The Cost of Democracy: Party Funding inModern British Politics

The Cost of Democracy: Party Funding inModern British Politics

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-280

  Ewing, K D ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 85126810526     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (372)

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86. J Fisher, British Political Parties (1996), chs 3-5.
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95. Ewing and Issacharoff, Party Funding and Campaign Financing in International Perspective (2006), chs 9-13.
96. K D Ewing and S Issacharoff, Party Funding and Campaign Financing in International Perspective (2006).
97. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and the Law (1983), ch 3.
98. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The 1913 Act Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ 227.
99. S Issacharoff and P Karlen, ‘The Hydraulics of Campaign Finance Reform’, (1999) 77 Texas Law Review 1707.
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105. A Tyrie, Clean Politics (2006).
106. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, p 15.
107. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 124-125.
108. M Duverger, Party Politics and Pressure Groups (1972), ch 1.
109. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and Political Funding (2002).
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115. Electoral Commission, The Funding of Political Parties (2004), para 2.9.
116. R Michels, Political Parties (1915).
117. K D Ewing, Money, Politics and Law (1992), ch 4.
118. R S Katz and P Mair, ‘The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Changes in Twentieth-Century Democracies’, in R Gunther et al, Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges (2002), ch 5, at p 134.
119. K D Ewing (1984) 13 ILJ 125.
120. K Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties in Britain (1987, pp 201-02.
121. The Herald, 14 January 1999.
122. The Herald, 28 January 1999.
123. Scottish Election Commission, Memorandum of Guidance to the Political Parties in Scotland (1999, p 6.
124. Scottish Election Commission, Memorandum of Guidance to the Political Parties in Scotland (1999, p 8.
125. Scottish Election Commission, Memorandum of Guidance to the Political Parties in Scotland (1999, pp 9-10.
126. L Klein, ‘Sanctions for Violation of Campaign Finance Laws in the USA’, in K D Ewing and N S Ghaleigh (eds), The Challenge of Party Political Funding: Comparative Perspectives (2001), ch 3.
127. C A Hughes, ‘The Independence of Commissions’, in G Orr, B Mercurio and G Williams, Realising Democracy (2003), ch 16.
128. A W Bradley and K D Ewing, Constitutional and Administrative Law (14th ed, 2006), ch 17.
129. L BeVier, ‘Campaign Finance Reform: Specious Arguments, Intractable Dilemmas’, (1994) 94 Columbia Law Review 1258.
130. B Smith, ‘Faulty Assumptions and Undemocratic Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform’, (1996) 105 Yale L J 1049).
131. C Sunstein, ‘Political Equality and Unintended Consequences’, (1994) 94 Columbia Law Review 1390.
132. H Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (1949, p 295.
133. Compare P Joseph, Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand (2001, p 1030.
134. B Webb, A History of Trade Unionism (1920), ch 11.
135. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and the Law: A Study of the Trade Union Act 1913 (1982), ch 2.
136. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and the Law: A Study of the Trade Union Act 1913 (1982, p 99.
137. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and the Law: A Study of the Trade Union Act 1913 (1982, pp 109-110.
138. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ 125.
139. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ p 1079.
140. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ p 1077.
141. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ pp 1064-65.
142. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ p 1072.
143. K D Ewing, ‘Trade Union Political Funds: The Trade Union Act 1913 Revised’, (1984) 13 ILJ p 1076.
144. H W R Wade and C Forsyth, Administrative Law (9th ed, 2004), chs 12-14.
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148. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 28(4).
149. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 28(7).
150. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 29.
151. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 29(2).
152. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 28(9), 29(5).
153. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 32.
154. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 26.
155. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 26(3).
156. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 41.
157. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 41(2),(3).
158. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 42.
159. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 43.
160. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] 49; Sch 5.
161. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] Sch 5, para 6.
162. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] Sch 5, para 4.
163. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] s 153.
164. O Gay, ‘What’s in a Name? Political Parties, Lists and Candidates in the United Kingdom’ [2001] p 245 below.
165. Fifth Report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom, Cm 4057-I, 1998, paras 4.3-4.6.
166. O Kurer, ‘Corruption: An Alternative Approach to its Definition and Assessment’ (2005)
167. Political Studies 222.
168. Political Studies, para 4.3.
169. Political Studies 63.
170. Daily Telegraph, 14 August 2006.
171. The Times, 21 November 2005.
172. The Guardian, 21 November 1997.
173. HBOS plc, Annual Review 2005, p 19.
174. The Australian, 4 February 2003.
175. A Geddis, ‘Regulating the Funding of Election Campaigns in New Zealand: A Critical Overview’, (2004) 10 Otago Law Review 575, at p 590.
176. A Geddis, ‘Regulating the Funding of Election Campaigns in New Zealand: A Critical Overview’, (2004) 10 Otago Law Review 575, p 591.
177. A Geddis, ‘Regulating the Funding of Election Campaigns in New Zealand: A Critical Overview’, (2004) 10 Otago Law Review 575, p 238.
178. The Observer, 21 July 1996.
179. The Observer, 21 July 1996, p 235.
180. S Ludlum and A Taylor, ‘In Kind Donations to Labour by Affiliated Trade Unions: Revisiting the Neill Committee Evidence’, (2002) 8 Journal of Legislative Studies 118.
181. Sunday Times, 20 November 2005.
182. Sunday Times, 20 November 2005.
183. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
184. Sunday Times, 20 November 2005.
185. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
186. Sunday Times, 20 November 2005.
187. Daily Telegraph, 28 November 2004.
188. Evening Standard, 31 August 2001.
189. Searchlight, November 2001.
190. J Browne, ‘Why We Will No Longer Fund Political Parties’, The Independent, 1 March 2002.
191. The Guardian, 1 March 2002.
192. The Guardian, 5 January 2001.
193. The Guardian, 3 January 2001.
194. The Guardian, 3 January 2001.
195. The Times, 18 January 2001.
196. Evening Standard, 13 May 2002.
197. The Guardian, 30 May 2002.
198. The Times, 13 May 2002.
199. The Guardian, 13 May 2002.
200. The Guardian, 13 May 2002.
201. The Times, 13 May 2002.
202. The Guardian, 14 February 2002.
203. The Guardian, 12 February 2002.
204. The Independent, 14 February 2002.
205. The Guardian, 14 February 2002.
206. The Independent, 13 May 2002.
207. The Guardian, 14 February 2002.
208. The Independent, 14 February 2002.
209. The Guardian, 14 February 2002.
210. Sunday Times, 14 April 2002.
211. The Guardian, 29 June 2004.
212. The Guardian, 13 April 2002.
213. The Guardian, 29 June 2004.
214. The Observer, 28 April 2002.
215. Sunday Times, 31 March 2002.
216. The Times, 8 August 2002.
217. The Independent, 15 April 2002.
218. The Independent, 2 June 2002.
219. The Daily Telegraph, 25 May 2002.
220. Sunday Times, 4 August 2002.
221. Independent on Sunday, 16 June 2002.
222. The Guardian, 13 May 2002.
223. Tribune, 17 May 2002.
224. C Clarke, ‘Committed to a Funding Re-think’, Tribune, 31 May 2002.
225. Daily Telegraph, 22 May 2002:34.
226. The Guardian, G2, 2 December 2004.
227. The Times, 22 May 2002.
228. The Guardian, 23 May 2002.
229. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
230. Daily Telegraph, 25 May 2002.
231. The Guardian, 22 April 2002.
232. Sunday Times, 16 July 2006.
233. The Guardian, G2, 2 December 2004.
234. K D Ewing and N S Ghaleigh, ‘Donations to Political Parties in the United Kingdom’, (2006) 6 Election Law Journal (forthcoming).
235. BBC News, 22 October 2003.
236. The Guardian, 27 May 2005.
237. The Guardian, 27 October 2005.
238. The Times, 26 April 2006.
239. Daily Telegraph, 26 May 2006.
240. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
241. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
242. Sunday Times, 15 January 20.
243. Sunday Times, 5 March 2006.
244. Sunday Times, 12 March 2006.
245. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
246. Sunday Times, 12 March 2006.
247. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
248. The Guardian, 11 July 2006.
249. Sunday Times, 19 March 2006.
250. Sunday Times, 15 January 2006.
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252. The Guardian, 12 July 2006.
253. Sunday Times, 16 July 2006.
254. Sunday Times, 16 July 2006.
255. T Gibbons, Regulating the Media (2nd ed, 1998).
256. A Scott, '“A Monstrous and Unjustifiable Infringement”? Political Broadcasting and the Broadcasting Ban on Advocacy Advertising’, (2003) 66 MLR 224.
257. Public Life, The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom, Cm 4057-I, 1998, Table 3.6.
258. Public Life, The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom, Cm 4057-I, 1998, at p 16.
259. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004, p 11.
260. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 75.
261. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 76(2).
262. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 77(1) and (2).
263. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 77(4).
264. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 80.
265. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 80(3).
266. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 81.
267. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 83(2)(b)(i).
268. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 83(3).
269. Electoral Commission, Campaign Expenditure: Guidance for Political Parties (2004) 84.
270. D Butler and R Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960, pp 252-253.
271. D Butler and R Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960) 85(8).
272. D Butler and R Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960) 85(2).
273. D Butler and R Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960) 85(3).
274. D Butler and R Rose, The British General Election of 1959 (1960) 85(4).
275. C Feasby, ‘Issue Advocacy and Third Parties in the United Kingdom and Canada’, (2003) 48 McGill L J 11.
276. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004, p 21.
277. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 88.
278. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 88(2).
279. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 90.
280. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 92.
281. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 96(2).
282. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 97.
283. Electoral Commission, Guidance for Recognised Third Parties: Controlled Expenditure and Donations (2004) 98.
284. Electoral Commission, The Funding of Political Parties (2004, pp 55-57.
285. Electoral Commission, The Funding of Political Parties (2004, p 61.
286. The Guardian, 17 April 2002.
287. The Times, 17 April 2002.
288. The Independent, 20 May 2002.
289. The Times, 5 August 2002.
290. The Guardian, 23 May 2002.
291. A Tyrie, ‘Only Clean Money Can Stop the Stink in Politics’, The Times, 17 April 2002.
292. A Tyrie, Clean Politics (2006).
293. The Guardian, 23 May 2002.
294. M O’Brien, ‘There’s Only One Way to Take the Sleaze Out of Politics - Let the Taxman Pay’, The Times, 16 May 2002.
295. IPPR, Keeping it Clean (2002).
296. The Times, 17 April 2002.
297. Independent on Sunday, 26 May 2002.
298. The Times, 17 April 2002.
299. Electoral Commission, The Funding of Political Parties Background Paper (2003, p 16.
300. Royal Mail, Elections in the United Kingdom. Operational Requirements for Election Mail (2004).
301. Scotland on Sunday, 30 May 2004.
302. Electoral Commission, Party Political Broadcasting: Report and Recommendations (2003, p 12.
303. O Gay, Party Election Broadcasts: Standard Note (2001).
304. L Klein, ‘On the Brink of Reform: Political Party Funding in Britain’, (1999) 31 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 1.
305. Electoral Commission, Election 2001: The Official Results (2001, p 60.
306. The Labour Party, Making Government Work, HC 238-viii (1999-2000), pp 138-39.
307. The Independent, 10 August 1999.
308. Sunday Telegraph, 23 April 2000.
309. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
310. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
311. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
312. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
313. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
314. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
315. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
316. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
317. Public Administration Committee, Special Advisers: Boon or Bane?, HC 293 (2000-2001), para 50.
318. Sinn Fein, Re application for Judicial Review [2003] NIQB 27.
319. Home Office, The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom, supra n 40, para 6.3.
320. Home Affairs Committee, Funding of Political Parties, HC 301 (1993-94), para 56.
321. Supreme Court of Canada in Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers’ International Union v Imperial Oil Company (1964) 41 DLR (2d) 1.
322. K D Ewing, ‘The Legal Regulation of Campaign Financing in Canadian Federal Elections’ [1988] PL 577.
323. K D Ewing, ‘The Funding of Political Parties in Ontario’, (1989) 27 Osgoode Hall LJ 27.
324. Toronto Star, 3 July 2003.
325. Toronto Star, 12 July 2003.
326. Toronto Star, 30 January 2003.
327. People’s Voice, 16-31 May 2003.
328. Toronto Star, 30 May 2003.
329. Toronto Star, 5 June 2003.
330. Toronto Star, 11 June 2003.
331. J Travers, ‘Take this Bill to the Electorate’, Toronto Star, 12 June 2003.
332. Toronto Star, 13 June 2004.
333. Globe and Mail, 5 July 2005.
334. Globe and Mail, 6 August 2005.
335. People’s Voice, 16-31 May 2003.
336. Toronto Star, 20 December 2003.
337. The Guardian, 24 August 2006.
338. The Times, 24 August 2006.
339. The Times, 29 May 2003.
340. K D Ewing and S Issacharoff (eds), Party Funding and Campaign Financing in Comparative Perspective (2006), ch 1.
341. Sydney Morning Herald, 5 February 2003, 9.
342. K D Ewing, Trade Unions, the Labour Party and Political Funding (2002), ch 3.
343. M Duverger, Political Parties (1959, p 7.
344. A Tyrie, Clean Politics (2006).
345. Y Boisvert, ‘The Hypocrisy of Political Finance Law’, Toronto Star, 1 July 2006.
346. L Massicotte, ‘Financing Parties at the Grass-Roots Level: The Quebec Experience’, in Ewing and Issacharoff, supra n 5, ch 8.
347. Power Commission, Power to the People (2006, p 211.
348. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006), ch 8.
349. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 79-80 above.
350. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 166-168 above.
351. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 133-141 above.
352. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 151-152.
353. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006) 147-148 above.
354. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 166-168 above.
355. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 152-153 above.
356. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 84-85 above.
357. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 183-185 above.
358. K D Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties - The Trade Union Case for Reform (2006, pp 188-189 above.
359. Home Affairs Committee, Funding of Political Parties, HC 301 (1993-94), para 57.
360. www.wfd.org.uk.
361. The Sun-Herald (Sydney), 25 May 2003.
362. G Orr, ‘The Currency of Democracy: Campaign Finance Law in Australia’, (2003) 26 New South Wales Law Journal 1.
363. IPPR, Keeping it Clean (2002, p 17.
364. K Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties in Britain (1987), ch 7.
365. K Ewing, The Funding of Political Parties in Britain (1987, pp 179-182 above.
366. Electoral Commission, The Funding of Political Parties (2004) 53.
367. Y-M Doublet, ‘Party Funding in France’, in K D Ewing (ed), The Funding of Political Parties: Europe and Beyond (1999, p 72.
368. D P Currie, The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (1998, pp 207-15.
369. H Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (1949, p 295.
370. K D Ewing and N S Ghaleigh, ‘The Funding of Political Parties’, Submission to the Constitutional Affairs Committee, 10 April 2006.
371. K D Ewing and N S Ghaleigh, ‘The Funding of Political Parties’, Submission to the Constitutional Affairs Committee, 10 April 2006, pp 230-232 above.
372. K D Ewing and N S Ghaleigh, ‘The Funding of Political Parties’, Submission to the Constitutional Affairs Committee, 10 April 2006, pp 173-176 above.