Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice

Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice

Volumn , Issue , 2021, Pages 1-441

  Ashby, Michael F ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85126775550     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-821521-0.01001-X     Document Type: Book

References (257)

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25. USGS Mineral Information (2018), “Mineral yearbook” and “Mineral commodity summary”, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2018/mcs2018.pdf (The gold-standard information source for global and regional material production, updated annually.).
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28. EU Directive on Energy Using Products (2005). Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. (One of several EU Directives relating to the role of materials in product design.).
29. GaBi (2008), PE International, Hauptstraße 111-113, 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany http://www.gabi-software.com/. (GaBi is a software tool for product assessment to comply with European legislation.).
30. Goedkoop, M., Effting, S., and Collignon, M., (2000) “The Eco-indicator 99: A damage oriented method for Life-cycle Impact Assessment, Manual for Designers” (April 14, 2000) (http://www.pre.nl). (An introduction to eco-indicators, a technique for rolling all the damaging aspects of material production into a single number.).
31. Graedel, T.E. (1998) “Streamlined Life-cycle Assessment”, Prentice Hall, NJ. (Graedel is the father of streamlined LCA methods. The first half of this book introduces LCA methods and their difficulties. The second half develops his streamlined method with case studies and exercises. The appendix details protocols for informing assessment decision matrices.).
32. Graedel T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (2003) “Industrial ecology” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, NJ. (An established treatise on industrial ecology.).
33. Greene, J.P. (2014) “Sustainable Plastics - Environmental assessments of bio-based, biodegradable and recycled plastics”, Wiley, NJ. (The sustainability aspects of both bio-based and petroleum-based plastics with particular emphasis on end-of-life.).
34. GREET (2015) Argonne National Laboratory and the US Department of Transport (https://greet.es.anl.gov/greet.models). (Software for analyzing vehicle energy use and emissions.).
35. Guidice, F. La Rosa, G. and Risitano, A. (2006), “Product design for the environment” CRC/Taylor and Francis, London, UK. (A well-balanced review of current thinking on eco-design.).
36. Heijungs, R. (editor) (1992) “Environmental life-cycle assessment of products: background and guide”, Netherlands Agency for Energy and Environment.
37. Idemat Software version 1.0.1 (2019), (http://idematapp.com/) Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. (An LCA tool developed by the University of Delft, Holland.).
38. ISO 14040 (1998) Environmental management - Life-cycle assessment - Principles and framework.
39. ISO 14041 (1998) Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis.
40. ISO 14042 (2000) Life-cycle impact assessment.
41. ISO 14043 (2000) Life-cycle interpretation, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. (The set of standards defining procedures for life-cycle assessment and its interpretation.).
42. Kyoto Protocol (1997) United Nations, Framework convention on climate change. Document FCCC/CP1997/7/ADD.1 (An international treaty to reduce the emissions of gases that, through the greenhouse effect, cause climate change.).
43. MacKay, D.J.C. (2008) “Sustainable energy - without the hot air”, UIT Press, Cambridge, UK and www.withouthotair.com/. (MacKay brings a welcome dose of common sense into the discussion of energy sources and use. Fresh air replacing hot air.).
44. MEEUP Methodology Report, final (2005), VHK, Delft, Netherlands (www.pre.nl/EUP/). (A report by the Dutch consultancy VHK commissioned by the European Union, detailing their implementaion of an LCA tool designed to meet the EU Energy-using Products directive.).
45. National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Sciences (1997), “The industrial green game: implications for environmental design and management” National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. ISBN 978-0309-0529-48. (A monograph describing best practices that are being used by a variety of industries in several countries to integrate environmental considerations in decision-making.).
46. PAS 2050 (2008) “Specification for the assignment of the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services”, ICS code 13.020.40, British Standards Institution, London, UK. ISBN 978-0-580-50978-0. (A proposed European Publicly Available Specification (PAS) for assessing the carbon footprint of products.).
47. SETAC (1991) “A technical framework for life-cycle assessment, " Fava, J.A., Denison, R. Jones, B. Curran, M.A. Vignon, B. Selke, S. and Barnum, J., (Eds) Society of environmental toxicology and chemistry, Washington, DC. (The meeting at which the term Life-cycle Assessment was first coined.).
48. SETAC (1993) “Guidelines for life-cycle assessment - a code of practice, " editor Consoli, F., Fava J.A., Denison, R. Dickson, K. Kohin, T. and Vigon, B. (Eds) Society of environmental toxicology and chemistry, Washington, DC. (The first formal definition of procedures for conducting an LCA.).
49. Todd, J.A. and Curran, M.A. (1999) “Streamlined life-cycle assessment: a final report from the SETAC North America streamlined LCA workshop”, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington, DC. (One of the early moves towards streamlined LCA.).
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135. Harvey, L.D.D. (2010) “Energy and the new reality 1: energy efficiency and the demand for energy services”, Earthscan Ltd, London. (An analysis of energy use in buildings, transport, industry, agriculture, and services, backed up by comprehensive data.).
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144. CES EduPack Eco Design database (2019), Granta Design, Cambridge, UK, www.grantadesign.com/education. (A major database of environmental properties of engineering materials. Includes limited data for eco-aspects of consumer electronics.).
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149. IdeMat (2019) Faculty of Design, Engineering and Production, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, http://idematapp.com/. (Environmental attributes of materials - one of the first in the game. There is a variant of it that includes an estimate of eco-cost.).
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156. Ashby, M.F., Shercliff, H.R., and Cebon, D. (2019) “Materials: engineering, science, processing and design”, 4th edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. (An elementary text introducing materials through material property charts, and developing the selection methods through case studies.).
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158. Goicoechea, A., Hansen, D.R., and Druckstein, L. (1982) “Multi-objective decision analysis with engineering and business applications”, Wiley, New York. (A good starting point for the theory of multi-objective decision-making.).
159. Keeney, R.L. and Raiffa, H. (1993) “Decisions with multiple objectives: preferences and value tradeoffs”, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (A notably readable introduction to methods of decision-making with multiple, competing objectives.).
160. Ashby, M.F. (2017) “Materials selection in mechanical design”, 5th edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK. (A text that develops the ideas presented here in more depth, including the derivation of material indices, a discussion of shape factors and light weight structures.).
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164. Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C. (1959) “Conduction of heat in solids”, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (A classic text dealing with heat flow in solid materials.).
165. Hollman, J.P. (1981) “Heat transfer”, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York. (An introduction to problems of heat flow.).
166. MacKay, D.J.C. (2008) “Sustainable energy - without the hot air”, Department of Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. www.withouthotair.com/(MacKay brings common sense into the discussion of energy use.).
167. Young, W.C., Budynas, R. and Sadegh, A. (2011) “Roark’s formulas for stress and strain”, 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (A “Yellow pages” for results for calculations of stress and strain in loaded components.).
168. Beukers, A. and van Hinte, E. (1998) “Lightness. The inevitable renaissance of minimum energy structures”, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.
169. Currey, J.D., Wainwright, S.A., and Biggs, W.D. (1982) “Mechanical design in organisms”, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
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176. Furan (2010) www.biocomp.eu.com/uploads/04_THERMOSET_BIOPOLYMER_MATERIALS-TFC.pdf. (Background on the furic acid-based bio-polymer, furan.).
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178. Wool, R.P. and Sun, X.S. (2005) “Bio-based polymers and composites”, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. (A text introducing the chemistry and production of bio-polymers.).
179. Ashby, M. (2018) “Fibers in the CES EduPack - a White Paper”, Granta Design, Cambridge, www.Grantadesign.com/education.
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186. Baillie, C. (Editor), (2004) “Green composites”, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, London UK. (A collection of papers dealing with natural fibers and composites based on them.).
187. Brechbuhl, E. and Ashby, M.F. (2018) “The CES Bio-composites Database - a White Paper”, Granta Design Limited, www.grantadesign/education.
188. Dicker, M.P.M., Duckworth, P.F., Baker, A.B., Francois, G., Hazzard, M.K., and Weaver, P.M. (2014), “Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications”, Composites Part A Vol. 56, pp. 280-289.
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192. Wool, R.P. and Sun, X.S. (2005) “Bio-based polymers and composites”, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. (A text introducing the chemistry and production of bio-polymers.).
193. Ashby M.F. and Vakhitova, T. (2014) “Material risk and Corporate Sustainability - a White Paper, Granta Design, Cambridge, UK. www.grantadesign.com.
194. Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan (2016) “Critical Materials Factsheet.” Pub. No. CSS14-15. http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/critical-materials-factsheet.
195. Dow Jones Sustainability Index (2012). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indices (A ranking of Corporate performance based on sustainability factors that are financially relevant for businesses.).
196. Ethical Corporation (2013) “Full product transparency is the future of reporting”, http://www.ethicalcorp.com/communications-reporting/full-product-transparency-future-reporting. (Standards for reporting ethical manufacture and sourcing.).
197. Graedel, T.E., Harper, E.M., Nassar, T.N., and Reck, B.K. “On the materials basis of modern society”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1312752110 (2013).
198. Jaffe. R. and Price, J. (2010) “Critical elements for new energy technologies”, American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs (POPA) study, American Physical Soc. USA. (Critical materials for energy technology.).
199. Leader, A., Gaustad, G., and Babbitt, C. (2019) “The effect of critical material prices on the competitiveness of clean energy technologies”, Mater Renew Sustain Energy 8: 8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40243-019-0146-z.
200. Rankin, W.J. (2011), “Minerals, Metals and Sustainability - meeting future material needs”, CSIRO Press. (A thorough and revealing analysis of materials, sustainable development, and the Australian mining industry.).
201. MIT (2016) “The future of Strategic Natural Resources”, https://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problems/raremetals.html.
202. OECD (2019) “How exports of mineral commodities contribute to economy-wide growth”, http://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-in-raw-materials/.
203. USGS (2002) Circular (2112) “Materials in the economy -material flows, scarcity and the environment”, by L.W. Wagner, US Department of the Interior (www.usgs.gov). (A readable and perceptive summary of the operation of the material supply-chain, the risks to which it is exposed, and the environmental consequences of material production.).
204. World GDP per capita over time: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html. (A striking animation of the way in which the GDP of nations has evolved.).
205. Allwood, J.M. and Cullen, J.M., (2012) “Sustainable materials: with both eyes open”, UIT Cambridge, UK. (The authors present a carefully researched and documented case for increased material efficiency.).
206. Allwood, J.M., Ashby, M.F., Gutowski, T.G., and Worrell, E. (Editors), (2013) “Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production”, Phil Trans Royal Soc A, Vol. 371, Number 1986, Royal Society, London. (The proceedings of a discussion meeting devoted to this topic.).
207. Ashby, M.F. (2016) “Materials and sustainable development”, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
208. Azapagic, A., Perdan, S., and Clift, R. (Editors), (2004) “Sustainable development in practice”, John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
209. Blomsma, F. and Brennan, G. (2017) “The emergence of circular economy-a new framing around prolonging resource productivity”, Journal of Industrial Ecology Vol 21 pp. 603-614.
210. Braungart M. and McDonough, W. (2002) “Cradle to cradle: remaking the way we make things”, North Point Press, New York.
211. Coulter, S., Bras, B., and Foley, C., (1995) “A lexicon of green engineering terms”, Proc. ICED 95, Prague, pp. 1-11. (Coulter presents the nested-box analogy of green design, here used as Figure 13.4.).
212. Cullen, J.M. (2017) “Circular economy”, Journal of Industrial Ecology Vol 12, No 3, 12599.
213. Daly, H. (1990) “Toward some operational principles of sustainable development”, Ecological Economics, vol. 2, pp. 1-6. (Herman Daly, an economist at the University of Maryland, offers a simple set of operational principles to guide sustainable development.).
214. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2014) www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. (The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has become an enabler of thinking and communication on the circular economy.).
215. Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017) https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/programmes/insight/circularity-indicators. (Circularity metrics and tools to evaluate them.).
216. Geiser, K. (2001) “Materials matter: towards a sustainable materials policy”, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (A monograph examining the historical and present-day actions and attitudes relating to material conservation, with informative discussion of renewable materials, material efficiency, and dematerialization.).
217. Guidice, F., La Rosa, G., and Risitano, A. (2006) “Product design for the environment - a life-cycle approach”, Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, University of Catania, Italy.
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219. MacKay, D.J.C. (2008) “Sustainable energy - without the hot air”, UIT Press, Cambridge, UK and www.withouthotair.com/. (MacKay brings a welcome dose of common sense into the discussion of energy sources and use. Fresh air replacing hot air.).
220. McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2002) “Cradle to cradle, remaking the way we make things”, North Point Press, New York. (The book that popularized thinking about a circular materials economy.).
221. Nguyen, Stuchtey, M. and Zils, M. (2014) “Remaking the industrial economy”, McKinsey Quarterly, February issue. (A readable introduction to the ideas behind a circular materials economy) available on www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org.
222. USGS (2019), “Mineral commodity summaries 2018", U.S. Geological Survey. (The ultimate source of data for mineral production and metal production.).
223. Webster, K., Bleriot, J., and Johnson, C. (2013) “A new dynamic: effective business in a circular economy”, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, UK. (A compilation of essays by distinguished authors discussing aspects of the Circular Economy.).
224. World Bank (2013) http://blogs.worldbank.org/prospects/category/tags/historical-commodity-prices.
225. WRAP (2014) http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/innovative-business-models-1#k.
226. Azapagic, A., Perdan, S., and Clift, R. (Editors), (2004) “Sustainable development in practice”, John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
227. Baker, S., (2013) “Sustainable development”, Routledge, New York. (A concise and readable explanation of sustainable development taking a global and national perspective.).
228. Carson, Rachel (1962) “Silent Spring” first published by Houghton Mifflin, republished (2002) by Mariner Books. (The book, which argued that the uncontrolled use of pesticides was harming birds and animals, including humans, had an enormous impact.).
229. Daly, H., (1990) “Toward some operational principles of sustainable development”, Ecological Economics, vol. 2, pp. 1-6. (Herman Daly, and economist at the University of Maryland, offers a simple set of operational principles to guide sustainable development.).
230. Dasgupta, P., (2010) “Nature’s role in sustaining economic development”, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, vol 365, pp. 5-11. (Dasgupta argues that measuring well-being by GDP, education, and health ignores the loss of natural capital through damage to the ecosystem.).
231. Ehrenfeld, J.R., (2008) “Sustainability by design”, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. (John Ehrenfeld is both a scientist-an industrial ecologist-an philosopher. The book is an interesting blend.).
232. European Union Eurostat, (2013) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/sdi/indicators. (Tables of EU Indices of sustainability.).
233. Geiser, K., (2001) “Materials matter: towards a sustainable materials policy”, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (A monograph examining the historical and present-day actions and attitudes relating to material conservation, with informative discussion of renewable materials, material efficiency, and dematerialization.).
234. Goldberg, L.H. (Editor), (1999) “Green electronics/green bottom line”, Newness.
235. Guidice, F., La Rosa, G., and Risitano, A., (2006) “Product design for the environment” CRC/Taylor and Francis, London, UK. (A well-balanced review of current thinking on eco-design.).
236. Imhoff, D., (2005) “Paper or plastic: searching for solutions to an overpackaged world”, University of California Press. (What it says: a study of packaging taking a critical stance.).
237. IPCC, (2007) “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.) IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.ipcc.ch. (The report asserts that “most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”).
238. IPCC, (2014) IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.ipcc.ch. (The Report, presented in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2014, will provide an update of knowledge on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of climate change.).
239. Lovelock, J., (2000) “Gaia, a new look at life on earth”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (A visionary statement of man’s place in the environment.).
240. MacKay, D.J.C., (2008) “Sustainable energy - without the hot air”, Department of Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. www.withouthotair.com/. (MacKay brings a welcome dose of common sense into the discussion of energy sources and use. Fresh air replacing hot air.).
241. Malthus, T. R. (1798), “An essay on the principle of population”, London, Printed for Johnson, St. Paul’s Church-yard. (http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/malthus/malthus.) (The originator of the proposition that population growth must ultimately be limited by resource availability.).
242. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J., and Behrens, W.W., (1972) “The limits to growth”, Universe Books, New York. (The “Club of Rome” report that triggered the first of a sequence of debates in the 20th century on the ultimate limits imposed by resource depletion.).
243. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. and Randers, J., (1992) “Beyond the limits”, Earthscan, London, UK. (The authors of “The Limits to Growth” use updated data and information to restate the case that continued population growth and consumption might outstrip the Earth’s natural capacities.).
244. Mrityunjay, S., Tatsuki, O., and Rajiv, A. (Editors), (2015), “Green and sustainable manufacturing of advanced materials”, Elsevier.
245. Mulder, K. (Editor), (2006) “Sustainable development for engineers: a handbook and resource guide”, Greenleaf Publishing Ltd., Sheffield, UK.
246. Nielsen, R., (2005) “The little green handbook”, Scribe Publications Pty Ltd, Carlton North, Victoria, Australia. (A cold-blooded presentation and analysis of hard facts about population, land and water resources, energy, and social trends.).
247. Schmidt-Bleek, F., (1997) “How much environment does the human being need - factor 10 - the measure for an ecological economy”, Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich, Germany. (Both Schmidt-Bleek and von Weizsäcker, referenced below, argue that sustainable development will require a drastic reduction in material consumption.).
248. Tolley, R., (Editor), (2003) “Sustainable transport”, Woodhead Publishing.
249. US Department of Energy, (2010), “Critical materials strategy for clean technology”, www.energy.gov/news/documents/criticalmaterialsstrategy.pdf. (A report on the role of rare earth elements and other materials in low-carbon energy technology.).
250. US Department of Energy, (2010) “Critical materials strategy”, Office of Policy and International Affairs, materialstrategy@hq.doe.gov, www.energy.gov. (A broader study than MRS 2010, above, but addressing many of the same issues of material critical to the energy, communication and defense industries, and the priorities for securing adequate supply.).
251. USGS, (2002) Circular 2112 “Materials in the economy -material flows, scarcity and the environment”, by L.W. Wagner, US Department of the Interior (www.usgs.gov). (A readable and perceptive summary of the operation of the material supply chain, the risks to which it is exposed, and the environmental consequences of material production.).
252. UNEP, (1972) Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm. The Earth Summit, http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97. (The conference, known as the Earth Summit, put environmental issues on the international agenda for the first time and laid the groundwork for progress in the environment and development.).
253. Visser, W., (2009) “The top 50 sustainability books”, (The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership), Greenleaf Publishing. (Four-page précis of key books on sustainability, each listing key ideas, a synopsis and author notes.).
254. von Weizsäcker, E., Lovins, A.B., and Lovins, L.H., (1997) “Factor four: doubling wealth, halving resource use”, Earthscan Publications, London, UK. (Both von Weizsäcker and Schmidt-Bleek referenced above, argue that sustainable development will require a drastic reduction in material consumption.).
255. WCED, (1987) Report of the World Commission on the Environment and Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (The so-called Bruntland report launched the current debate and stimulated current actions on moving towards a sustainable existence.).
256. World Bank Development Indicators, (2012) http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. (The World Bank assembles annual figures for global economic development data at the national, regional, and global levels.).
257. WSSD, (2002) World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story097/en/index.html. (The summit identified five priorities for sustainable development: water, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity.).