam.
220. Yong, R.N., and Xu, D.M., 1988, ‘An identification technique for evaluation of phenomenological coefficients in coupled flow in unsaturated soils’, Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12: 283-99.
221. Yong, R.N., Xu, D.M., Mohamed, A.M.O., and Cheung, S.C.H., 1992, ‘An analytical technique for evaluation of coupled heat and mass flow coefficients in unsaturated soil’, International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 16: 233-46.
222. Eberl, D.D., and Hower, J., 1976, ‘Kinetics of illite formation’, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 87: 1326-20.
223. Ehrlich, H.L., 2002, ‘Interactions between microorganisms and minerals under anaerobic conditions’ in P.M. Huang, J.M. Bollag, and N. Senesi (eds) Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, Volume 8, pp. 439-4.
224. Grim, R.E., 1953, Clay Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill, New York.
225. Huang, PM., Wang, M.-K., and Chiu, C.-Y., 2005, ‘Soil mineral-organic matter- microbe interactions: Impacts on biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in soils’, Pedobiologia 49: 609-35.
226. Hofbauer, H., Sigmund, K., 1988, The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
227. Jackson, M.L., 1964, ‘Chemical composition of soils’, American Chemistry Society Monograph 160: 71-141.
228. Konishi, Y, Asai, S., Katoh, H., 1990, ‘Bacterial dissolution of pyrite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans’, Bioprocess Engineering 5: 231-7.
229. Konishi, Y, Asai, S., Yoshida, N., 1995, ‘Growth kinetics of Thiobacillus thiooxidans on the surface of elemental sulfur’, American Society for Microbiology 61: 361722.
230. Kurek, E., 2002, ‘Microbial mobilization of metals from soil minerals under aerobic conditions’, in P M. Huang, J.M. Bollag and N. Senesi (eds) Interactions between Soil Particles and Microorganisms: Impact on the Terrestrial Ecosystem, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, Volume 8, pp. 189-225.
231. Mann, S., Archibald, A., Didymus, J.M., Douglas, T., Heywood, R.R., Meldrum, F.C., and Reeves, N.J., 1993, ‘Crystallization at inorganic-organic interfaces: Biominerals and biomimetic synthesis’, Science 261: 1286-92.
232. Marshall, K.C., 1976, Interfaces in Microbial Ecology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
233. Molz, F.J., Widdowson, M.A., Benefield, L.D., 1986, ‘Simulation of microbial growth dynamics coupled to nutrient and oxygen transport in porous media’, Water Resource Research 22: 1207-16.
234. Monod, J., 1949, ‘The growth of bacterial culture’, Annual Review of Microbiology 3: 371.
235. Moodie A.D., and Ingledew J., 1990, ‘Microbial anaerobic respiration’, Advances in Microbiology and Physiology 31: 225-69.
236. Murphy, E.M., Ginn, T.R., 2000, ‘Modelling microbial processes in porous media’, Hydrogeology Journal 8: 142-58.
237. Murray, J.D., 1993. Mathematical Biology, 2nd edn, Biomathematics 19, Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
238. Nakano, M., and Kawamura, K., 2008, ‘Estimating the corrosion of compacted bentonite by a conceptual model based on microbial growth dynamics’, Applied Clay Science, DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2008.08.009.
239. Pusch, R., Kasbohn, J., and Thao, H.T.-M., forthcoming, ‘Chemical stability of montmorillonite buffer clay under repository-like conditions - A synthesis of relevant experimental data’, Applied Clay Science (in press).
240. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor & Francis, London.
241. Regnier, P., O’Kane, J.P, Steefel, C.I., and Vanderborght, J.P, 2002, ‘Modelling complex multi-component reactive-transport systems: towards a simulation environment based on the concept of a knowledge base’, Applied Mathematical Modelling 26: 913-27.
242. Thullner, M., van Cappellen, P, and Regnier, P, 2005, ‘Modelling the impact of microbial activity on redox dynamics in porous media’, Geochimica et Cosmo- chimica Acta 69: 5005-19.
243. Forslind, E., and Jacobsson, A., 1975, Clay-water Systems. Water, a Comprehensive Treatment, Volume 5. Plenum Press, New York.
244. Gray, M.N., 1993, OECD/NEA International Stripa Project Overview Volume III: Engineered Barriers, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB), Stockholm.
245. Grindrod, P, and Takase, H., 1994, ‘Reactive chemical transport within engineered barriers’, 4th International Conference in Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, R. Oldenburg Verlag, Munich.
246. Gueven, N., Carney, L.L., and Ridpath, B.E., 1987, Evaluation of Geothermal Drilling Fluids using a Commercial Bentonite and a Bentonite/saponite Mixture. Contractor Report SAND 86-7180, SANDIA Nat. Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
247. Mantovani, M., Escudero, A., Alba, M.D., and Becerro, A.I., 2008, ‘Stability of phyl- losilicates in Ca(OH)2 solution. Influence of layer nature, octahedral occupation, presence of tetrahedral Al and degree of crystallinity’, Applied Geochemistry (in press).
248. Mueller-Vonmoos, M., Kahr, G., Bucher F, and Madsen, F.T., 1990, ‘Investigations of the metabentonites aimed at assessing the long-term stability of bentonites under repository conditions. Artificial Clay Barriers for High Level Radioactive Waste Repositories’, Engineering Geology 28: 269-80.
249. Pacovsky, J., Svoboda, J., and Zapletal, L., 2005, ‘Saturation development in the bentonite barrier of the Mock-up CZ geotechnical experiment. Clay in Natural and Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement - Part 2’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 32: 767-79.
250. Pusch, R., 1983, Stability of Deep-sited Smectite Minerals in Crystalline Rock - Chemical Aspects, Technical Report 83-16, SKB, Stockholm.
251. Pusch, R., 1993, Evolution of Models for Conversion of Smectite to Non-expandable Minerals, Technical Report TR-93-33, SKB, Stockholm.
252. Pusch, R., 1994, ‘Waste disposal in rock’, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 76, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
253. Pusch, R., 2008, Geological Storage of Highly Radioactive Waste, Springer, New York.
254. Pusch, R., and Madsen, F., 1995, ‘Aspects on the illitization of the Kinnekulle bentonites’, Clays and Clay Minerals 43: 261-70.
255. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor & Francis, London.
256. Pusch, R., Börgesson, L., and Ramqvist, G., 1985, Final Report of the Buffer Mass Test - Volume II: Test Results, Technical Report 85-12, SKB, Stockholm.
257. Pusch, R., Karnland,O., Hökmark, H., Sandén, T., and Börgesson, L., 1991, Final Report of the Rock Sealing Project - Sealing Properties and Longevity of Smectitic Clay Grouts, Stripa Project Technical Report 91-30, SKB, Stockholm.
258. Pusch, R., Karnland, O., Lajudie, A., and Decarreau, A., 1993, MX-80 Clay Exposed to High Temperatures and Gamma Radiation, Technical Report 93-03, SKB, Stockholm.
259. Pusch, R., Takase, K., and Benbow, S., 1998, Chemical Processes Causing Cementation in Heat-affected Smectite - the Kinnekulle Bentonite, Technical Report TR-
260. Pusch, R., Kasbohm, J., Pacovsky, J., and Cechova, Z., 2005, ‘Are all smectite clays suitable as “buffers”?. Clay in Natural and Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement - Part 1’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 32: 116-22.
261. Pusch, R., Kasbohm, J., and Thao, H.T.M., forthcoming. ‘Chemical stability of montmorillonite buffer clay under repository-like conditions - a synthesis of relevant experimental data’, Applied Clay Science (in press).
262. Pusch, R, Kasbohm, J., and Thao, H.M., 2007, ‘Evolution of clay buffer under repository-like conditions’, Proceedings of the Workshop on Long-Term Performance of Smectitic Clays Embedding Canisters with Highly Radioactive Waste, Lund, Sweden, pp. 1-12.
263. Roaldset, E., He Wei, and Grimstad, S., 1998, ‘Smectite to illite conversion by hydrous pyrolosis’, Clay Minerals 33: 146-58.
264. Svemar, C., 2005, Cluster Repository Project (CROP), Final Report of European Commission Contract FIR1-CT-2000-20023, Brussels, Belgium.
265. Thorslund, P, 1945, ‘Om bentonitlager i Sveriges kambrosilur’, Geologiska Fören- ingens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 67: 286.
266. Anderson, D.M., Pusch, R., and Penner, E., 1978, ‘Physical and thermal properties of frozen ground’,in B. Andersland and D.M. Anderson (eds) Geotechnical Engineering for Cold Regions, McGraw Hill, New York, Chapter 2.
267. Börgesson, L., 2001, Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory: Selection of THMCB models, SKB International Progress Report IPR-01-66, pp. 46-54.
268. Grindrod, P., and Takase, H., 1994, ‘Reactive chemical transport within engineered barriers’, 4th International Conference on the chemistry and migration behaviour of actinides and fission products in the geosphere, Charleston, SC USA, R. Oldenburg Verlag, pp. 773-9.
269. Gurr, C.G., Marshall, T.J., and Hutton, J.T., 1952, ‘Movement of water in soil due to a temperature gradient’, Soil Science 74: 335-45.
270. Kuzmak, J.M., and Serada, PJ., 1957, ‘The mechanism by which water moves through a porous material subjected to a temperature gradient: 2. Salt tracer and streaming potential to detect flow in the liquid phase’, Soil Science 84: 419-22.
271. Ledesma, A., and Chen, G., 2003, ‘T-H-M modelling of the Prototype Repository experiment at Äspö HRL, Sweden’, Proceedings of the Geoproc Conference, KTH, Stockholm, pp. 370-5.
272. Ohnishi, Y., Shibata, H., and Kobayashi, A., 1985, ‘Development of a finite element code for the analysis of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of a saturated-unsaturated medium’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Coupled Processes Affecting the Performance of a Nuclear Waste Repository, Berkeley, CA, pp. 263-8.
273. Olivella, S., Carrera, J., Gens, A., and Alonso, E.E., 1996, ‘Numerical formulation for a simulator (CODE_BRIGHT) for the coupled analysis of saline media’, Engineering Computations 13: 87-112.
274. Philip, J.R., 1974, ‘Water movement in soil’, in D.A. de Vries and N.H. Afgan (eds) Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere, Halsted Press-Wiley, New York, pp. 29-47.
275. Philip, J.R., and de Vries, D.A., 1957, ‘Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients’, Transactions of the American Geophysics Union 38: 222-32.
276. Pusch, R., 2002, ‘Prototype repository project - selection of THMCB models’, Proceedings of the 2nd CLUSTER URL’s seminar, Mol, Belgium, EC Report, EUR 19954, pp. 119-33.
277. Pusch, R., and Yong, R.N., 2006, Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance, Taylor & Francis, London.
278. Pusch, R., Muurinen, A., Lehikoinen, J., Bors, J., and Eriksen, T., 1999, Microstruc- tural and Chemical Parameters of Bentonite as Determinants of Waste Isolation Efficiency, Final Report of European Commission Contract F14W-CT95-0012, Brussels, Belgium.
279. Rollins, R.L., Spangler, M.G., and Kirkham, D., 1954, ‘Movement of soil moisture under a thermal gradient’, Highway Research Board Proceedings (Washington) 33: 492-508.
280. Sethi, A.J., Yong, R.N., and Jorgensen, A., 1980, ‘Influence of salt concentration on interparticle action and rheology of montmorillonite suspensions’, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salt-Affected Soils, Karmal, India, pp. 169-78.
281. SKB, 2001a, Äspö Annual Report, Technical Report TR 01-10, SKB, Sweden.
282. SKB, 2001b, Research, Development AND Demonstration Programme 2001, Technical Report TR 01-30, SKB, Sweden.
283. Svemar, C., 2002, ‘Äspö HRL - In-situ programme and prototype repository’, Proceedings of the 2nd CLUSTER URL’s seminar, Mol, Belgium, EC Report, EUR 19954, pp. 57-67.
284. Svemar, C., 2005, Prototype Respository Project, Final report of European Commission Contract FIKW-2000-00055, Brussels, Belgium.
285. Svemar, C., and Pusch, R, 2000, Prototype Repository - Project Description, FIKW- CT-2000-00055, SKB International Progress Report IPR 00-30, Sweden.
286. Thomas, H.R., He, Y, Sansom, M.R., and Li, C.L.W, 1996, ‘On the development of a model of the thermo-mechanical-hydraulic behaviour of unsaturated soils’, Engineering Geology 41: 197-218.
287. Yong, R.N., 1963a, ‘Soil freezing considerations in frozen soil strength’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Permafrost, NationalAcademy of Science, Washington, DC, Publ. No. 1287, pp. 315-18.
288. Yong, R.N., 1963b, ‘Research on fundamental properties and characteristics of frozen soils’, National Research Council of Canada, Tech. Memorandum No. 76, pp. 84-93.
289. Yong, R.N., 1965, ‘Soil suction effects on partial soil freezing’, Highway Research Board Research Record 68: 31-42.
290. Yong, R.N., 1967, ‘On the relationship between partial soil freezing and surface forces’, in H. Oura (ed.) Physics of Snow and Ice, Bunyeido Printing Co., Sapporo, Japan, pp. 1375-86.
291. Yong, R.N., and Warkentin, B.P, 1965, ‘Studies of the mechanisms of failure under load in expansive soils’, Proceedings of the International Research Engineering Conference on Expansive Soils, Texas A & M, College Station, Texas, pp. 69-77.
292. Yong, R.N., and Warkentin, B.P, 1975, Soil Properties and Behaviour, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
293. Yong, R.N., Boonsinsuk, P, and Tucker, A.E., 1984, ‘A study of frost-heave mechanics of high clay content soils’, Transactions of ASME 106: 502-8.
294. Yong, R.N., Boonsinsuk, P, and Tucker, A.E., 1986a, ‘Cyclic freeze-thaw influence on frost heaving pressures and thermal conductivities of high water content clays’, Proceedings of the 5th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium, Volume 4, pp. 277-84.
295. Yong, R.N., Xu, D.M., Boonsinsuk, P, and Cheung, S.C.H., 1986b, ‘Theoretical analysis of unsaturated flow in a swelling soil’, Proceedings of the International Conference of IASTED, Vancouver, Canada.
296. Hedin, A., 1997, Spent Nuclear Fuel - How Dangerous Is It?, Report TR-97-13, SKB, Stockholm.
297. National Academy of Science, 1982, Quality Criteria for Water Reuse, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
298. Purchase, I.F.H., 2000, ‘Risk assessment: Principles and consequences’, Pure Applied Chemistry 72: 1051-6.
299. Vesely, WE., Goldberg, F.F., Roberts, N.H., and Haasl, D.F., 1981, Fault Tree Handbook, Report NUREG-0492, US NRC, Washington DC.
300. Bedford, T., and R. Cooke, 2001, Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
301. Polson, N.G., and Tiao, G.C., 1995, Bayesian inference, Volumes I and II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
302. Reed, M.E., and Whiting, WB., 1993, ‘Sensitivity and uncertainty of process designs to thermodynamic model parameters: A Monte Carlo approach’, Chemical Engineering Communications 124: 39-48.
303. Singpurwalla, N.D., 2006, Reliability and Risk: A Bayesian Perspective, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, New York.
304. Todinov, M., 2005, Reliability and Risk Models: Setting Reliability Requirements, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
305. Whiting, WB., Tong, T.M., and Reed, M.E., 1993, ‘Effect of uncertainties in thermodynamic data and model parameters on calculated process performance’, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 32: 1367-71.