Exploring the Genesis of Early Arabic Linguistic Thought: Qur'anic Readers and Grammarians of the Basran Tradition (Part II)

Journal of Qur'anic Studies

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 1-47

  Shah, Mustafa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85129128584     PISSN: 14653591     EISSN: 17551730     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3366/jqs.2003.5.2.1     Document Type: Article

References (263)

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2. Kamāl al-Dīn Abū'l-Barakāt ibn al-Anbārī, Nuzhat al-alibbā' fī tabaqāt al-udabā', ed. Ibrāhīm al-Samarā'ī (al-Zarqā': Maktabat al-Manār, 1985), henceforth Nuzhat
3. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt 'alā anbāh al-nuhāt, ed. Muhammad Abū'l-Fadl Ibrāhīm (4 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 1956), henceforth Inbāh
4. Jalāl al-DIn 'Abd al-Rahmān al-Suyūtī, Bughyat alwu'āt fī tabaqāt al-lughawiyyīn wa'l-nuhāt, ed. Muhammad Abū'l-Fadl Ibrāhīm (2 vols. Beirut: Maktabat al-'Asriyya, 1964), henceforth Bughyat
5. Muhammad ibn al-Hasan alZubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, ed. Muhammad Abū'l-Fadl Ibrāhīm (Cairo: Dār al-Ma'ārif, 1973).
6. nd edn (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997)
7. See art. 'Sībawayhi', vol. 9, pp. 524-31, esp. p. 525
8. See also 'When Did the Arabic Word Nahw First Come to Denote Grammar', Language and Communication 5:4 (1985), pp. 265-72, p. 265
9. 'Arabic Grammar' in Religion, Learning and Science in the Abbasid Period, Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, pp. 118f
10. Also Carter's 'Writing the History of Arabic Grammar', Historiographia Linguistica 21 (1994), pp. 385-414 (review article).
11. Carter, Language and Communication 5:4 (1985), p. 265.
12. Kees Versteegh, Arabic Grammar and Qufanic Exegesis in Early Islam (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993)
13. see his work entitled The Arabic Language (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), pp. 55-6.
14. Versteegh's views prior to his thesis regarding the influence of the exegetical tradition are presented in 'Arabic Grammar and Corruption of Speech', al-Abhāth 31 (1983), pp. 139-60
15. idem, 'Zayd ibn 'All's Commentary on the Qur'an' in Y. Suleiman (ed.), Arabic Grammar and Linguistics (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), pp. 9-29
16. For a survey of the major fields of early Islamic scholarship, see George Makdisi's The Rise of Humanism in ClassicalIslam and the Christian West (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990), esp. pp. 121-46.
17. Werner Diem, 'Some Glimpses at the Rise and Early Development of the Arabic Orthography', Orientalia 45 (1976), pp. 251-61, p. 252.
18. John Healey, The Early Alphabet, pp. 197-257
19. Reproduced in Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet, introduced by T.J. Hooker (London: Guild Publishing, 1990), p. 248.
20. Nabia Abbott, The Rise of the North Arabic Script and its Kur'anic Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), p. 8.
21. See Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān, ed. J.D. McAuliffe (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2001), and her entry 'Arabic Script', pp. 135-44, esp. p. 138
22. Note also her work, The Development of the Arabic Scripts. From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts (Atlanta, 1993).
23. A summary of these accounts is presented by Abbott, The Rise ofthe North Arabic Script, p. 5
24. See also Johannes Pedersen (trans. Geoffrey French, ed. R. Hillenbrand), The Arabic Book (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 72-7
25. cf. Estelle Whelan, 'Writing the Word of God: Some Early Qur'an Manuscripts and their Milieux, Part V, Ars Orientalis 10 (1989).
26. rd edn (Beirut: Dār al-Masīra, 1988), p. 9.
27. Abbott, The Rise of the North Arabic Script, p. 17
28. See Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Durayd, Jamharat al-lugha, ed. Ramzi Baalbaki (3 vols. Beirut: Dār al-'Ilm li'l-Malayīn, 1987), vol. 1, p. 484.
29. Abbott, The Rise ofthe NorthArabic Script, p. 17.
30. Francois Deroche, The Abbasid Tradition: Qur'ans of the 8th to 10th Centuries (London: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions & Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 12.
31. See art. 'Calligraphy' in Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān, p. 280.
32. Abbott, The Rise ofthe North Arabic Script, p. 22
33. Cf. Adolf Grohmann, 'The Problem of Dating the Early Qur'āns', Der Islam 33 (1958), pp. 213-31, esp. pp. 216-18.
34. Deroche, Abbasid, p. 27
35. 'Calligraphy', p. 280
36. Deroche, Abbasid, p. 16.
37. Diem, Orientalia 45 (1976), pp. 251-61, p. 255.
38. Abbott, The Rise of the North Arabic Script, pp. 38-40 & 54-5.
39. B. Gruendler, art. 'Arabic Script', Encyclopaedia ofthe Qur'an, pp. 139-40.
40. Adolf Grohmann, From the World of Arabic Papyri (Cairo: al-Ma'ārif Press, 1952), pp. 82-5
41. Cf. B. Moritz, Arabic Palaeography (Cairo: Bibliothèque Khédivale, 1905).
42. Alphonse Mingana & Agnes Smith Lewis, Leaves from Three Ancient Qurans Possibly Pre-'Othmanlc With a List of their Variants (Cambridge: CUP, 1914), pp. xxxiif.
43. cf. E. Beck, ''Arabiyya, Sunna und 'Āmma in der Koranlesung des zweiten Jahrhunderts', Orientalia 15 (1946), pp. 180-224
44. cf. E. Beck, 'Studien zur Geschichte der Kūfischen Koranlesung in den beiden ersten Jahrhunderten', Orientalia 17 (1948), pp. 326-55.
45. Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Damashqī ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fī 'l-qira'āt al-'ashr, ed. 'Alī Muhammad al-Dabbā' (2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, n.d.), henceforth al-Nashr, pp. 11-12.
46. See al-Muqni' fī ma'rifat marsūm masāhif ahl al-amsār, ed. M. Dahmān (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1983), p. 115
47. see Part 1 of this article, Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), p. 63.
48. see Khalīl Semaan, Linguistics in the Middle Ages, Phonetic Studies in Early Islam (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1968), pp. 14-15
49. See also M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, 'Qur'anic Orthography: The Written Representation of the Recited Text of the Qur'an', Islamic Quarterly (1983), pp. 171-92
50. E.J. Revell, 'The Diacritical Dots and the Development of the Arabic Alphabet', Journal of Semitic Studies 20 (1975), pp. 178-90.
51. Versteegh, Arabic Grammar, p. 31.
52. Art. 'Arabic Script', pp. 139-41
53. Healey, The Early Alphabet, pp. 197-257
54. See also Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pp. 55-7.
55. Mingana & Smith Lewis, Leaves from Three Ancient Qurāns, p. xxx.
56. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 6
57. An extensive bibliography and biography of the principal Basran luminaries is presented in F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums (Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1984), vol. 9 ('Grammatik'), pp. 31-72.
58. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 6.
59. Abū 'Amr 'Uthmān ibn Sa'īd al-Dānī, al-Muhkam fī naqt al-masāhif ed. 'Izzat Hasan, 2nd edn (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1986), pp. 4-5.
60. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 7
61. Cf. Yasin Dutton, 'Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots and Blue: Some Reflections on the Vocalisation of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts (Parts I and II)', Journal of Qur'anic Studies 1:1 (1999), pp. 115-40, and 2:1 (2000), pp. 1-24.
62. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 4 and pp. 6-9.
63. Deroche, Abbasid, p. 32
64. see Pedersen, The Arabic Book, pp. 75-80.
65. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 6.
66. This is Pierre Cachia's translation of these terms: The Monitor, a Dictionary ofArabic Grammatical Terms (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), see p. 40
67. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 7
68. See also Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pp. 56-7.
69. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 22.
70. Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Damashqī ibn al-Jazarī, Ghāyat al-nlhāya fī tabaqāt al-qurrā' ed. Gotthelf Bergsträsser & Otto Pretzl (Cairo: Matba'at al-Sa'āda, 1935), henceforth Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 345, vol. 2, p. 336
71. Cf. al-Muqni', p. 115.
72. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 104-5.
73. Abū Zakariyyā' Yahyā ibn Ziyād al-Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, ed. M. Najjār & A. Najātī (3 vols. Cairo: n.p., 1980), vol. 2, p. 240.
74. Abū Ahmad al-Hasan ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Sa'Id al-'Askarī, Sharh mā yaqa' fīhi al-tashīf wa'l-tahrīf ed. 'Abd al-'Azīz Ahmad (Cairo: Matba'at Mustafā al-Bābī, 1963), pp. 13-14.
75. Dāni, Muhkam, pp. 22-3.
76. Abū 'Abd Allāh Ya'qūb ibn 'Abd Allāh Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā' (5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1991), vol. 5, p. 553.
77. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, p. 336.
78. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwtyyīn, p. 29.
79. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā' vol. 2, p. 381.
80. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 26.
81. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 381
82. See Part 1 of this article, Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), pp. 62f.
83. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwlyyīn, p. 21.
84. R. Talmon 'An Eighth-Century Grammatical School in Medinah: The Collection and Evaluation of the Available Material', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1985:48), pp. 224-36
85. R. Talmon 'Schacht's Theory in the Light of Recent Discoveries Concerning the Origins of Arabic Grammar', Studta Islamlca (1987-8), pp. 31-50, seep. 43.
86. Talmon, Studia Islamica (1987-8), p. 45.
87. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 6.
88. R. Talmon in a number of articles: 'Who was the First Grammarian? A New Approach to an Old Problem' in Hartmut Bobzin & Kees Versteegh (eds), Studies in the History of Arabic Grammar. Proceedings of the First Symposium on the History of Arabic Grammar. Nijmegen 16-19th April 1984 (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985), pp. 124-45
89. see his survey entitled 'Grammar and the Qur'an' in Encyclopaedia ofthe Qu'ran, vol. 2.
90. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 6.
91. Cf. Muhkam, p. 20.
92. Abbott, Rise of the North, p. 41 and p. 59.
93. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 14-5.
94. Deroche, Abbasid, p. 22.
95. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 11
96. Cf. Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūtī, al-Itqān fī 'ulūm al-Qur'ān, ed. Muhammad Salīm Hāshim (2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, n.d.).
97. Muhammad 'Abd Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba, Ta'wīl mushkll al-Qur'ān, ed. Ahmad Saqr, 2nd edn (Cairo: Dār al-Turāth, 1973), p. 70
98. See Lecomte's he traitédes divergences du hadīth (Institute Francais de Damas, 1962)
99. Rivalry between the two is palpable in his Kitāb al-addād, ed. Muhammad Abū'l-Fadl Ibrāhīm (Beirut, Sidon: alMaktabat al-'Asriyya, 1987), pp. 93, 95, 186f, 226f, 241, 308.
100. Abū'l-Husayn Ahmad ibn Fāris ibn Zakariyyā', al-Sāhibī fi fiqh al-lugha al-'arablyya wa sunan al-'Arab fi kalāmihā, ed. Ahmad Saqr (Cairo: Dār Ihyā' al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, n.d.), pp. 10-15.
101. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 602.
102. Dānī, Muhkam, p. 9.
103. Ibn al-Jazari, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, p. 340.
104. Dānī, Muqni', p. 72 and p. 79.
105. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 8-9.
106. Ibn al-Jazari, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, p. 2.
107. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 8-9.
108. Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, vol. 1, pp. 172-3. And vol. 3, p. 71
109. Ibn Mujāhid, Kitābal-Sab'a fi' l-qirā'āt, ed. Shawqī Dayf, 2nd edn (Cairo: Dār al-Ma'ārif, 1400 A.H.), pp. 188-9.
110. Ibn Mujāhid, Kitāb al-Sab'a fi 'l-qirā'āt, p. 236.
111. See Part 1 of this article, Journal ofQur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), pp. 64-5
112. The liturgical sugnificance of scripture can be gauged in William Graham, Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987)
113. See also William Graham, 'Qur'ān as Spoken Word: an Islamic Contribution to the Understanding of Scripture' in R. Martin (ed.), Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies (University of Arizona Press, 1985), pp. 23-40.
114. John Wansbrough, The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition of Islamic Salvation History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
115. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 410.
116. Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, vol. 1, pp. 182-3
117. Cf. Sīrāfī, Akhbār al-nahwiyyīn al-Basriyyīn, ed. Muhammad al-Bannā (Cairo: Dār al-I'tisām, 1985), p. 44.
118. Muhammad al-Jumahī ibn Sallām, Tabaqātfuhūl al-shu'arā', ed. Tāhā Ahmad Ibrāhīm (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1988), p. 32.
119. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 33.
120. Abū Bishr 'Amr ibn 'Uthmān Sībawayhi, al-Kitāb, ed. 'Abd al-Salām Hārūn (5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1991), vol. 1, p. 148.
121. Ibn Sallām, Tabaqāt, p. 30.
122. Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Khālawayhi, Mukhtasar fī shawādhdh al-Qur'ān (Cairo: Maktabat al-Mutanabbī, n.d.), p. 134
123. Cf. Sībawayhi, al-Kitāb, vol. 1, p. 148.
124. Versteegh, Arabic Grammar, p. 162.
125. R. Talmon, 'Who was the First Grammarian?' p. 143.
126. Sīrāfī, Akhbār al-nahwiyyīn al-Basriyyīn, pp. 43f.
127. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 613.
128. Ibn Khālawayhi, Mukhtasar, p. 65.
129. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 41.
130. Versteegh, Arabic Grammar, p. 148.
131. 'Abd al-Wāhid ibn 'Alī Abū Tayyib, Marātib al-nahwiyyīn, ed. Muhammad Abū'l-Fadl Ibrāhīm (Cairo: Maktabat Nahdat Misr, 1955), p. 23
132. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 42.
133. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 5, p. 519.
134. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997), pp. 524-5
135. See also his unpublished PhD thesis for a discussion of the alleged contributors to Sibawayhi's thought: 'A Study of Slbawayhi's Principles of Grammatical Analysis' (1968), Chapter 1
136. see Versteegh, Arabic Grammar. See Chapter 5, pp. 160-90, esp. pp. 162-3.
137. Versteegh, Arabic Grammar, p. 205.
138. See Part 1 of this article, Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), p. 51.
139. H. Berg, The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period (London: Curzon Press, 2000), pp. 73-8 and pp. 114-18.
140. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol 2, pp. 41-2.
141. Macrifa, vol. 1, p. 71.
142. Shihāb al-Dīn al-Qastalānī, Lata'if al-ishārāt li-funūn al-qira'āt, vol. 1, p. 181
143. see Part 1 of this article, Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), pp. 60-1.
144. Cf. Paul Kahle, 'The Arabic Readers of the Qur'an', Journal of Near Eastern Studies 8 (April, 1949), pp. 65-71.
145. S. Sālim, 'Isā Ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafī: nahwuhu min khilāl qlrā'atihi (Beirut: Mu'assassat al-Aclami; Baghdad: Dār al-Tarbiyya, 1975).
146. Ibn Mujāhid, Kitāb al-Sab'a, p. 65.
147. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, p. 167.
148. Abū Tayyib, Marātib al-nahwiyyīn, pp. 100-1
149. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 8-9.
150. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, pp. 73f.
151. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwlyyīn, pp. 73f
152. Cf. Talmon 'An Eighth-Century Grammatical School in Medinah', pp. 232-34.
153. Talmon, 'An Eighth-Century Grammatical School in Medinah', pp. 224-36.
154. Abū Tayyib, Marātlb al-nahwlyyīn, p. 25.
155. Kamāl al-Dīn Abū'l-Barakāt ibn al-Anbārī, Nuzhat al-allbbā' fī tabaqāt al-udabā', p. 30
156. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 3, p. 348.
157. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā' vol. 1, pp. 288-92.
158. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 39.
159. For a full survey of quotations and teachers see G. Troupeau, Lexlque-lndex du Kitāb Sībawayhi (Paris: 1976) pp. 227-31
160. Cf. Carter, 'Sībawayhi', p. 524
161. Kees Versteegh, Arabic Grammar and Qur'anic Exegesis In Early Islam (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993), p. 17.
162. Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Flhrlst, ed. R. Tajaddud, 3rd edn (Beirut: Dār al-Masīra, 1988), p. 46
163. Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt 'alā anbāh al-nuhāt, vol. 4, pp. 125f
164. A survey of his works is provided in 'Abd Allāh Muhammad al-Astā, Abū 'Amr Ibn al-'Alā: al-lughawī wa'lnahwī (Tripoli: Dār al-Jamāhīriyya, 1986), pp. 81-9.
165. Ibn al-Anbārī, Nuzhat, pp. 101-4
166. Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 2, pp. 30-6
167. Cf. Ibn Durayd's work Jamharat al-lugha, vol. 3, pp. 1274-337.
168. The contributions of early authorities can be viewed in Suyūtī's synoptic references to nawādir in al-Muzhir fī 'ulūm al-lugha wa anwā'ihā, ed. M.A. Jād al-Mawlā, A.M. al-Bijāwi & M.A. Ibrāhīm (2 vols. Cairo: Dār Ihyā' al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, 1970), vol. 2, pp. 275-7.
169. Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 4, p. 125
170. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 39.
171. Versteegh, 'Arabic Grammar and Corruption of Speech', pp. 143f.
172. nd edn (2 vols. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Risāla, 1981), vol. 2, p. 21.
173. Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, vol. 2, pp. 293-4.
174. Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, vol. 3, pp. 159-60.
175. Abū Ja'far al-Nahhās, I'rāb al-Qur'ān, vol. 4, p. 437.
176. See Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fi' l-qirā' āt al-'ashr, vol. 1, pp. 8-9
177. For a discussion of the role and function played by such works see Chase Robinson, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
178. See also Michael Cooper, Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophet in the Age ofal-Ma'mūn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
179. George Makdisi, 'Tabaqāt-Biogrwphy: Law and Orthodoxy in Classical Islam', Islamic Studies (Islamabad) (1993:32), pp. 371-96.
180. st edn (Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Hadītha, 1968)
181. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, pp. 442-3 and vol. 1, pp. 253-4 and p. 425.
182. See Part 1 of this article, Journal of Qur'anic Studies 5:1 (2003), pp. 68-9
183. Dhahabī, Ma'rifa, vol. 1, p. 52.
184. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, p. 349.
185. Ibn Qutayba, Ta'wil mushkil al-Qur'an, p. 51
186. Ibn Qutayba, 'Linguistic errors in the Qur'an', Journal of Semitic Studies 33 (1988), pp. 181-96
187. A refutation of aspects of this article is offered by M.A.S. Haleem in 'Grammatical Shift for Rhetorical Purposes: Iltifāt and Related Features in the Qur'an', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55:3 (1992), pp. 407-32.
188. Ibn Mujāhid, Kitāb al-Sab'a, pp. 46-8.
189. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā' vol. 5, p. 644.
190. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, pp. 386-9.
191. Ma'rifa, vol. 1, p. 130.
192. Shams al-Dīn Abi ' Abd Allah al-Muqaddasi, Kitāb Ahsan al-taqāsim fī ma'rifat al-aqālīm (Beirut: Dār Sādir, n.d.), p. 128
193. See also Shams al-DIn Abū 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Muqaddasī, The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Ahsan al-taqāsīm fī ma'rifat al-aqālīm), trans. Basil Collins, Great Books of Islamic Civilization (Reading: Garnet Publishing, 2001), p. 107.
194. Ibn al-Jazarī, al-Nashr fi 'l-qīrā'āt al-'ashr, vol. 1, p. 43.
195. See Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 1, pp. 172-3.
196. Dhahabī, Ma'rifa, vol. l,p. 123.
197. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā, vol. 5, p. 644.
198. G. Troupeau, Lexique-index du kitāb Sībawayhi (Paris, 1976), pp. 227-31.
199. Ibn al-Anbārī, Nuzhat, p. 45
200. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwiyyīn, p. 47
201. see Early MedievalArabic: Studies on al-Khalll Ibn Ahmad, ed. Karin Ryding (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1998)
202. note Wolfgang Reuschel's al-Halīl Ibn Ahmad, der Lehrer Slbawalhs, als Grammatiker (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1959)
203. Stefan Wild, Das Kltāb al-'Ayn und die arabische Lexikographie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965).
204. See Ramzi Baalbaki, 'Kltāb al-'Ayn and Jamharat al-lugha' in Early MedievalArabic, pp. 44-62
205. Cf. Zubaydī, Tabaqāt al-nahwlyyīn (and Muzhlr, vol. 2, pp. 77-92
206. Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 48.
207. Dānī, Muhkam, pp. 8-9.
208. th Centuries (London: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions & Oxford University Press, 1993).
209. Carter, 'Sībawayhi', p. 525
210. cf. M.G. Carter, art. 'Arabic Grammar' in Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Religion, Learning and Science In the Abbasld Period (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 121f.
211. Carter, Language and Communication 5:4 (1985), pp. 265-72, p. 266.
212. M.G. Carter, 'Les Origines de la Grammaire Arabe Arablca 40 (1972), pp. 69-97, pp. 84-5
213. see 'An Arab Grammarian of the Eighth Century A.D.', Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 (1973), pp. 146-57, p. 147.
214. Cf. Carter, 'A Study of Slbawayhi's Principles of Grammatical Analysis', Chapter 3, passim.
215. Slbawayhi, al-Kitāb, vol. 3, pp. 100-1.
216. Ramzi Baalbaki, 'Tawahhum: An Ambiguous Concept in Early Arabic Grammar', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 45:2 (1982), pp. 233-44
217. Cf. Yishai Peled, 'Aspects of the Use of Grammatical Terminology in the Medieval Arabic Grammatical Tradition' in Y. Suleiman (ed.), Arabic Grammar and Linguistics (Richmond: Curzon, 1999), pp. 50-85.
218. Farrā', Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, vol. 2, p. 98.
219. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā.
220. Sīrāfī, Akhbār al-nahwiyyīn, p. 51.
221. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 5, p. 652.
222. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 5, p. 652
223. Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 48.
224. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 2, p. 353
225. cf. Sīrāfī, Akhbār al-nahwiyyīn, p. 66
226. See Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 2, pp. 56-7
227. Farrā's Ma'ānī al-Qur'an: Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 5, p. 620.
228. Yāqūt al-Hamawi, Mucjam al-udabā', vol. 3, p. 385
229. Abū'l-Hasan Sa'īd ibn Mas'ada Akhfash al-Awsat, Ma'ānī al-Qur'ān, ed. Fā'iz Fāris, 3rd edn (2 vols. Kuwait: Dār al-Bashīr, 1981)
230. Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 2, pp. 36-43.
231. Sīrāfī, Akhbār al-nahwiyyīn, p. 66.
232. Versteegh, Arabic Grammar, p. 14.
233. Carter, 'Sībawayhi', see esp. p. 524 and p. 529
234. Cf. Jonathan Owens, Early Arabic Grammatical Theory: Heterogeneity and Standardization, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science (Amsterdam: John Benjamin B.V., 1990), pp. 214-17 and pp. 227-8
235. see G. Humbert, Les votes de la transmission du Kitāb de Sibawayhi (Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1995).
236. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 4, p. 505.
237. M. Bernards, Changing Traditions: al-Mubarrad's Refutation of Sībawayh and the Subsequent Reception of the Kitāb (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997)
238. Cf. Ahmad Mukhtār Omar, 'Grammatical Studies in Early Egypt' in Hartmut Bobzin & Kees Versteegh (eds), Studies in the History of Arabic Grammar II. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on the History of Arabic Grammar (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1990), pp. 239-51.
239. Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 56.
240. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 5, p. 341
241. R. Seilheim, Die Gelehrtenbiographien des Abū 'Ubaydallāh al-Marzubānī in der Rezension des Hāfiz al-Yaghmūrī, Bibliotheca Islamica (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1964).
242. Cf. extended list of works reported in Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 2, pp. 295-6.
243. Ibn al-Jazarī, Tabaqāt al-qurrā', vol. 2, p. 602.
244. Yāqūt al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-udabā', vol. 3, p. 385
245. Qiftī, Inbāh al-ruwāt, vol. 2, pp. 36-43.
246. rd Centuries' (1979), see Chapters 3 and 4.
247. Owens, EarlyArabic Grammatical Theory, pp. 214f
248. see Versteegh, AGQE, p. 15
249. See also Baalbaki, The Book in the Grammatical Tradition: Development in Contents and Methods' in G. Atiyeh (ed.), The Book in the Islamic World (New York: State University of New York, 1995), p. 127).
250. Versteegh, Greek Elements, pp. 55-6; pp. 99-101; pp. 111-12.
251. Baalbaki, 'A Study of the Analytical Methods', see Chapters 3 and 4
252. Baalbaki's 'The Treatment of qirā'āt by the Second and Third Century Grammarians', Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik 15 (Wiesbaden, 1985), pp. 11-32
253. reproduced in A. Rippin (ed.), The Qur'an: Formative Interpretation (Aldershot: Variorum, 1999)
254. Cf. Yasir Suleiman, The Arabic Grammatical Tradition: A Study in Ta'līl (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999)
255. Sīrāfī, 'Akhbār', pp. 60-1
256. See also Baalbaki, 'The Book in the Grammatical Tradition', pp. 123-39.
257. nd edn (Cairo: Matba'at Mustafā al-Bābī, 1958).
258. Carter, 'Sībawayhi', pp. 528f.
259. Carter, 'Arabic Grammar', p. 126.
260. Michael Carter, 'The Struggle for Authority: A Re-examination of the Basran Kūfan Debate' in Lutz Edzard & Mohammed Nekroumi (eds), Tradition and Innovation: Norm and Deviation In Arabic and Semitic Linguistics (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999), pp. 55-70.
261. Carter, 'The Struggle for Authority', pp. 57f
262. see Ibn al-Anbārī, al-Ighrāb fī jadal al-l'rāb wa Luma' al-adilla fī usūl al-nahw (two treatises), ed. Sa'Id al-Afghānī (Damascus: Matba'at al-Jāmi'a al-Sūriyya, 1957).
263. See my forthcoming article 'Religious Orthodoxy and the Kūfan Linguistic Tradition: Theological Dimensions of the Linguists' Approach to Language'.