Remote Sensing of the Land Surface Radiation Budget

Remote Sensing of Energy Fluxes and Soil Moisture Content

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 121-162

  Liang, Shunlin ^a,b   Zhang, Xiaotong ^b   He, Tao ^a   Cheng, Jie ^b   Wang, Dongdong ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85136876889     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b15610-10     Document Type: Chapter

References (172)

1. Alados, I., I. Foyo-Moreno, and L. Alados-Arboledas. 2012. Estimation of downwelling longwave irradiance under all-sky conditions. Int. J. Climatol., 32(5): 781-793.
2. Alados, I., I. Foyo-Moreno, F. J. Olmo, and L. Alados-Arboledas. 2003. Relationship between net radiation and solar radiation for semi-arid shrub-land. Agric. For. Meteorol., 116: 221-227.
3. Anderson, G. P. et al. 1999. MODTRAN4: Radiative transfer modeling for remote sensing. Proc. SPIE, 3866.
4. Angstrom, A. 1924. Solar and terrestrial radiation. Report to the international commission for solar research on actinometric investigations of solar and atmospheric radiation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 50(210): 121-126.
5. Annear, R. L., and S. A. Wells. 2007. A comparison of five models for estimating clear-sky solar radiation. Water Resour. Res., 43(10): W10415.
6. Aubinet, M. 1994. Longwave sky radiation parameterizations. Solar Energy, 53: 147-154.
7. Augustine, J. A., J. Deluisi, and C. N. Long. 2000. SURFRAD-a national surface radiation budget network for atmospheric research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81(10): 2341-2357.
8. Augustine, J. A., G. B. Hodges, C. R. Cornwall, J. J. Michalsky, and C. I. Medina. 2005. An update on SURFRAD: The GCOS surface radiation budget network for the continental United States. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22(10): 1460-1472.
9. Baldocchi, D. et al. 2001. FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82: 2415-2434.
10. Bisht, G., and R. L. Bras. 2010. Estimation of net radiation from the MODIS data under all sky conditions: Southern Great Plains case study. Remote Sens. Environ., 114: 1522-1534.
11. Bisht, G., V. Venturini, S. Islam, and L. Jiang. 2005. Estimation of the net radiation using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) data for clear sky days. Remote Sens. Environ., 97: 52-67.
12. Breon, F. M., F. Maignan, M. Leroy, and I. Grant. 2002. Analysis of hot spot directional signatures measured from space. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D16): 15.
13. Brunt, D. 1932. Notes on radiation in the atmosphere. I. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 58(247): 389-420.
14. Brutsaert, W. 1975. On a derivable formula for long-wave radiation from clear skies. Water Resour. Res., 11(5): 742-744.
15. Chevallier, F., F. Cheruy, N. A. Scott, and A. Chedin. 1998. A neural network approach for a fast and accurate computation of a longwave radiative budget. J. Appl. Meteorol., 37(11): 1385-1397.
16. Choudhury, B. 1982. A parameterized model for global insolation under partially cloudy skies. Solar Energy, 29(6): 479-486.
17. Crawford, T. M., and C. E. Duchon. 1999. An improved parameterization for estimating effective atmospheric emissivity for use in calculating daytime downwelling longwave radiation. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 38(4): 474-480.
18. Csiszar, I., and G. Gutman. 1999. Mapping global land surface albedo from NOAA AVHRR. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D6): 6215-6228.
19. Cui, Y., Y. Mitomi, and T. Takamura. 2009. An empirical anisotropy correction model for estimating land surface albedo for radiation budget studies. Remote Sens. Environ., 113(1): 24-39.
20. Deneke, H. M., A. J. Feijt, and R. A. Roebeling. 2008. Estimating surface solar irradiance from METEOSAT SEVIRI-derived cloud properties. Remote Sens. Environ., 112(6): 3131-3141.
21. Dickinson, R. E. 1983. Land surface processes and climate surface albedos and energy balance. Adv. Geophys., 25: 305-353.
22. Dilley, A. C., and D. M. O’Brien. 1998. Estimating downward clear sky long-wave irradiance at the surface from screen temperature and precipitable water. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124(549): 1391-1401.
23. El-Metwally, M. 2004. Simple new methods to estimate global solar radiation based on meteorological data in Egypt. Atmos. Res., 69(3-4): 217-239.
24. Ellingson, R. G. 1995. Surface longwave fluxes from satellite observations: A critical review. Remote Sens. Environ., 51(1): 89-97.
25. Fang, H. L. et al. 2007. Developing a spatially continuous 1 km surface albedo dataset over North America from Terra MODIS products. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D20): D20206.
26. Flerchinger, G. N., W. Xaio, D. Marks, T. J. Sauer, and Q. Yu. 2009. Comparison of algorithms for incoming atmospheric long-wave radiation. Water Resour. Res., 45: W03423.
27. Frouin, R., C. Gautier, and J.-J. Morcrette. 1988. Downward longwave irradiance at the ocean surface from satellite data: Methodology and in-situ validation. J. Geophys. Res., 93(C1): 597-619.
28. Gao, F. et al. 2005. MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo Climate Modeling Grid products and the variability of albedo for major global vegetation types. J. Geophys. Res., 110(D1): D01104.
29. Garratt, J. R. 2001. Clear-sky longwave irradiance at the Earth’s surface-Evaluation of climate models. J. Climate, 14(7): 1647-1670.
30. Gastellu-Etchegorry, J. P., E. Martin, and F. Gascon. 2004. DART: A 3D model for simulating satellite images and studying surface radiation budget. Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(1): 73-96.
31. Geiger, B., D. Carrer, L. Franchisteguy, J. L. Roujean, and C. Meurey. 2008. Land surface albedo derived on a daily basis from Meteosat Second Generation observations. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46(11): 3841-3856.
32. Gilgen, H., and A. Ohmura. 1999. The global energy balance archive. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80(5): 831-850.
33. Gillespie, A. R. et al. 1998. A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36: 1113-1126.
34. Govaerts, Y., and A. Lattanzio. 2008. Estimation of surface albedo increase during the eighties Sahel drought from Meteosat observations. Global Planet. Change, 64(3-4): 139-145.
35. Govaerts, Y. M., S. Wagner, A. Lattanzio, and P. Watts. 2010. Joint retrieval of surface reflectance and aerosol optical depth from MSG/SEVIRI observations with an optimal estimation approach: 1. Theory. J. Geophys. Res., 115: D02203.
36. Gueymard, C. A. 2003. Direct solar transmittance and irradiance predictions with broadband models. Part I: detailed theoretical performance assessment. Solar Energy, 74(5): 355-379.
37. Gui, S., S. Liang, and L. Li. 2010. Evaluation of satellite-estimated surface longwave radiation using ground-based observations. J. Geophys. Res., 115: D18214.
38. Gupta, S. K. 1989. A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun-synchronous satellite data. J. Climate, 2: 305-320.
39. Gupta, S. K. 1997. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) algorithm theoretical basis document: An algorithm for longwave surface radiation budget for total skies (subsystem 4.6.3). Available at http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/ATBD/pdf/r2_2/ceres-atbd2.2-s4.6.3.pdf
40. Gupta, S. K., A. C. Wilber, W. L. Darnell, and J. T. Suttles. 1993. Longwave surface radiation over the globe from satellite data: An error analysis. Int. J. Remote Sens., 14(1): 95-114.
41. Gupta, S. K. K., P. David, P. W. Stackhouse, Jr., A. C. Wilber, T. Zhang, and V. E. Sothcott. 2009. Improvement of Surface Longwave Flux Algorithms Used in CERES Processing. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 49(7): 1579-1589.
42. Hansen, J., and L. Nazarenko. 2004. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(2): 423-428.
43. He, T. et al. 2012a. Estimation of surface albedo and directional reflectance from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. Remote Sens. Environ., 119: 286-300.
44. He, T. et al. 2012b. Daily-based estimation of surface albedo from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) observations. Submitted to J. Geophys. Res. in revision.
45. Houborg, R. M., and H. Soegaard. 2004. Regional simulation of ecosystem CO2 and water vapor exchange for agricultural land using NOAA AVHRR and Terra MODIS satellite data. Application to Zealand, Denmark. Remote Sens. Environ., 93(1-2): 150-167.
46. Houborg, R., H. Soegaard, and E. Boegh. 2007. Combining vegetation index and model inversion methods for the extraction of key vegetation biophysical parameters using Terra and Aqua MODIS reflectance data. Remote Sens. Environ., 106(1): 39-58.
47. Huang, G., M. Ma, S. Liang, S. Liu, and X. Li. 2011. A LUT-based approach to estimate surface solar irradiance by combining MODIS and MTSAT data. J. Geophys. Res., 116(D22): D22201.
48. Huang, G. H., S. M. Liu, and S. L. Liang. 2012. Estimation of net surface shortwave radiation from MODIS data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 33(3): 804-825.
49. Hulley, G. C., and S. J. Hook. 2009. Intercomparison of versions 4, 4.1 and 5 of the MODIS land surface temperature and emissivity products and validation with laboratory measurements of sand samples from the Namib desert, Namibia. Remote Sens. Environ., 113: 1313-1318.
50. Hurtado, E., and J. A. Sobrino. 2012. Daily net radiation estimated from air temperature and NOAA-AVHRR data: A case study for the lberian peninsula. Int. J. Remote Sens., 22(8): 1521-1533.
51. Idso, S. B. 1981. A set of equations for full spectrum and 8-to 14-and 10.5-to 12.5-thermal radiation from cloudless skies. Water Resour. Res., 17(2): 295-304.
52. Inamdar, A. K., and V. Ramanathan. 1997a. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) algorithm theoretical basis document: estimation of longwave surface radiation budget from CERES (subsystem 4.6.2). Available at http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/ATBD/pdf/r2_2/ceres-atbd2.2-s4.6.2.pdf
53. Inamdar, A. K., and V. Ramanathan. 1997b. On monitoring the atmospheric greenhouse effect from space. Tellus, 49(2): 216-230.
54. Insightful. 2005. S-PLUS 7 for UNIX User Guide. Seattle, WA.
55. Irmak, S. et al. 2003. Predicting daily net radiation using minimum climatological data. J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 129(4): 256-269.
56. Kaminsky, K. Z., and R. Dubayah. 1997. Estimation of surface net radiation in the boreal forest and northern prairie. J. Geophys. Res., 102(D24): 29, 707-29, 716.
57. Kim, H. Y., and S. L. Liang. 2010. Development of a hybrid method for estimating land surface shortwave net radiation from MODIS data. Remote Sens. Environ., 114(11): 2393-2402.
58. Kjaersgaard, J. H., R. H. Cuenca, and F. L. Plauborg. 2007a. Long-term comparison of net radiation calculation schemes. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 123: 417-431.
59. Kjaersgaard, J. H., F. L. Plauborg, and S. Hansen. 2007b. Comparison of models for calculating daytime long-wave irradiance using long term dataset. Agric. For. Meteorol., 143(1-2): 49-63.
60. Krasnopolsky, V. M., M. S. Fox-Rabinovitz, and D. V. Chalikov. 2005. New approach to calculation of atmospheric model physics: Accurate and fast neural network emulation of longwave radiation in a climate model. Mon. Weather Rev., 133(5): 1370-1383.
61. Kuusk, A. 1995a. A fast, invertible canopy reflectance model. Remote Sens. Environ., 51(3): 342-350.
62. Kuusk, A. 1995b. A Markov-chain model of canopy reflectance. Agric. For. Meteorol., 76(3-4): 221-236.
63. Lacaze, R., J. L. Roujean, and J. P. Goutorbe. 1999. Spatial distribution of Sahelian land surface properties from airborne POLDER multiangular observations. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D10): 12, 131-12, 146.
64. Leroy, M. et al. 1997. Retrieval of atmospheric properties and surface bidirectional reflectances over land from POLDER/ADEOS. J. Geophys. Res., 102(D14): 17, 023-17, 037.
65. Lewis, P. et al. 2012. GlobAlbedo Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document V3.1. Available at http://www.globalbedo.org/docs/GlobAlbedo_Albedo_ATBD_V3.1.pdf
66. Lhomme, J. P., J. J. Vacher, and A. Rocheteau. 2007. Estimating downward long-wave radiation on the Andean Altiplano. Agric. For. Meteorol., 145(3-4): 139-148.
67. Li, X. W., and A. H. Strahler. 1992. Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the DISCRETE crown vegetation canopy effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30(2): 276-292.
68. Liang, S., J. C. Stroeve, I. F. Grant, A. H. Strahler, and J. P. Duvel. 2000. Angular corrections to satellite data for estimating earth radiation budget. Remote Sens. Rev., 18(2-4): 103-136.
69. Liang, S. L. 2001. Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I Algorithms. Remote Sens. Environ., 76(2): 213-238.
70. Liang, S. L. 2003. A direct algorithm for estimating land surface broadband albedos from MODIS imagery. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41(1): 136-145.
71. Liang, S. L. 2007. Recent developments in estimating land surface biogeophysical variables from optical remote sensing. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 31(5): 501-516.
72. Liang, S. L., B. Jiang, T. He, and X. F. Zhu. 2012b. Soil moisture content. In: S. Liang, X. Li and J. Wang (Editors), Advanced remote sensing: Terrestrial information extraction and applications. Academic Press, pp. 589-614.
73. Liang, S. L. 2004. Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surface. John Wiley, New York.
74. Liang, S. L. et al. 2006. Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D15): D15208.
75. Liang, S. L., B. Jiang, T. He, and X. F. Zhu. 2012b. Soil moisture content. In Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications. S. Liang, X. Li, and J. Wang (Editors), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 589-614.
76. Liang, S. L., X. Li, and J. Wang (Ed.). 2012a. Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
77. Liang, S. L., A. H. Strahler, and C. Walthall. 1999. Retrieval of land surface albedo from satellite observations: A simulation study. J. Appl. Meteorol., 38(6): 712-725.
78. Liang, S. L., J. Stroeve, and J. E. Box. 2005. Mapping daily snow/ice shortwave broadband albedo from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): The improved direct retrieval algorithm and validation with Greenland in situ measurement. J. Geophys. Res., 110(D10): D10109.
79. Liang, S. L., K. C. Wang, X. T. Zhang, and M. Wild. 2010. Review on estimation of land surface radiation and energy budgets from ground measurement, remote sensing and model simulations. IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 3(3): 225-240.
80. Liang, S. et al. 2013. A long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) dataset for environmental studies. Int. J. Digital Earth, doi:10.1080/17538947.17532013.17805262.
81. Liu, N. et al. 2013. Mapping spatially-temporally continuous shortwave albedo for global land surface from MODIS data. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17: 2121-2129, doi:2110.5194/hess-2117-2121-2013.
82. Liu, Q., L. Wang, Y. Qu, N. Liu, S. Liu, H. Tang, and S. L. Liang. 2013. Preliminary evaluation of the long-term GLASS albedo product. Int. J. Digital Earth, doi:10.1080/17538947.17532013.17804601.
83. Liu, R., S. Liang, H. He, J. Liu, and T. Zheng. 2008. Mapping incident photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS data over China. Remote Sens. Environ., 112: 998-1009.
84. Liu, S. H., Q. A. Liu, Q. H. Liu, J. G. Wen, and X. W. Li. 2010. The angular and spectral kernel model for BRDF and albedo retrieval. IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 3(3): 241-256.
85. Loarie, S. R., D. B. Lobell, G. P. Asner, Q. Mu, and C. B. Field. 2011. Direct impacts on local climate of sugar-cane expansion in Brazil. Nature Climate Change, 1(2): 105-109.
86. Lu, N., R. Liu, J. Liu, and S. Liang. 2010. An algorithm for estimating downward shortwave radiation from GMS-5 visible Imagery and its evaluation over China. J. Geophys. Res., 115: D18102, doi:10.1029/2009JD013457.
87. Lucht, W., C. B. Schaaf, and A. H. Strahler. 2000. An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 38(2): 977-998.
88. Lyons, E. A., Y. F. Jin, and J. T. Randerson. 2008. Changes in surface albedo after fire in boreal forest ecosystems of interior Alaska assessed using MODIS satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 113(G2): 15.
89. Ma, Y., L. Zhong, Y. Wang, and Z. Su. 2012. Using NOAA/AVHRR data to determine regional net radiation and soil heat fluxes over the heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Remote Sens., 33(15): 4784-4795.
90. Maignan, F., F. M. Breon, and R. Lacaze. 2004. Bidirectional reflectance of Earth targets: Evaluation of analytical models using a large set of spaceborne measurements with emphasis on the Hot Spot. Remote Sens. Environ., 90(2): 210-220.
91. Martonchik, J. V. et al. 1998. Determination of land and ocean reflective, radiative, and biophysical properties using multiangle imaging. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36(4): 1266-1281.
92. Maykut, G. A., and P. E. Church. 1973. Radiation climate of Barrow Alaska, 1962-66. J. Appl. Meteorol., 12(4): 620-628.
93. Meerkoetter, R., and H. Grassl. 1984. Longwave net flux at the ground from radiances at the top. IRS’84: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, G. Fiocco, Ed., A. Deepak, 220-223.
94. Muller, J. P. et al. 2012. The ESA GlobAlbedo project for mapping the Earth’s land surface albedo for 15 years from European sensors, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2012. IEEE, New Brunswick, NJ.
95. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 2011. Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Surface Albedo Algorithm theoretical basis document (for public release), Greenbelt, MD.
96. Niemelä, S., P. Räisänen, and H. Savijärvi. 2001. Comparison of surface radiative flux parameterizations: Part I: Longwave radiation. Atmos. Res., 58(1): 1-18.
97. Nussbaumer, E. A., and P. T. Pinker. 2012. Estimating surface longwave radiative fluxes from satellites utilizing artificial neural networks. J. Geophys. Res., 117(D7): D07209.
98. Offerle, B., P. Jonsson, I. Eliasson, and C. S. B. Grimmond. 2005. Urban modification of the surface energy balance in the West African Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. J. Clim., 18(19): 3983-3995.
99. Ohmura, A. et al. 1998. Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP): New precision radiometry for climate research. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 79(10): 2115-2136.
100. Oreopoulos, L. et al. 2012. The continual intercomparison of radiation codes: Results from phase I. J. Geophys. Res., 117(D6): D06118.
101. Paulescu, M., and Z. Schlett. 2003. A simplified but accurate spectral solar irradiance model. Theoret. Appl. Climatol., 75(3): 203-212.
102. Pinker, R. T. et al. 2003. Surface radiation budgets in support of the GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) and the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP), including the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) Project. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22): 8844.
103. Pinker, R. T., and I. Laszlo. 1992. Modeling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale. J. Appl. Meteorol., 31(2): 194-211.
104. Pinty, B. et al. 2006. Simplifying the interaction of land surfaces with radiation for relating remote sensing products to climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D2): D02116.
105. Pinty, B. et al. 2000a. Surface albedo retrieval from Meteosat-1. Theory. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D14): 18, 099-18, 112.
106. Pinty, B. et al. 2000b. Surface albedo retrieval from Meteosat-2. Applications. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D14): 18, 113-18, 134.
107. Pokrovsky, O., and J. L. Roujean. 2003. Land surface albedo retrieval via kernel-based BRDF modeling: I. Statistical inversion method and model comparison. Remote Sens. Environ., 84(1): 100-119.
108. Prata, A. J. 1996. A new long-wave formula for estimating downward clear-sky radiation at the surface. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122(533): 1127-1151.
109. Prata, F. 2008. The climatological record of clear-sky longwave radiation at the Earth’s surface: evidence for water vapour feedback? Int. J. Remote Sens., 29(17-18): 5247-5263.
110. Psiloglou, B. E., and H. D. Kambezidis. 2007. Performance of the meteorological radiation model during the solar eclipse of 29 March 2006. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7: 6047-6059.
111. Qu, Y., Q. Liu, S. L. Liang, L. Wang, N. Liu, and S. Liu. 2013. Direct-estimation algorithm for mapping daily land-surface broadband albedo from MODIS data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., doi:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2245670.
112. Rahman, H., B. Pinty, and M. M. Verstraete. 1993. Coupled Surface-Atmosphere Reflectance (CSAR) model. 2. Semiempirical surface model usable with NOAA Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer data. J. Geophys. Res., 98(D11): 20, 791-20, 801.
113. Roujean, J. L., M. Leroy, and P. Y. Deschamps. 1992. A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth’s surface for the correction of remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res., 97(D18): 20, 455-20, 468.
114. Running, S. W., R. Nemani, J. M. Glassy, and P. E. Thornton. 1999. MODIS daily Photosynthesis (PSN) and annual Net Primary Production (NPP) product (MOD17). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Version 3.0. Available at http://ntsg.umt.edu/sites/ntsg.umt.edu/files/modis/ATBD/ATBD_MOD17_v21.pdf.
115. Running, S. W., P. E. Thornton, R. Nemani, and J. M. Glassy. 2000. Global terrestrial gross and net primary productivity from the earth observing system. In Methods in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York, pp. 44-57.
116. Ryu, Y., S. Kang, S.-K. Moon, and J. Kim. 2008. Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days. Agric. For. Meteorol., 148: 1538-1552.
117. Santer, B. D. et al. 2007. Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104(39): 15, 248-15, 253.
118. Schaaf, C. B. et al. 2002. First operational BRDF, albedo nadir reflectance products from MODIS. Remote Sens. Environ., 83(1-2): 135-148.
119. Schmetz, J. 1989. Towards a surface radiation climatology: Retrieval of downward irradiances from satellites. Atmos. Res., 23(3-4): 287-321.
120. Schmetz, P., J. Schmetz, and E. Raschke. 1986. Estimation of daytime downward longwave radiation at the surface from satellite and grid point data. Theoret. Appl. Climatol., 37(3): 136-149.
121. Smith, W. L., and H. M. Wolfe. 1983. Geostationary satellite sounder (VAS) observations of longwave radiation flux, The satellite systems to measure radiation budget parameters and climate change signal, Igls, Austria.
122. Stackhouse, Jr., P. W., S. K. Gupta, S. J. Cox, J. C. Mikovitz, T. Zhang, and L. M. Hinkelman. 2011. The NASA/GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget Release 3.0: 24.5-Year Dataset. GEWEX News, 21, No. 1, February, 10-12.
123. Stephens, G. L. et al. 2011. The global character of the flux of downward longwave radiation. J. Clim., 25(7): 2329-2340.
124. Stephens, G. L. et al. 2012. An update on Earth’s energy balance in light of the latest global observations. Nature Geosci., 5(10): 691-696.
125. Stephens, G. L., and Y. Hu. 2010. Are climate-related changes to the character of global-mean precipitation predictable? Environ. Res. Lett., 5(2): 025209.
126. Steyaert, L. T., and R. G. Knox. 2008. Reconstructed historical land cover and biophysical parameters for studies of land-atmosphere interactions within the eastern United States. J. Geophys. Res., 113(D2): D02101.
127. Stroeve, J. et al. 2005. Accuracy assessment of the MODIS 16-day albedo product for snow: Comparisons with Greenland in situ measurements. Remote Sens. Environ., 94(1): 46-60.
128. Sugita, M., and W. Brutsaert. 1993. Cloud effect in the estimation of instantaneous downward longwave radiation. Water Resour. Res., 29(3): 599-605.
129. Swinbank, W. C. 1963. Long-wave radiation from clear skies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 89(381): 339-348.
130. Swinbank, W. C. 1964. Long-wave radiation from clear skies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 90(386): 488-493.
131. Tang, B., and Z. L. Li. 2008. Estimation of instantaneous net surface longwave radiation from MODIS cloud-free data. Remote Sens. Environ., 112(9): 3482-3492.
132. Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo. 2012. Tracking Earth’s energy: From El Niño to global warming. Surv. Geophys., doi: 10.1007/s10712-011-9150-2.
133. Unsworth, M. H., and J. L. Monteith. 1975. Long-wave radiation at the ground I. Angular distribution of incoming radiation. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 101(427): 13-24.
134. Uppala, S. M. et al. 2005. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131(612): 2961-3012.
135. Vermote, E. F., D. Tanre, J. L. Deuze, M. Herman, and J. J. Morcrette. 1997. Second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum, 6S: An overview. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35(3): 675-686.
136. Wagner, S. C., Y. M. Govaerts, and A. Lattanzio. 2010. Joint retrieval of surface reflectance and aerosol optical depth from MSG/SEVIRI observations with an optimal estimation approach: 2. Implementation and evaluation. J. Geophys. Res., 115: D02204.
137. Wan, Z., and J. Dozier. 1996. A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature form space. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34: 892-905.
138. Wan, Z., and Z.-L. Li. 1997. A Physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS/MODIS data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35(4): 980-996.
139. Wan, Z., Y. L. Zhang, Q. C. Zhang, and Z.-L. Li. 2002. Validation of the land surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data. Remote Sens. Environ., 83(12): 163-180.
140. Wan, Z., Y. Zhang, Q. C. Zhang, and Z.-L. Li. 2004. Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature. Int. J. Remote Sens., 25(1): 261-274.
141. Wang, D., S. Liang, R. Liu, and T. Zheng. 2010. Estimation of daily-integrated PAR from sparse satellite observations: comparison of temporal scaling methods. Int. J. Remote Sens., 31(6): 1661-1677.
142. Wang, H., and R. T. Pinker. 2009. Shortwave radiative fluxes from MODIS: Model development and implementation. J. Geophys. Res., 114: D20201.
143. Wang, K., R. E. Dickinson, and S. Liang. 2009a. Clear sky visibility has decreased over land globally from 1973 to 2007. Science, 323(5920): 1468-1470.
144. Wang, K., and S. Liang. 2009a. Estimation of daytime net radiation from shortwave radiation measurements and meteorological observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48: 634-643.
145. Wang, K., and S. Liang. 2009b. Evaluation of ASTER and MODIS land surface temperature and emissivity products using long-term surface longwave radiation observations at SURFRAD sites. Remote Sens. Environ., 113(7): 1556-1565.
146. Wang, K., and S. Liang. 2009c. Global atmospheric downward longwave radiation over land surface under all-sky conditions from 1973 to 2008. J. Geophys. Res., 114(D19): D19101.
147. Wang, K. C., R. E. Dickinson, and Q. Ma. 2012. Terrestrial evapotranspiration. In Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications (S. Liang, X. Li, and J. Wang, Eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 557-588.
148. Wang, W., and S. Liang. 2009d. Estimation of high-spatial resolution clear-sky longwave downward and net radiation over land surfaces from MODIS data. Remote Sens. Environ., 113(4): 745-754.
149. Wang, W., S. Liang, and J. A. Augustine. 2009b. Estimating high spatial resolution clear-sky land surface upwelling longwave radiation from MODIS Data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 47(5): 1559-1570.
150. Wang, W. H. 2012. Surface longwave radiation budget. In Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications (S. Liang, X. Li, and J. Wang, Eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 273-300.
151. Wang, W. H., and S. L. Liang. 2010. A method for estimating clear-sky instantaneous land surface longwave radiation with GOES sounder and GOES-R ABI data. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 7(4): 708-712.
152. Wanner, W., X. Li, and A. H. Strahler. 1995. On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance. J. Geophys. Res., 100(D10): 21, 077-21, 089.
153. Wielicki, B. A. et al. 1996. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth observing system experiment. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 77(5): 853-868.
154. Wielicki, B. A. et al. 1998. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): Algorithm overview. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36(4): 1127-1141.
155. Wild, M. 2008. Short-wave and long-wave surface radiation budgets in GCMs: A review based on the IPCC-AR4/CMIP3 models. Tellus Ser. A, 60(5): 932-945.
156. Wild, M. 2011. Enlightening global dimming and brightening. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 93(1): 27-37.
157. Wild, M., J. Grieser, and C. Schär. 2008. Combined surface solar brightening and increasing greenhouse effect support recent intensification of the global land-based hydrological cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(17): L17706.
158. Wu, H., X. Zhang, S. Liang, H. Yang, and G. Zhou. 2012. Estimation of clear-sky land surface longwave radiation from MODIS data products by merging multiple models. J. Geophys. Res., 117: D22107.
159. Xu, B. Q. et al. 2009. Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106(52): 22, 114-22, 118.
160. Yang, K., J. He, W. Tang, J. Qin, and C. C. K. Cheng. 2010. On downward shortwave and longwave radiations over high altitude regions: Observation and modeling in the Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol., 150(1): 38-46.
161. Yang, K., T. Koike, and B. Ye. 2006. Improving estimation of hourly, daily, and monthly solar radiation by importing global datasets. Agric. For. Meteorol., 137(1-2): 43-55.
162. Zhang, X., S. Liang, G. Zhou, and H. Wu. 2012a. Incident solar radiation. In Advanced Remote Sensing: Terrestrial Information Extraction and Applications (S. Liang, X. Li, and J. Wang, Eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 127-173.
163. Zhang, X., S. Liang, G. Zhou, and H. Wu. 2012b. Mapping global incident downward shortwave radiation and photosynthetically active radiation over land surfaces using multiple satellite data. J. Geophys. Res., under review.
164. Zhang, X. T., S. L. Liang, K. C. Wang, L. Li, and S. Gui. 2010. Analysis of global land surface shortwave broadband albedo from multiple data sources. IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 3(3): 296-305.
165. Zhang, Y.-C. and W. B. Rossow. 2002. New ISCCP global radiative flux data products. GEWEX News, 12(4): 7.
166. Zhang, Y., W. B. Rossow, A. A. Lacis, V. Oinas, and M. I. Mishchenko. 2004. Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global datasets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data. J. Geophys. Res., 109: D19105.
167. Zhang, Y. C., W. B. Rossow, and A. A. Lacis. 1995. Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP datasets. 1. method and sensitivity to input data uncertainties. J. Geophys. Res., 100(D1): 1149-1165.
168. Zheng, T., S. Liang, and K. C. Wang. 2008. Estimation of incident PAR from GOES imagery. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47: 853-868.
169. Zheng, T., and S. L. Liang. 2011. A Bayesian approach to integrate satellite-estimated instantaneous photosynthetically active radiation product for daily value calculation. J. Geophys. Res., 116: D15202.
170. Zhou, Y., and R. D. Cess. 2001. Algorithm development strategies for retrieving the downwelling longwave flux at the Earth’s surface. J. Geophys. Res., 106(D12): 12, 477-12, 488.
171. Zhou, Y., D. P. Kratz, A. C. Wilber, S. K. Gupta, and R. D. Cess. 2007. An improved algorithm for retrieving surface downwelling longwave radiation from satellite measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112(D15): D15102.
172. Zhu, X. F., S. L. Liang, Y. Z. Pan, and X. T. Zhang. 2011. Agricultural irrigation impacts on land surface characteristics detected from satellite data products in Jilin Province, China. IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 4(3): 721-729.