The Pausological Study of Written Language Production

Studies in Writing

Volumn 18, Issue , 2006, Pages 11-30

  Miller, Kristyan Spelman ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

fluency; keystroke; pausing; productivity

Indexed keywords

EID: 85126948604     PISSN: 15726304     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/9780080460932_003     Document Type: Chapter

References (11)

1. For overviews of the extensive work in these areas, see collections of papers in Butterworth (1980), Dechert and Raupach (1980a, 1980b), and discussion in Griffiths (1991).
2. For fuller discussion, see, for example, Garrett (1982. pp. 28-36), Levelt (1989) and Garman (1990, pp. 372-376).
3. Kellogg (1994) presents a similar definition with reference to planning in writing. He describes the planning phase as concerned with 'creating and organizing ideas and setting goals to achieve [during composition], such as choosing an appropriate tone for a given audience' (p. 27). Section 3.2 will consider planning in writing in greater detail.
4. The categories of pause location used in our study are described in Section 4.
5. Note, however, that the speech sample has been criticised as biased towards highly skilled 'academic' speech (de Beaugrande, 1984, p. 160).
6. The description of such units in speech has been extensively reported elsewhere (see, e.g., Boomer, 1965; Brown & Yule, 1983; Halliday, 1967).
7. Chafe's 'intonation unit' is related to flow of information, with each unit typically verbalising a single new item of information. Hesitations in speech production are described as 'perchings' or brief resting places associated with the activity of bringing information into consciousness. In other words, the occurrence of many hesitations (or non-fluencies), may be attributable to the speaker's activity in finding the next focus: in 'deciding what to talk about next' and also in 'deciding how to talk about what they have chosen' (1 980a, p. 171).
8. See, for example, collections of cross-linguistic studies in Dechert and Raupach (I 980a, 1980b) and the discussion in Griffiths (1991). For examples of recent studies on non-fluency in nonnative speakers see Johnson and Chambers (1997). Lennon (1990), Moore (1997), Riggenbach (1991), and Van Gelderen (1994).
9. Gould (1980, p. 112) reports that planning takes up on average two-thirds of composition time regardless of composition method and writer's experience with the method.
10. For a comprehensive review of approaches to textlinguistic research, see Grabe and Kaplan (1996, pp. 36-59).
11. T-unit (Hunt, 1965) is defined as a single independent clause plus any subordinate clauses attached to it or embedded in it.