Leigh Hunt's Examiner and the Language of Patriotism

English Historical Review

Volumn 111, Issue 444, 1996, Pages 1159-1181

  Harling, Philip ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85126291173     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1159     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. H. T. Dickinson, Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (New York, 1977), p. 272.
2. I. Christie, Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain. Reflections on the British Avoidance of Revolution (Oxford, 1984), pp. 170-1, 182.
3. R. Dozier, For King, Constitution, and Country: The English Loyalists and the French Revolution (Lexington, Kentucky, 1983)^ 173.
4. L. Colley, 'Whose Nation?. Class and National Consciousness in Britain 1750-1830, ' Past and Present, cxiii (1986), 116-17; eld., Britons: Forging the Nation l77-I%37 (New Haven, 1992), pp. 4-5, 371-2. ). L. Colley, 'Radical Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century England, ' in Patriotism: The Malting and Unmaking of British National Identity, ed. R. Samuel (3 vols., London, 1989), i.181.
5. L. Collcy, 'The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation, 1760-1820, ' Past and Present, cii (1984), 128. More generally, see Britons, chs. 4-5.
6. ButseeH.Cunningham.ThcLanguageof Patriotism, 1750-1914, ' History Workshop Journal, xii (1981), 9; M. Taylor, 'John Bull and the Iconography of Public Opinion in England c. 1712-1929, ' Past and Present, acrxiv (1992), 9 j-8, 104-8; D. Eastwood, 'Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism, ' Journal of British Studies, m i (1992), pp. 286-7.
7. The Correspondence of Leigh Hunt, ed. T. L. Hunt (2 vols., London, 1862), i.40: Leigh Hunt to Marianne Thornton, 14 Nov. 1808; Memoirs, Journals, and Correspondence of Thomas Moore, ed. Lord John Russell (8 vols., London, 1853-6), viii.8o: Samuel Rogers to Moore, 10 July 1809.
8. According to one subscriber, Jeremy Bentham: A. Bain, James Mill- A Biography (London, 1882; repr. New York, 1967), p. 123.
9. L. Hunt, The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt (2 vols., repr. New York, 1965), ii.44; G. D. Stout, The Political History of Leigh Hunt's Examiner, together with an account of 'The Book*(Sc. Louis: 9-19). PP 37-8.
10. Quoted in E. Blunden, Leigh Hunt's 'Examiner' Examined (London, 1928)^.44.
11. See, for instance, Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley to J. H. Leigh Hunt, ed. T. J. Wise (2 vols., London, 1894), i.8: Shelley to Hunt, 8 Dec 1816.
12. Such as the Duke of Leeds and Marchioness Townshend. BL Add. Mi. 38523, fo. 2: Francis Wrangham to Leigh Hunt, 19 Oct. 1808.
13. Examiner, no. 569, pp. 737-9 (22 Nov. 1818)
14. See, for example, E. Blunden, Leigh Hunt and his Circle (London, 1918), passim; L. Landrc, 'Leigh Hunt Hij Contribution to English Romanticism, ' Keats-Shelley Journal, viii (1959), 133-44.
15. Leigh Hunt, ed. Hunt, i. 79: Journal entry from Surrey Gaol, 16 March 1813. See also C. Oilier, 'A Literary Life, ' All the Year Round, xvii (1861), 118; L. Landre, Leigh Hunt (1784-18)9): Contribution a I'histoire du Ronunttsme anglais (2 vok., Paris, 1936), i.62, ii 74; C. Woodring, 'Introduction, ' in Leigh Hunt's Political and Occasional Essays, ed. L. H. and C. W. Houtchens (New York, 1962), pp. 8-9, 40-3, 66.
16. Examiner, no. 59, p.98 (12 Feb. 1809)
17. Examiner, no. 1, preface (no page number), (3 Jan. 1808)
18. Examiner, no. 52, p. 827 (25 Dec. 1808); no. 293, pp. 497-8 (8 Aug. 1813); no. 227, p. 274 (3 May i8i2); no. 560, p. 593 (20 Sept- 1818); no. j66, p.689 (1 Nov. 1818)
19. See, for example, Examiner, no.406, p. 641 (8 Oct. 181 j); no. 574, p. 817(27 Dec. 1818)
20. Examiner, no. 2, p. 17 (10 Jan. 1808); no. 188, pp. 491-2 (4 Aug. 1811)
21. Indeed, they broke into radical journalism at an especially dangerous time. The Perceval government filed some forty ex-officio cases against pressmen in only three year*- several times more than the Pitt ministries had filed in over twenty years in power - in an effort to 'ruin' critics in the press with 'the costs of in terrorem informations': C. Redding, Fifty Yean' Recollections, Literary, and Personal, tenth Observations of Men and Things (3 vols., London, 18 5 8), 1.166-7. For a detailed contemporary critique of the law of libel, see H. Brougham, The Liberty of the Press and its Abuses, ' Edinburgh Review, xxvii (1816), 102-44. For comprehensive accounts of the Hunts' libel cases, see Stout, Political History of Leigh Hunt's Examiner, pp. 6-26; and Woodnng, 'Introduction, ' pp. 10-27.
22. For the war-time decline of Paineite natural-rights arguments for reform, see esp. J. Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790-18(0 (New York, 1994), pp. 5-11.
23. Ibid., ch.3.
24. Ibid., p. 9.
25. P. Harling, The Waning of 'Old Corruption': The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779-1846 (Oxford, 1996), pp. 96-104.
26. Sec, classically, E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Vintage edn., 1966), part 1, Gwyn Williams, Artisans and Sans-Culottes: Popular Movements in France and Britain during the French Revolution (New York, 1969)
27. Sec, in addition to pp. 11J9-60 supra, H. T. Dickinson, 'Popular Loyalism in Britain in the 1790s, ' in The Transformation of Political Culture: Englandand Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century, ed. E. Hellmuth (Oxford, 1990), pp. 503-34; Robert Hole, 'British Counter-Revolutioiury Propaganda in the 1790s, ' in Britain and Revolutionary France: Conflict, Subversion, and Propaganda, cd. C. Jones (Exeter, 1983), pp. 5 3-69; T. P. Schofield, 'Conservative Political Thought in Britain in Response to the French Revolution, ' Historical Journal, xxix (1986), 601-22; D. Eastwood, 'Patriotism and the English Sutc in the 1790s, ' in The French Revolution and British Popular Politics, ed. M. Philp (Cambridge, '99% PP- M<5-8.
28. See P. Hariing, The Waning of 'Old Corruption', ch. 4; N. Cox, 'Aspects of English Radicalism: The Suppression and Re-emergence of the Constitutional Radical Tradition, 1795-1809' (Univ. of Cambridge, D.Phil, thesis, 1971); J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Parliamentary Reform as an Issue in English Politics, 1800-1810' (Univ. of London, Ph.D. thesis, 1971); id., 'Sir Francis Burden and Burdettite Radicalism, ' History, lxv (1980), 17-31.
29. See P. Hariing, The Duke of York Affair (1809) and the Complaities of War-time Patriotism, ' Historical Journal (forthcoming)
30. Hansard, xii, col. 190 (27 Jan. 1809)
31. Ibid., col. 202 (27 Jan. 1S09)
32. Hantard, xiil, col. 61 (8 March 1809)
33. Examiner, no. 58, p. 81 (j Feb. 1809)
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Examiner, no. 135, p.45 j (29 July 1810)
37. Ibid., p-46.
38. Examiner, no. 3 1 1 , p. 785 (12 D e c . 1813)
39. Hansard, xiv, cols. 223-4 (2 J April 1809)
40. ExMmwer, no. 70, pp. 273-4 (30 Apr. 1809)
41. IbicL, p. 274.
42. Set Colley, Bntorti, ch. 5.
43. Sec, for example, I. McOlman, Radical Underworld- Prophets, Revolutionaries, and Pornographers in London, /79J-/S40 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 162-77; M. Wood, Radical Satire and Print Culture, 1790-1822 (Oxford, 1994), pp-14-17.
44. Examiner, no. 34, pp. 530-1 (21 Aug. 1808)
45. Examiner, no. 221, p. 179 (22 March 1812)
46. Ibid., p. 180.
47. Examiner, no. J64, p. 802 (18 Dec. 1814)
48. Examiner, no. 114, p. 66 (2 Feb. 1812)
49. Examiner, no.6jo, p. 371 (11 June 1820)
50. Examiner, no.fijj, p. 85 (6 Feb. 1820)
51. Examiner, no. 63 J, p. 97(13 Feb. 1820)
52. Sec G. Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740-I8JO (New York, 987)
53. Examiner, no. 4, p. 50 (14 Jan. 1808)
54. Examiner, no.77, p.386(18 June 1809)
55. Ibid-, p. 386(18 June 1809)
56. Examiner, no. 10j, p. 836 (31 Dec 1809)
57. See, for instance, N. Vansittart, An Inquiry into the State of the Finances of Great Britain, in answer to Mr. Morgan's Facts (London, 1796); G. Rose, A Brief Examination into the Increase of the Revenue, Commerce, and Navigation durmg the Administration of the Right Honourable William Pitt (London, 1799); J. Necker, Demteres Vues de la Politique el de Finance, Offertes a U Nation Franchise (Geneva, 1802), pp. i68, 270; Sir J. Sinclair, The History of the Public Revenue of the British Empire (3rd edn., 3 VOIST London, 1803), i.133-4, in.312-3; Hansard, xiv, col. 1123 (speech of William Huskijson, 19 June 1809). With the same contrast doubtless in mind, Pin himself authorized Sir Francis d'lvcrnois to publish his manuscript on French finance under the Consulate, and instructed him to be sure to include a chapter discussing the differences between the French and British systems: The DUry and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1802-1817, ed. Charles, Lord Colchester (3 vols, London, 1861), 1.20} (4 May 1800)
58. Examiner, no. 160, p.97(17 Feb. 1811)
59. Examiner, no. 190, p.450 (18 July 1813)
60. But see, for instance, Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, pp. 469-70.
61. Examiner, no. 130, p. 389 (24 June 1810)
62. Hunt, Autobiography, 1.202.
63. Ibid., p. 247.
64. Examiner, no. 229, p. 307 (17 May 1812). Sec also McCalman, Radial Underworld, pp. 41-2; for the Examiner's relationship to the infamous 'Book, ' see Stout, The Political History of Leigh Hunt's Examiner, appendix; Woodring, 'Introduction, ' pp. 18-14.
65. Examiner, no. 577, p. 33 (17 Jan. 1818)
66. Examiner
67. Examiner
68. Examiner
69. Examiner
70. Examiner, no. 256, p. 737 (22 Nov. 1812) no-74. P-337 (28 May 1809) no. 5 29, p. 97 (15 Feb. 1818) no. 523, pp. 7-8 (4 Jan. 1818) no. 619, p. 70 j (7 Nov. 1819) 1. Examiner, no. 530, p. 113 (22 Feb. 1818)
71. Leigh Hunt's Political and Occasional Essays, ed. L. H. and C. W. Houtchens, pp. 163-4: From in Examiner leader of 21 Dec. 1817
72. The more influential analyses of 'country ideology' include J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment. Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, 1975), esp. chs. 3-4; P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688-181) (London, 1967), ch.3; L. Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party, 1714-1760 (Cambridge, 1982), chs. 4-5; Q. Skinner, 'The Principles and Practice of Opposition: The Case of Bolingbrokc versus Walpole, ' in Historical Perspectives:Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb, cd. N. McKendrick (London, 1974), PP-93"128; J. Murrin, The Great Inversion, or Court versus Country: A Comparison of the Revolution Settlements in England (1688-1721) and America (1776-1816)', in Three British Revolutions, ed. J. G. A. Pocock (Princeton, 1980), pp. 368-453.
73. Colley, 'Radical Patriotism.'
74. Examiner, no. 421, p. 49 (22 Jan. 1816)
75. 309, p. 766 (28 Nov. 1813)
76. Examiner, no. 32J, p. 396 (20 March 1814)
77. For detailed accounts of Whitbread's political career on the extreme left of Whiggcry, see D. Rapp, The Left-Wing Whigj: Whitbread, the Mountain and Reform, 1809-1815, ' Journal ofBritish Studies, xxi (1982), 35-66; \A., Sam*el V/hitbread (1764-181)): A Soaaltnd Political Study (New York, 1987)
78. Examiner, no.346, p. 522 (14 Aug. 1814)
79. Hunt, Autobiography, 11.44.
80. See, for example. Satirist, viii.318-11 (1 Apr. 1811), 11.57 ( July 181*); British Critic, ind ser., i.(49-51 (May 1814), x.90-6 (Nov. 1818), Critical Review, 4th jcr., v.193-303 (March 1814); Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, ii.40 (Oct. 1817), 197 (Nov. 1817), 415-16 (Jan. 1818), iii. 196-101 (May 18.8), 453 (Ju'yiSiS)-