메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 239-279

Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the pacific

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85128067239     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (304)

References (146)
  • 1
    • 0033135149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of substrate rocks on Fe-Mn crust composition
    • Hein, J. R. and Morgan, C. L., Influence of substrate rocks on Fe-Mn crust composition, Deep-Sea Research I, 46, 855, 1999.
    • (1999) Deep-Sea Research I , vol.46 , pp. 855
    • Hein, J.R.1    Morgan, C.L.2
  • 5
    • 0030795224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific
    • Nicholson, K., Hein, J. R., Btihn, B., and Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Geological Society Special Publication No. 119, London
    • Usui, A. and Someya, M., Distribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific, in Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits, Nicholson, K., Hein, J. R., Btihn, B., and Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Geological Society Special Publication No. 119, London, 1997, 177.
    • (1997) Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits , pp. 177
    • Usui, A.1    Someya, M.2
  • 6
    • 0343113175 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of the central and southwestern tropical Pacific
    • CCOP/SOPAC
    • Cronan, D. S., Criteria for the recognition of areas of potentially economic manganese nodules and encrustations in the CCOP/SOPAC region of the central and southwestern tropical Pacific, South Pacific Marine Geological Notes, CCOP/SOPAC, 3, 1, 1984.
    • (1984) South Pacific Marine Geological Notes , vol.3 , pp. 1
    • Cronan, D.S.1
  • 7
    • 46549093626 scopus 로고
    • Ferromanganese crusts from Necker Ridge, Horizon Guyot, and S.P. Lee Guyot: Geological considerations
    • Hein, J. R., Manheim, F T., Schwab, W. C., and Davis, A. S., Ferromanganese crusts from Necker Ridge, Horizon Guyot, and S.P. Lee Guyot: geological considerations, Marine Geology, 69, 25, 1985.
    • (1985) Marine Geology , vol.69 , pp. 25
    • Hein, J.R.1    Manheim, F.T.2    Schwab, W.C.3    Davis, A.S.4
  • 9
    • 0023760558 scopus 로고
    • Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands
    • Hein, J. R., Schwab, W. C., and Davis, A. S., Cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands, Marine Geology, 78, 255, 1988.
    • (1988) Marine Geology , vol.78 , pp. 255
    • Hein, J.R.1    Schwab, W.C.2    Davis, A.S.3
  • 10
    • 0027789114 scopus 로고
    • Submersible observations of manganese nodule and crust deposits on the Tenpo Seamount, northwestern Pacific
    • Usui, A., Nishimura, A., and Iizasa, K., Submersible observations of manganese nodule and crust deposits on the Tenpo Seamount, northwestern Pacific, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 11, 263, 1993.
    • (1993) Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , vol.11 , pp. 263
    • Usui, A.1    Nishimura, A.2    Iizasa, K.3
  • 11
    • 0028354629 scopus 로고
    • Giant Hawaiian underwater landslides
    • Moore, J., Normark, W. R., and Holcomb, R. T., Giant Hawaiian underwater landslides, Science, 264, 46, 1994.
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 46
    • Moore, J.1    Normark, W.R.2    Holcomb, R.T.3
  • 12
    • 0020177154 scopus 로고
    • Co-rich ferromanganese deposits in the marginal seamount regions of the central Pacific basin - results of the Midpac '81
    • Halbach, P., Manheim, F. T., and Otten, P., Co-rich ferromanganese deposits in the marginal seamount regions of the central Pacific basin - results of the Midpac '81, Erzmetall, 35, 447, 1982.
    • (1982) Erzmetall , vol.35 , pp. 447
    • Halbach, P.1    Manheim, F.T.2    Otten, P.3
  • 13
    • 6244240479 scopus 로고
    • Manganese accretion at the sediment-water interface at 400-2400 meters depth, Hawaiian Archipelago
    • Hom, D. R. (Ed.), Arden House, Harriman, New York
    • Morgenstein, M., Manganese accretion at the sediment-water interface at 400-2400 meters depth, Hawaiian Archipelago, in Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor, Hom, D. R. (Ed.), Arden House, Harriman, New York, 1972, 131.
    • (1972) Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor , pp. 131
    • Morgenstein, M.1
  • 14
    • 0024163324 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the South Tasman Rise, southeast of Australia
    • Bolton, B. R., Exon, N. F., Ostwald, H. R., and Kudrass, H. R., Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the South Tasman Rise, southeast of Australia, Marine Geology, 84, 53, 1988.
    • (1988) Marine Geology , vol.84 , pp. 53
    • Bolton, B.R.1    Exon, N.F.2    Ostwald, H.R.3    Kudrass, H.R.4
  • 15
    • 0025692006 scopus 로고
    • Thick ferromanganese deposits from the Dampier Ridge and the Lord Howe Rise off eastern Australia
    • Bolton, B. R., Exon, N. F., and Ostwald, J., Thick ferromanganese deposits from the Dampier Ridge and the Lord Howe Rise off eastern Australia, BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 11,421, 1990.
    • (1990) BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics , vol.11 , pp. 421
    • Bolton, B.R.1    Exon, N.F.2    Ostwald, J.3
  • 19
    • 7244250792 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report on specimens of the sea bottom obtained in soundings,dredgings,and trawlings of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1873-1875 between England and Valparaiso
    • Murray,J.,Preliminary report on specimens of the sea bottom obtained in soundings,dredgings,and trawlings of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1873-1875 between England and Valparaiso, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 24, 471, 1876.
    • (1876) Proceedings of the Royal Society , vol.24 , pp. 471
    • Murray, J.1
  • 21
    • 84901148319 scopus 로고
    • On chemical and geological work done on board H.M.S. Challenger
    • Buchanan, J. Y., On chemical and geological work done on board H.M.S. Challenger, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 24, 593, 1876.
    • (1876) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , vol.24 , pp. 593
    • Buchanan, J.Y.1
  • 22
    • 0001401759 scopus 로고
    • Marine geochemistry, chemical scavengers of the sea
    • Goldberg, E. D., Marine geochemistry, chemical scavengers of the sea, Journal of Geology, 62, 249, 1954.
    • (1954) Journal of Geology , vol.62 , pp. 249
    • Goldberg, E.D.1
  • 25
    • 0001119407 scopus 로고
    • Ocean-floor manganese nodules
    • Mero, J. L., Ocean-floor manganese nodules, Economic Geology, 57, 747, 1962.
    • (1962) Economic Geology , vol.57 , pp. 747
    • Mero, J.L.1
  • 27
    • 84918261924 scopus 로고
    • Manganese concretions in sediments of the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean
    • SSSR, (in Russian)
    • Skornyakova, N. S., Manganese concretions in sediments of the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean, Doklady Akademii Nauk, SSSR, 130, 653, 1960 (in Russian).
    • (1960) Doklady Akademii Nauk , vol.130 , pp. 653
    • Skornyakova, N.S.1
  • 30
    • 34547406042 scopus 로고
    • Deep-sea nodules: Distribution and geochemistry
    • Glasby, G. P. EEd.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Cronan, D. S., Deep-sea nodules: distribution and geochemistry, in Marine Manganese Deposits, Glasby, G. P. EEd.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 11-44, 1977.
    • (1977) Marine Manganese Deposits , pp. 11-44
    • Cronan, D.S.1
  • 32
    • 0019936848 scopus 로고
    • Ferromanganese deposits in the Hawaiian Archipelago
    • Craig, J. D., Andrews, J. E., and Meylan, M.A., Ferromanganese deposits in the Hawaiian Archipelago, Marine Geology, 45, 127, 1982.
    • (1982) Marine Geology , vol.45 , pp. 127
    • Craig, J.D.1    Andrews, J.E.2    Meylan, M.A.3
  • 33
    • 0023524566 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago - I. Northern survey areas
    • De Carlo, E. H., McMurtry, G. M., and Kim, K. H., Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago - I. Northern survey areas, Deep-Sea Research, 34, 441, 1987.
    • (1987) Deep-Sea Research , vol.34 , pp. 441
    • de Carlo, E.H.1    McMurtry, G.M.2    Kim, K.H.3
  • 34
    • 3543129233 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean
    • Kraemer, T. and Schornick, J. C., Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean, Chemical Geology, 13, 187, 1974.
    • (1974) Chemical Geology , vol.13 , pp. 187
    • Kraemer, T.1    Schornick, J.C.2
  • 35
    • 0003136750 scopus 로고
    • Copper-nickel-enriched ferromanganese nodules and associated crusts from the Bauer Basin, northwest Nazca Plate
    • Lyle, M., Dymond, J., and Heath, G. R., Copper-nickel-enriched ferromanganese nodules and associated crusts from the Bauer Basin, northwest Nazca Plate, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 35, 55,1977.
    • (1977) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.35 , pp. 55
    • Lyle, M.1    Dymond, J.2    Heath, G.R.3
  • 36
    • 1842436751 scopus 로고
    • Manganese crusts and nodules from the Hawaiian Ridge
    • Glasby, G. P. and Andrews, J. E., Manganese crusts and nodules from the Hawaiian Ridge, Pacific Science, 31, 363, 1977.
    • (1977) Pacific Science , vol.31 , pp. 363
    • Glasby, G.P.1    Andrews, J.E.2
  • 37
    • 0024857093 scopus 로고
    • Cobalt-rich and platinum-bearing manganese crust deposits on seamounts: Nature, formation and metal potential
    • Halbach, P., Sattler, C.-D., Teichmann, F., and Wahsner, M., Cobalt-rich and platinum-bearing manganese crust deposits on seamounts: nature, formation and metal potential, Marine Mining, 8, 23,1989.
    • (1989) Marine Mining , vol.8 , pp. 23
    • Halbach, P.1    Sattler, C.-D.2    Teichmann, F.3    Wahsner, M.4
  • 39
    • 0038510733 scopus 로고
    • Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States and nodules from the oceanic Pacific
    • Scholl, D. W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J. G. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series v. 6, Houston, Texas
    • Hein, J. R., Morgenson, L.A., Clague, D. A., and Koski, R. A., Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States and nodules from the oceanic Pacific, in Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins - Beaufort Sea to Baja California, Scholl, D. W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J. G. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series v. 6, Houston, Texas, 1987, 753.
    • (1987) Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins - Beaufort Sea to Baja California , pp. 753
    • Hein, J.R.1    Morgenson, L.A.2    Clague, D.A.3    Koski, R.A.4
  • 40
    • 0023525433 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of ferromanganese deposits from the Kiribati and Tuvalu region of the west central Pacific Ocean
    • De Carlo, E. H., Pennywell, P.A., and Fraley, C. M., Geochemistry of ferromanganese deposits from the Kiribati and Tuvalu region of the west central Pacific Ocean, Marine Mining, 6, 301, 1987.
    • (1987) Marine Mining , vol.6 , pp. 301
    • de Carlo, E.H.1    Pennywell, P.A.2    Fraley, C.M.3
  • 41
    • 85128024302 scopus 로고
    • Proposed marine mineral lease sale: Exclusive economic zone, adjacent to Hawaii and Johnston Island, Final Environmental Impact Statement
    • DOI-MMS and DPED-State of Hawaii, Proposed marine mineral lease sale: Exclusive economic zone, adjacent to Hawaii and Johnston Island, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Vols. I & II, 1990.
    • (1990) DOI-MMS and DPED-State of Hawaii , vol.1-2
  • 42
    • 0019138957 scopus 로고
    • Composition and origin of phosphorite deposits of the Blake Plateau
    • Bentor, Y. K. (Ed.), SEPM Special Publication
    • Manheim, F. T., Pratt, R. M., and McFarlin, P. F., Composition and origin of phosphorite deposits of the Blake Plateau, in Marine Phosphorites - Geochemistry, Occurrence, Genesis, Bentor, Y. K. (Ed.), SEPM Special Publication 29, 1980, 117.
    • (1980) Marine Phosphorites - Geochemistry, Occurrence, Genesis , vol.29 , pp. 117
    • Manheim, F.T.1    Pratt, R.M.2    McFarlin, P.F.3
  • 45
    • 0342409902 scopus 로고
    • Mineralogy and internal structures of a ferromanganese crust from a seamount, central Pacific
    • Kang, J.-K., Mineralogy and internal structures of a ferromanganese crust from a seamount, central Pacific, Journal Oceanographical Society of Korca, 22, 168, 1987.
    • (1987) Journal Oceanographical Society of Korca , vol.22 , pp. 168
    • Kang, J.-K.1
  • 48
    • 0025584576 scopus 로고
    • Micromorphological characteristics of a marine ferromanganese crust
    • Alvarez, R., De Carlo, E. H., Cowen, J., and Andermann, G., Micromorphological characteristics of a marine ferromanganese crust, Marine Geology, 94, 239, 1990.
    • (1990) Marine Geology , vol.94 , pp. 239
    • Alvarez, R.1    de Carlo, E.H.2    Cowen, J.3    Andermann, G.4
  • 49
    • 0023524570 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts sampled in French Polynesia
    • Pichocki, C. and Hoffert, M., Characteristics of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts sampled in French Polynesia, Marine Geology, 77, 109, 1987.
    • (1987) Marine Geology , vol.77 , pp. 109
    • Pichocki, C.1    Hoffert, M.2
  • 50
    • 0026472462 scopus 로고
    • Variations in the fine-scale composition of a central Pacific ferromanganese crust: Paleoceanographic implications
    • Hein, J. R., Bohrson, W. A., Schulz, M. S., Noble, M., and Clague, D. A., Variations in the fine-scale composition of a central Pacific ferromanganese crust: paleoceanographic implications, Paleoceanography 7, 63-77, 1992.
    • (1992) Paleoceanography , vol.7 , pp. 63-77
    • Hein, J.R.1    Bohrson, W.A.2    Schulz, M.S.3    Noble, M.4    Clague, D.A.5
  • 51
    • 85128024699 scopus 로고
    • Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein, J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230
    • Stashchuk, M. F., Chervonetsky, D. V., Kaplun, E. V, Chichkin, R. V., Avramenko, V. A., Tischenko, P. Y., and Gramm-Osipov, L. M., Adsorption properties of ferromanganese crusts and nodules, i n Data and Results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein, J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230, 93, 1994.
    • (1994) Adsorption properties of ferromanganese crusts and nodules, i n Data and Results from R.V , vol.93
    • Stashchuk, M.F.1    Chervonetsky, D.V.2    Kaplun, E.V.3    Chichkin, R.V.4    Avramenko, V.A.5    Tischenko, P.Y.6    Gramm-Osipov, L.M.7
  • 52
    • 0025943934 scopus 로고
    • Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crusts from Krylov Seamount (eastern Atlantic): Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis
    • Varentsov, I. M., Drits, V A., Gorshkov, A. I., Sivtsov, A. V., and Sakharov, B. A., Mn-Fe oxyhydroxide crusts from Krylov Seamount (eastern Atlantic): mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis, Marine Geology, 96, 53, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Geology , vol.96 , pp. 53
    • Varentsov, I.M.1    Drits, V.A.2    Gorshkov, A.I.3    Sivtsov, A.V.4    Sakharov, B.A.5
  • 53
    • 0029529942 scopus 로고
    • Sequential leaching of ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications
    • Koschinsky, A. and Halbach, P., Sequential leaching of ferromanganese precipitates: Genetic implications, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 5113, 1995.
    • (1995) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.59 , pp. 5113
    • Koschinsky, A.1    Halbach, P.2
  • 54
    • 0001224376 scopus 로고
    • Mineralogy
    • Glasby, G. P. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Burns, R. G., and Burns, V M., Mineralogy, in Marine Manganese Deposits, Glasby, G. P. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977, 185.
    • (1977) Marine Manganese Deposits , pp. 185
    • Burns, R.G.1    Burns, V.M.2
  • 55
    • 0024255238 scopus 로고
    • Sr and Nd isotopie variations in ferromanganese crusts from the central Pacific: Implications for age and source provenance
    • Futa, K., Peterman, Z. E., and Hein, J. R., Sr and Nd isotopie variations in ferromanganese crusts from the central Pacific: implications for age and source provenance, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2229-2233, 1988.
    • (1988) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.52 , pp. 2229-2233
    • Futa, K.1    Peterman, Z.E.2    Hein, J.R.3
  • 56
    • 0025660526 scopus 로고
    • Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes
    • Ingram, B. L., Hein, J. R., and Farmer, G. L., Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1709, 1990.
    • (1990) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.54 , pp. 1709
    • Ingram, B.L.1    Hein, J.R.2    Farmer, G.L.3
  • 58
    • 84910998337 scopus 로고
    • Biostratigraphie de concrétions polymétalliques de l'Archipel des Tuamotu, fondée sur les nannofossiles calcaires
    • Janin, M. C., Biostratigraphie de concrétions polymétalliques de l'Archipel des Tuamotu, fondée sur les nannofossiles calcaires, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 8, 79, 1985.
    • (1985) Bull. Soc. Géol. France , vol.8 , pp. 79
    • Janin, M.C.1
  • 59
    • 0027794311 scopus 로고
    • Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese crust from Schumann Seamount
    • Cowen, J. P., De Carlo, E. H., and McGee, D. L., Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese crust from Schumann Seamount, Marine Geology, 115, 289, 1993.
    • (1993) Marine Geology , vol.115 , pp. 289
    • Cowen, J.P.1    de Carlo, E.H.2    McGee, D.L.3
  • 60
    • 5644248960 scopus 로고
    • Duration of hydrothermal activity at an oceanic spreading center, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Lat. 26°N)
    • Scott, R. B., Malpas, J., Rona, P.A., and Udintsev, G., Duration of hydrothermal activity at an oceanic spreading center, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Lat. 26°N), Geology 4, 233, 1976.
    • (1976) Geology , vol.4 , pp. 233
    • Scott, R.B.1    Malpas, J.2    Rona, P.A.3    Udintsev, G.4
  • 61
    • 0019998626 scopus 로고
    • Estimating growth rates of ferromanganese nodules from chemical compositions: Implications for nodule formation processes
    • Lyle, M., Estimating growth rates of ferromanganese nodules from chemical compositions: Implications for nodule formation processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46, 2301-2306, 1982.
    • (1982) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.46 , pp. 2301-2306
    • Lyle, M.1
  • 62
    • 0024233205 scopus 로고
    • Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific seafloor
    • Manheim, F. T. and Lane-Bostwick, C. M., Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific seafloor, Nature, 335, 59, 1988.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.335 , pp. 59
    • Manheim, F.T.1    Lane-Bostwick, C.M.2
  • 63
    • 0024228424 scopus 로고
    • Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate: A method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts
    • Puteanus, D. and Halbach, P., Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate: a method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts, Chemical Geology, 69, 73-85, 1988.
    • (1988) Chemical Geology , vol.69 , pp. 73-85
    • Puteanus, D.1    Halbach, P.2
  • 64
    • 0031414163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts
    • Koschinsky, A., Stascheit, A., Bau, M., and Halbach, P., Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 4079, 1997.
    • (1997) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.61 , pp. 4079
    • Koschinsky, A.1    Stascheit, A.2    Bau, M.3    Halbach, P.4
  • 65
    • 0030843019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and ocean dynamics and the lead isotopic records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts
    • Christensen, J. N., Halliday, A. N., Godfrey, L. V., Hein, J. R., and Rea, D. K., Climate and ocean dynamics and the lead isotopic records in Pacific ferromanganese crusts, Science, 277, 913, 1997.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 913
    • Christensen, J.N.1    Halliday, A.N.2    Godfrey, L.V.3    Hein, J.R.4    Rea, D.K.5
  • 67
    • 0031431805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 230th disequilibrium in hydrogenous oceanic Fe-Mn crusts: Palaeoceanographic record or diagenetic alterations?
    • 230th disequilibrium in hydrogenous oceanic Fe-Mn crusts: Palaeoceanographic record or diagenetic alterations?, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 3619, 1997.
    • (1997) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.61 , pp. 3619
    • Chabaux, F.1    O'Nions, R.K.2    Cohen, A.S.3    Hein, J.R.4
  • 69
    • 0022554841 scopus 로고
    • Marine cobalt resources
    • Manheim, F. T., Marine cobalt resources, Science, 232, 601, 1986.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 601
    • Manheim, F.T.1
  • 70
    • 0020974751 scopus 로고
    • Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas
    • Halbach, P., Segl, M., Puteanus, D., and Mangini, A., Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas, Nature, 304, 716, 1983.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.304 , pp. 716
    • Halbach, P.1    Segl, M.2    Puteanus, D.3    Mangini, A.4
  • 71
    • 0001277315 scopus 로고
    • Central Pacific Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability
    • Keating, B. H. and Bolton, B. R. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, 14, New York, Springer Verlag
    • Hein, J. R., Schulz, M. S., and Gein, L. M., Central Pacific Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability, in Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, Keating, B. H. and Bolton, B. R. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, 14, New York, Springer Verlag, 1992, 261.
    • (1992) Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin , pp. 261
    • Hein, J.R.1    Schulz, M.S.2    Gein, L.M.3
  • 72
    • 0021603798 scopus 로고
    • Rare earth element geochemistry of Central Pacific ferromanganese encrustations
    • Aplin, A. C., Rare earth element geochemistry of Central Pacific ferromanganese encrustations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71, 13, 1984.
    • (1984) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.71 , pp. 13
    • Aplin, A.C.1
  • 73
    • 0026468560 scopus 로고
    • Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific
    • De Carlo, E. H. and McMurtry, G. M., Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific, Chemical Geology, 95, 235, 1992.
    • (1992) Chemical Geology , vol.95 , pp. 235
    • de Carlo, E.H.1    McMurtry, G.M.2
  • 74
    • 0029728859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and sea water
    • Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., and Hein, J. R., Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and sea water, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1709, 1996.
    • (1996) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.60 , pp. 1709
    • Bau, M.1    Koschinsky, A.2    Dulski, P.3    Hein, J.R.4
  • 75
    • 0026295581 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd, and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas and the Gulf of Bothnia
    • Amakawa, H., Ingri, J., Masuda, A., and Shimizu, H., Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd, and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas and the Gulf of Bothnia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 105, 554, 1991.
    • (1991) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.105 , pp. 554
    • Amakawa, H.1    Ingri, J.2    Masuda, A.3    Shimizu, H.4
  • 76
    • 84879889320 scopus 로고
    • World map of Nd isotopes in seafloor ferromanganese deposits
    • Albarede, F. and Goldstein, S. L., World map of Nd isotopes in seafloor ferromanganese deposits, Geology, 20, 761, 1992.
    • (1992) Geology , vol.20 , pp. 761
    • Albarede, F.1    Goldstein, S.L.2
  • 78
    • 0025207269 scopus 로고
    • Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water
    • Moffett, J. W., Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water, Nature, 345, 421, 1990.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 421
    • Moffett, J.W.1
  • 79
    • 0032448342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of negative Ce anomalies in mixed hydrothermal-hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from the Central Indian Ridge
    • Kuhn, T., Bau, M., Blum, N., and Halbach, P., Origin of negative Ce anomalies in mixed hydrothermal-hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts from the Central Indian Ridge, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163, 207, 1998.
    • (1998) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.163 , pp. 207
    • Kuhn, T.1    Bau, M.2    Blum, N.3    Halbach, P.4
  • 84
    • 0024525492 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms to explain the platinum concentration in ferromanganese seamount crusts
    • Halbach, P., Kriete, C., Prause, B., and Puteanus, D., Mechanisms to explain the platinum concentration in ferromanganese seamount crusts, Chemical Geology, 76, 95, 1989.
    • (1989) Chemical Geology , vol.76 , pp. 95
    • Halbach, P.1    Kriete, C.2    Prause, B.3    Puteanus, D.4
  • 85
    • 0024475760 scopus 로고
    • Geological and mineralogical study of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from a submerged atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia)
    • Le Suave, R., Pichocki, C., Pautot, G., Hoffert, M., Morel, Y., Voisset, M., Monti, S., Amosse, J., and Kosakevitch, A., Geological and mineralogical study of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from a submerged atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), Marine Geology, 87, 227, 1989.
    • (1989) Marine Geology , vol.87 , pp. 227
    • le Suave, R.1    Pichocki, C.2    Pautot, G.3    Hoffert, M.4    Morel, Y.5    Voisset, M.6    Monti, S.7    Amosse, J.8    Kosakevitch, A.9
  • 86
    • 34250136152 scopus 로고
    • 1984, Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the central Pacific
    • Halbach, P., Puteanus, D., and Manheim, F. T., 1984, Platinum concentrations in ferromanganese seamount crusts from the central Pacific, Naturwissenshaften, 71, 577, 1984.
    • (1984) Naturwissenshaften , vol.71 , pp. 577
    • Halbach, P.1    Puteanus, D.2    Manheim, F.T.3
  • 88
    • 0025954979 scopus 로고
    • Paleoceanographic implications of rare earth element variability within a Fe-Mn crust from the central Pacific Ocean
    • De Carlo, E. H., Paleoceanographic implications of rare earth element variability within a Fe-Mn crust from the central Pacific Ocean, Marine Geology, 98, 449, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Geology , vol.98 , pp. 449
    • de Carlo, E.H.1
  • 90
    • 0041398459 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry and mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits from the equatorial Pacific Ocean
    • Keating, B. H. and Bolton, B. R. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, Texas, Earth Science Series
    • De Carlo, E. H. and Fraley, C. M., Chemistry and mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, in Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, Keating, B. H. and Bolton, B. R. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, Texas, Earth Science Series, v. 15, 1990, 225.
    • (1990) Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin , vol.15 , pp. 225
    • de Carlo, E.H.1    Fraley, C.M.2
  • 91
    • 0026360452 scopus 로고
    • Pre-Eocene and younger manganese crusts from the Manihiki Plateau, southwest Pacific Ocean
    • Grau, R. and Kudrass, H. R., Pre-Eocene and younger manganese crusts from the Manihiki Plateau, southwest Pacific Ocean, Marine Mining, 10, 231, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Mining , vol.10 , pp. 231
    • Grau, R.1    Kudrass, H.R.2
  • 92
    • 0026358317 scopus 로고
    • Detailed geochemical study and growth history of some ferromanganese crusts from the Tuamotu Archipelago
    • Neumann, T. and Stüben, D., Detailed geochemical study and growth history of some ferromanganese crusts from the Tuamotu Archipelago, Marine Mining, 10, 29, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Mining , vol.10 , pp. 29
    • Neumann, T.1    Stüben, D.2
  • 93
    • 0024857098 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, internal structure, and composition of manganese crusts from seamounts of the Teahitia-Mehetia hot spot, southwest Pacific
    • Puteanus, D., Glasby, G. P., Stoffers, P., Mangini, A., and Kunzendorf, H., Distribution, internal structure, and composition of manganese crusts from seamounts of the Teahitia-Mehetia hot spot, southwest Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245, 1989.
    • (1989) Marine Mining , vol.8 , pp. 245
    • Puteanus, D.1    Glasby, G.P.2    Stoffers, P.3    Mangini, A.4    Kunzendorf, H.5
  • 95
    • 0021620423 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from central Pacific seamount areas
    • Halbach, P. and Puteanus, D., The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from central Pacific seamount areas, Earth Planetary Science Letters, 68, 73, 1984.
    • (1984) Earth Planetary Science Letters , vol.68 , pp. 73
    • Halbach, P.1    Puteanus, D.2
  • 96
    • 0027789799 scopus 로고
    • Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits
    • Hein, J. R., Yeh, H.-W., Gunn, S. H., Sliter, W. V., Benninger, L. M., and Wang, C.-H., Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits, Paleoceanography, 8, 293, 1993.
    • (1993) Paleoceanography , vol.8 , pp. 293
    • Hein, J.R.1    Yeh, H.-W.2    Gunn, S.H.3    Sliter, W.V.4    Benninger, L.M.5    Wang, C.-H.6
  • 97
    • 0021849309 scopus 로고
    • Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, I. Encrustations from the Line Islands Archipelago
    • Aplin, A. C. and Cronan, D. S., Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, I. Encrustations from the Line Islands Archipelago, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 427, 1985.
    • (1985) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.49 , pp. 427
    • Aplin, A.C.1    Cronan, D.S.2
  • 98
    • 0025954978 scopus 로고
    • Regional and depth variability in the composition of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the SOPAC area and adjacent parts of the central equatorial Pacific
    • Hodkinson, R. A. and Cronan, D. S., Regional and depth variability in the composition of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the SOPAC area and adjacent parts of the central equatorial Pacific, Marine Geology 98, 437, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Geology , vol.98 , pp. 437
    • Hodkinson, R.A.1    Cronan, D.S.2
  • 99
    • 0001303958 scopus 로고
    • Growth history of a large ferromanganese crust from the equatorial north Pacific nodule belt
    • von Stackelberg, U., Kunzendorf, H., Marchig, V., and Gwozdz, R., Growth history of a large ferromanganese crust from the equatorial north Pacific nodule belt, Geologisches Jahrbuch, A75, 213, 1984.
    • (1984) Geologisches Jahrbuch , vol.A75 , pp. 213
    • von Stackelberg, U.1    Kunzendorf, H.2    Marchig, V.3    Gwozdz, R.4
  • 100
    • 0022926040 scopus 로고
    • A geochemical comparison of manganese oxide deposits of the Hawaiian Archipelago and the deep sea
    • Chave, K. E., Morgan, C. L., and Green, W.J., A geochemical comparison of manganese oxide deposits of the Hawaiian Archipelago and the deep sea, Applied Geochemistry, 1, 233, 1986.
    • (1986) Applied Geochemistry , vol.1 , pp. 233
    • Chave, K.E.1    Morgan, C.L.2    Green, W.J.3
  • 101
    • 0026458146 scopus 로고
    • Sorption of rare earth elements from sea water onto synthetic mineral particles: An experimental approach
    • Koeppenkastrop, D. and De Carlo, E. H., Sorption of rare earth elements from sea water onto synthetic mineral particles: an experimental approach, Chemical Geology, 95, 251, 1992.
    • (1992) Chemical Geology , vol.95 , pp. 251
    • Koeppenkastrop, D.1    de Carlo, E.H.2
  • 102
    • 0001242459 scopus 로고
    • Redox processes at surfaces of manganese oxide and their effects on aqueous metal ions
    • Hem, J. D., Redox processes at surfaces of manganese oxide and their effects on aqueous metal ions, Chemical Geology 21, 199, 1978.
    • (1978) Chemical Geology , vol.21 , pp. 199
    • Hem, J.D.1
  • 103
    • 0000519781 scopus 로고
    • Trace elements in sea-water
    • Riley, J. P. and Chester, R. (Eds.), Academic Press, London
    • Bruland, K. W., Trace elements in sea-water, in Chemical Oceanography, 8, Riley, J. P. and Chester, R. (Eds.), Academic Press, London, 1983, 157.
    • (1983) Chemical Oceanography , vol.8 , pp. 157
    • Bruland, K.W.1
  • 104
    • 0024485927 scopus 로고
    • Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: A review and synthesis
    • Takematsu, N., Sato, Y., and Okabe, S., Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: a review and synthesis, Marine Chemistry, 26, 41, 1989.
    • (1989) Marine Chemistry , vol.26 , pp. 41
    • Takematsu, N.1    Sato, Y.2    Okabe, S.3
  • 106
    • 85128049593 scopus 로고
    • Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein, J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230
    • Gramm-Osipov, L. M., Hein, J. R., and Chichkin, R. V., Manganese geochemistry in the Karin Ridge region: Preliminary physiochemical description, in Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein, J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230, 1994, 99.
    • (1994) Manganese geochemistry in the Karin Ridge region: Preliminary physiochemical description, in Data and results from R.V , pp. 99
    • Gramm-Osipov, L.M.1    Hein, J.R.2    Chichkin, R.V.3
  • 108
    • 0030405425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and sources of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes in deep ocean water from Fe-Mn crusts
    • von Blanckenburg, F., O'Nions, R. K., and Hein, J. R., Distribution and sources of pre-anthropogenic lead isotopes in deep ocean water from Fe-Mn crusts, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 4957, 1996.
    • (1996) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.60 , pp. 4957
    • von Blanckenburg, F.1    O'Nions, R.K.2    Hein, J.R.3
  • 113
    • 85128091438 scopus 로고
    • Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Proceedings, STAR Symposium, Honolulu, HI
    • Halkyard, J., Ocean engineering challenges in deep-sea mining, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Proceedings, STAR Symposium, Honolulu, HI, 1982.
    • (1982) Ocean engineering challenges in deep-sea mining
    • Halkyard, J.1
  • 114
    • 85128088725 scopus 로고
    • Study report for exploitation of Co-rich manganese crust, unpublished report
    • Japan Resources Association, Study report for exploitation of Co-rich manganese crust, unpublished report,1985.
    • (1985) Japan Resources Association
  • 115
    • 0025846829 scopus 로고
    • Crust mining plans of the Japan Resources Association
    • Masuda, Y., Crust mining plans of the Japan Resources Association, Marine Mining, 10, 95, 1991.
    • (1991) Marine Mining , vol.10 , pp. 95
    • Masuda, Y.1
  • 116
    • 0001927593 scopus 로고
    • Economic importance
    • Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., and von Stackelberg, U. (Eds.), Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart
    • Bernhard, H. H. and Blissenbach, E., Economic importance, in The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean, Halbach, P., Friedrich, G., and von Stackelberg, U. (Eds.), Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart, 1988, 4.
    • (1988) The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean , pp. 4
    • Bernhard, H.H.1    Blissenbach, E.2
  • 118
    • 0025211283 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental study on remote sensing of engineering properties of cobalt rich manganese crusts
    • Salama, M. M., Rhee, H. C., Williams, J. G., and Liu, S. (Eds.), The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Book No. 10296E
    • Yamazaki, T., Tomishima, Y., Handa, K., and Tsurusaki, K., Fundamental study on remote sensing of engineering properties of cobalt rich manganese crusts, in Proceedings Ninth International Conference of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Salama, M. M., Rhee, H. C., Williams, J. G., and Liu, S. (Eds.), The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Book No. 10296E, 1990, 605.
    • (1990) Proceedings Ninth International Conference of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering , pp. 605
    • Yamazaki, T.1    Tomishima, Y.2    Handa, K.3    Tsurusaki, K.4
  • 119
    • 27344448773 scopus 로고
    • Fundamental studies on in-situ measurement of engineering characteristics of cobalt rich manganese crusts by mechanical means
    • Kobe, Japan
    • Tomishima, Y, Yamazaki, T., Tsurusaki, K., and Handa, K., Fundamental studies on in-situ measurement of engineering characteristics of cobalt rich manganese crusts by mechanical means, Proceedings Techno-Ocean '90 International Symposium, Kobe, Japan, 1990, 579.
    • (1990) Proceedings Techno-Ocean '90 International Symposium , pp. 579
    • Tomishima, Y.1    Yamazaki, T.2    Tsurusaki, K.3    Handa, K.4
  • 121
    • 85128106049 scopus 로고
    • Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein, J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230
    • Svininnikov, A. I., Physical properties of rocks and sediments from Karin Ridge (Central Equatorial Pacific) and the Bering Sea, in Data and results from R.V. Aleksandr Vinogradov cruises 91-AV-19/1, north Pacific hydrochemistry transect; 91-AV-19/2, north equatorial Pacific Karin Ridge Fe-Mn crust studies; and 91-AV-19/4, northwest Pacific and Bering Sea sediment geochemistry and paleoceanographic studies, Hein,J. R., Bychkov, A. S., and Gibbs, A. E. (Eds.), U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-230, 1994, 103.
    • (1994) Physical properties of rocks and sediments from Karin Ridge (Central Equatorial Pacific) and the Bering Sea , pp. 103
    • Svininnikov, A.I.1
  • 122
    • 85128020198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep ocean mining: Technologies for nodules and crusts
    • Los Angeles, CA, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, CO
    • Chung, J. S., Deep ocean mining: technologies for nodules and crusts, Proceedings of First ISOPE International Deep-Ocean Technology Symposium and Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Golden, CO, 1996, 21.
    • (1996) Proceedings of First ISOPE International Deep-Ocean Technology Symposium and Workshop , pp. 21
    • Chung, J.S.1
  • 123
    • 3543057944 scopus 로고
    • Thorium-protactinium age dating of ferromanganese crusts
    • Huh, C.-A., Thorium-protactinium age dating of ferromanganese crusts, Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 20, 95, 1988.
    • (1988) Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica , vol.20 , pp. 95
    • Huh, C.-A.1
  • 125
    • 0024875513 scopus 로고
    • Growth rate variations of manganese nodules and crusts induced by paleoceanographic events
    • Segl, M., Mangini, A., Beer, J., Bonani, G., Suter, M., and WOlfili, W., Growth rate variations of manganese nodules and crusts induced by paleoceanographic events, Paleoceanography 4,511, 1989.
    • (1989) Paleoceanography , vol.4 , pp. 511
    • Segl, M.1    Mangini, A.2    Beer, J.3    Bonani, G.4    Suter, M.5    Olfili, W.W.6
  • 130
    • 0030439869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic
    • Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Hein, J. R., and Mangini, A., Ferromanganese crusts as indicators for paleoceanographic events in the NE Atlantic, Geol. Rundsch 85, 567, 1996.
    • (1996) Geol. Rundsch , vol.85 , pp. 567
    • Koschinsky, A.1    Halbach, P.2    Hein, J.R.3    Mangini, A.4
  • 131
    • 85080636120 scopus 로고
    • Inter-University Program of Research on Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor, Phase Report, April, 93-96, unpublished report
    • Moore, W. S., Accumulation rates of manganese crusts on rocks exposed on the seafloor, Inter-University Program of Research on Ferromanganese Deposits of the Ocean Floor, Phase Report, April 1973, 93-96, unpublished report.
    • (1973) Accumulation rates of manganese crusts on rocks exposed on the seafloor
    • Moore, W.S.1
  • 132
    • 0031682233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular variation of Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans
    • O'Nions, R. K., Frank, M., von Blanckenburg, F., and Ling, H.-F., Secular variation of Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 155, 15, 1998.
    • (1998) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.155 , pp. 15
    • O'Nions, R.K.1    Frank, M.2    von Blanckenburg, F.3    Ling, H.-F.4
  • 133
    • 0026283545 scopus 로고
    • excess, transition metals and mineralogy of ferromanganese crusts of the central Indian basin and implications for palaeoceanographic influence on crust genesis
    • excess, transition metals and mineralogy of ferromanganese crusts of the central Indian basin and implications for palaeoceanographic influence on crust genesis, Chemical Geology, 94, 33, 1991.
    • (1991) Chemical Geology , vol.94 , pp. 33
    • Banakar, V.K.1    Borole, D.V.2
  • 134
    • 0031404316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ferromanganese crust and nodule deposits from the continental margin south and west of Tasmania
    • Exon, N. F., Ferromanganese crust and nodule deposits from the continental margin south and west of Tasmania, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 701, 1997.
    • (1997) Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.44 , pp. 701
    • Exon, N.F.1
  • 135
    • 0029415821 scopus 로고
    • Mineralogy and composition of manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises
    • Walter, P., Glasby, G. P., Pliiger, W. L., Kunzendorf, H., and Meylan, M. A., Mineralogy and composition of manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 13, 321, 1995.
    • (1995) Marine Georesources and Geotechnology , vol.13 , pp. 321
    • Walter, P.1    Glasby, G.P.2    Pliiger, W.L.3    Kunzendorf, H.4    Meylan, M.A.5
  • 136
    • 0025620560 scopus 로고
    • Manganese crusts and nodules from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises
    • Meylan, M.A., Glasby, G. P., Hill, P.J., McKelvey, B. C., Walter, P., and Stoffers, P., Manganese crusts and nodules from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: results of HMNZS Tui cruises, Marine Mining, 9, 43, 1990.
    • (1990) Marine Mining , vol.9 , pp. 43
    • Meylan, M.A.1    Glasby, G.P.2    Hill, P.J.3    McKelvey, B.C.4    Walter, P.5    Stoffers, P.6
  • 137
    • 85128043241 scopus 로고
    • Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji
    • Cronan, D. S. and Hodkinson, R. A., Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji, 47 pp., 1989.
    • (1989) Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands , pp. 47
    • Cronan, D.S.1    Hodkinson, R.A.2
  • 138
    • 85128043241 scopus 로고
    • Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part IV: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), CCOPSSOPAC Technical Report 102, Suva Fiji
    • Cronan, D. S. and Hodkinson, R. A., Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part IV: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), CCOPSSOPAC Technical Report 102, Suva Fiji, 59 pp., 1990.
    • (1990) Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands , pp. 59
    • Cronan, D.S.1    Hodkinson, R.A.2
  • 139
    • 85128043241 scopus 로고
    • Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part II: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands and part of eastern Kiribati (Line Islands), CCOPSOPAC Technical Report 99, Suva Fiji
    • Cronan, D.S., Hodkinson, R. A., Miller, S., and Hong, L., Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part II: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands and part of eastern Kiribati (Line Islands), CCOPSOPAC Technical Report 99, Suva Fiji, 44 pp., 1989.
    • (1989) Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands , pp. 44
    • Cronan, D.S.1    Hodkinson, R.A.2    Miller, S.3    Hong, L.4
  • 141
    • 33646043866 scopus 로고
    • Marine mineral potential in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone
    • Houston, Texas
    • Glasby, G. P. and Wright, I. C., Marine mineral potential in New Zealand's exclusive economic zone, 22nd Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 1990, 479.
    • (1990) 22nd Annual Offshore Technology Conference , pp. 479
    • Glasby, G.P.1    Wright, I.C.2
  • 143
    • 0000861973 scopus 로고
    • Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes
    • Lipin, B. R. and McKay, G. A. (Eds.), Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, 21, Washington, D.C
    • McLennan, S. M., Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes, in Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, Lipin, B. R. and McKay, G. A. (Eds.), Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, 21, Washington, D.C., 1989, 168.
    • (1989) Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements , pp. 168
    • McLennan, S.M.1
  • 144
    • 0024528508 scopus 로고
    • Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar
    • Anders, E. and Grevesse, N., Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197-214, 1989.
    • (1989) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.53 , pp. 197-214
    • Anders, E.1    Grevesse, N.2
  • 146
    • 0000602111 scopus 로고
    • Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits
    • Hom, D. R. (Ed.), Arden House, Harriman, New York
    • Bonatti, E., Kraemer, T., and Rydell, H., Classification and genesis of submarine iron-manganese deposits, in Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor, Hom, D. R. (Ed.), Arden House, Harriman, New York, 1972, 149.
    • (1972) Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor , pp. 149
    • Bonatti, E.1    Kraemer, T.2    Rydell, H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.