CO-EXISTENT SYSTEMS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH

African American English: Structure, History, And Use

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 110-153

  Labov, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85139720949     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203355596-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Ash, Sharon and John Myhill (1986) “Linguistic correlates of inter-ethnic contact.” In Diversity and Diachrony, D. Sankoff (ed.). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 33—44.
2. Bailey, Beryl (1965) “A new perspective in American Negro dialectology.” American Speech 11: 171-77.
3. Bailey, Beryl (1968) Jamaican Creole Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Bailey, Guy (1993) “A perspective on African-American English.” In American Dialect Research, Dennis Preston (ed.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 287-318.
5. Bailey, Guy and Natalie Maynor (1985) “The present tense of BE in Southern black folk speech.” American Speech 60: 195-213.
6. Bailey, Guy and Natalie Maynor (1987) “Decreolization?” Language in Society 16: 449-473.
7. Bailey, Guy and Natalie Maynor (1989) “The divergence controversy.” American Speech 64: 12-39.
8. Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila (1989) “Variation in subject-verb concord in Early Modern English.” Language Variation and Change 1989: 285-301.
9. Baugh, John (1979) “Linguistic style-shifting in Black English,” unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
10. Baugh, John (1980) “A re-examination of the Black English copula.” In Locating Language in Time and Space, W. Labov (ed.). New York: Academic Press, pp. 83-106.
11. Baugh, John (1983) Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure and Survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.
12. Baugh, John (1984) “Steady: Progressive aspect in Black Vernacular English.” American Speech 59: 3-12.
13. Bernstein, Cynthia (1988) “A variant of the ‘invariant’ BE.” American Speech 63: 119-124.
14. Bickerton, Derek (1975) Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Boertien, Harron S. (1979) “The double modal construction in Texas.” In Texas Linguistic Forum 13, Carlota Smith and Susan F. Schmerling (eds.), pp. 14-33.
16. Brewer, Jeutonne (1986) “Durative marker or hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, M. Montgomery and G. Bailey (eds.). Tusacloosa: University of Alabama Press, pp. 131-148.
17. Burrowes, Audrey and Richard Allsop (1983) “Barbadian Creole: A note on its social history and structure.” In Studies in Caribbean Language, L. Carrington (ed.). St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, pp. 38-47.
18. Butters, Ronald R. (1989) The Death of Black English: Convergence and Divergence in Black and White Vernaculars. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
19. Cukor-Avila, Patricia (1995) “The evolution of AAVE in a rural Texas community: An ethnolinguistic study,” unpublished dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
20. Dayton, Elizabeth (1996) “Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American vernacular English,” unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
21. Denning, Keith (1989) “Convergence with divergence: A sound change in Vernacular Black English.” Language Variation and Change 1: 145-168.
22. Di Paolo, Marianna (1989) “Double modals as single lexical items.” American Speech 64(3): 195-224.
23. Dillard, J. L. (1972) Black English. New York: Random House.
24. Dunlap, Howard G. (1977) “Some methodological problems in recent investigations of the copula and invariant BE.” In Papers in Linguistic Variation, D. Shores and C. Hines (eds.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, pp. 151-160.
25. Edwards, Walter F. (1991) “A comparative description of Guyanese Creole and Black English preverbal aspect marker don.” In Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press, pp. 240-255..
26. Edwards, Walter F. and Donald Winford (eds.) (1991) Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
27. Fasold, Ralph (1972) Tense Marking in Black English. Arlington, VA.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
28. Fasold, Ralph (1976) “One hundred years from syntax to phonology.” Chicago Linguistic Society.
29. Parasession on Diachronic Syntax. Fasold, Ralph W., William Labov, Fay Boyd Vaughn-Cooke, Guy Bailey, Walt Wolfram, Arthur K. Spears, and John Rickford (1987) “Are black and white vernaculars diverging?” Papers from the NWAVE XIV Panel Discussion. American Speech 62: 3-80.
30. Feagin, Crawford (1979) Variation and Change in Alabama English. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
31. Fickett, Joan G. (1970) “Aspects of morphemics, syntax, and semology of an inner-city dialect,” unpublished PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo.
32. Fries, Charles C. and Kenneth Pike (1949) “Co-existent phonemic systems.” Language 25: 29-50.
33. Guy, Gregory (1981) “Syntactic and phonetic variation in Carioca Portuguese,” unpublished dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
34. Herzfeld, Anita (1983) “Limon Creole and Panamian Creole: comparison and contrast.” In Studies in Caribbean Language, L. Carrington (ed.). St Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, pp. 13-22.
35. Holm, John (1984) “Variability of the copula in black English and its creole kin.” American Speech 59: 291-309.
36. Holm, John (1988) Pidgins and Creoles. Volume 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Hopper, Paul (1991) “On some principles of grammaticalization.” In Approaches to Grammaticalization, Elizabeth Trangott and Bemd Heine (eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, I: 17-35
38. Labov, William (1966) The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
39. Labov, William (1971) “The notion of ‘system’ in creole languages.” In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, D. Hymes (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 447-172.
40. Labov, William (1975) “Review of R. Fasold, Tense Marking in Black English.” Language in Society 4: 222-227.
41. Labov, William (1982) “Objectivity and commitment in linguistic science: The case of the Black English trial in Ann Arbor.” Language in Society 11: 165-201.
42. Labov, William (1987) “The interpretation of zeroes.” In Phonologica 1984: Proceedings of the Fifth International Phonobgy Meeting, W. U. Dressier et al. (eds.). Eisenstadt and London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135-156.
43. Labov, William and Wendell A. Harris (1986) “De facto segregation of black and white vernaculars.” In Diversity and Diachrony, D. Sankoff (ed.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 45-58.
44. Labov, William, P. Cohen, C. Robins and J. Lewis (1968) “A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City.” Cooperative Research Report 3288. Vols. I and II. Philadelphia: US Regional Survey (Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania).
45. Lefebvre, Claire, Hélène Magloire-Holly and Nanie Piou (eds.) (1982) Syntaxe de l’Haitien. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
46. Loman, Bengt (1967) Conversations in a Negro American Dialect. Washington. DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
47. Montgomery, Michael B., and Guy Bailey (eds.) (1986) Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
48. Montgomery, Michael, Janet M. Fuller and Sharon Paparone (1993) ‘“The Black men has wives and Sweet harts [and third person plural -s] jest like the white men’:Evidence for verbal -s from written documents in 19th-century African-American speech.” Language Variation and Change 5: 335-357.
49. Mufwene, Salikoko S. (1992) “Why grammars are not monolithic.” In The Joy of Grammar, D. Brentari, G. Larson and L. MacLeod (eds.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 225-250.
50. Myhill, John (1988) “The rise of BE as an aspect marker in the Black English vernacular.” American Speech 63: 304-325.
51. Myhill, John (1991) “The use of invariant Be with verbal predicates in BEV.” In Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press, pp. 101-113.
52. Myhill, John and Wendell A. Harris (1986) “The use of the verbal -s inflection in BEV.” In Diversity and Diachrony, D. Sankoff (ed.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 25-31.
53. Poplack, Shana and David Sankoff (1987) “The Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean.” American Speech 62: 291-314.
54. Poplack, Shana and Sali Tagliamonte (1989) “There’s no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in early Black English.” Language Variation and Change 1: 47-84.
55. Poplack, Shana and Sali Tagliamonte (1991) “African-American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians.” Language Variation and Change 3: 301-340.
56. Rickford, John (1973) “Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English bin." In Analyzing Variation in Language, R. Fasold and R. Shuy (eds.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 162-183.
57. Rickford, John (1980) “How does DOZ disappear?” In Issues in English Creoles: Papers from the 1975 Hawaii Conference, Richard Day (ed.). Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag, pp. 77-96.
58. Rickford, John (1986) “Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hibemo English and New World Black English.” Language 62: 245-289.
59. Rickford, John (1992) “Grammatical variation and divergence in Vernacular Black English.” In Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change, M. Gerritsen and D. Stein (eds.). Berlin/New York: Mouton, pp. 175-200.
60. Rickford, John R. and Faye McNair-Knox (1994) “Addressee- and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study.” In Perspectives on Register: Situating Register Variation within Sociolinguistics, D. Biber and E. Finegan (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 235-276.
61. Rickford, John R. and Christine Theberge Rafal (1996) “Preterite had + V-ed in the narratives of African American preadolescents.” American Speech 71: 227-254.
62. Rickford, John R., Arnetha Ball, Renee Blake, Raina Jackson, and Nomi Martin (1991) “Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of copula variation in African-American Vernacular English.” Language Variation and Change 3: 103-132.
63. Shepherd, Susan (1981) “Modals in Antiguan Creole, child language acquisition, and history,” unpublished dissertation, Stanford University.
64. Singler, John (1991) “Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English.” In Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford (eds.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press, pp. 129-164.
65. Slave Narratives. “Slave narratives: a folk history of slavery in the United States from interviews with former slaves” (typewritten records prepared by the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1938, assembled by the Library of Congress Project, Work Projects Administration). Washington, DC. (Available on microfilm in the Van Pelt Library, Film no. 1448.)
66. Spears, Arthur (1982) “The Black English semi-auxiliary come.” Language 58. 850-872.
67. Spears, Arthur (1990) “Haitian Creole tense, mood and aspect.” In Pidgin and Creole Tense- Mood-Aspect Systems, J. Singler (ed.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 119-142.
68. Stewart, William A. (1967) “Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American Negro dialects 1967.” The Florida FL Reporter 5.2 (Spring).
69. Stewart, William A. (1971) “Observations (1966) on the problems of defining Negro dialect.” The Florida FL Reporter (Spring/Fall): 47-49.
70. Taylor, Douglas (1977) Languages of the West Indies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
71. Torrey, Jane (1983) “Black children’s knowledge of standard English.” American Educational Research Journal 20: 627-643.
72. Vaughn-Cooke, Fay (1986) “Lexical diffusion: evidence from a decreolizing variety of Black English.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, M. Montgomery and G. Bailey (eds.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
73. Viereck, Wolfgang (1988) “Invariant BE in an unnoticed source of American early Black English.” American Speech 63: 291-303.
74. Winford, Donald (1992) “Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited.” Language Variation and Change 4: 311-357.
75. Winford, Donald (1993) “Variability in the use of the perfect have in Trinidadian English: A problem of categorical and semantic mismatch.” Language Variation and Change 5: 141-187.
76. Wolfram, Walt (1969) A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
77. Wolfram, Walt (1974) “The relationship of white Southern speech to vernacular Black English.” Language 50: 498-527.
78. Wolfram, Walt and Donna Christian (1976) Sociolinguistic Variables in Appalachian Dialects. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.