Alarm Design

Handbook of Human Factors in Medical Device Design

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 397-424

  Wilcox, Stephen B ^a,b,c,d  

^a Kent State University   (United States)

^b Advancement of Medical Instrumentation   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85125982392     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b10439-13     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Adams, A. S. and Edworthy, J. (1995). Quantifying and predicting the effects of basic text display variables on the perceived urgency of warning labels: Tradeoffs involving font size, border weight and colour. Ergonomics, 38, 2221-2237.
2. American Society for Testing and Materials. (1999). F1463-93. Standard Specification for Alarm Signals in Medical Equipment Used in Anesthesia and Respiratory Care. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
3. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, VA. (2010). HE 75:2010. Human Factors Engineering Guidelines and Preferred Practices for the Design of Medical Devices.
4. Athenes, S., Chatty, S., and Bustico, A. (2000). Human factors in ATC alarms and notifications design: An experimental evaluation. Third USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, Naples, Italy.
5. Bacon, S. J. (1974). Arousal and the range of cue utilization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 81-87.
6. Belz, S. M., Robinson, G. S., and Casali, J. G. (1999). A new class of auditory signals for complex systems: Auditory icons. Human Factors, 41, 608-618.
7. Blattner, M. M., Sumikawa, D. A., and Greenberg, R. M. (1989). Earcons and icons: Their structure and common design principles. Human-Computer Interaction, 4, 11-44.
8. Beneken, J. E. W. and Van Der Aa, J. J. (1989). Alarms and their limits in monitoring. Journal of Clinical Monitoring, 5, 205-210.
9. Bliss, J. P., Gilson, R. D., and Deaton, J. E. (1995). Human probability matching behavior in response to alarms of varying reliability. Ergonomics, 38, 2300-2312.
10. Block, F. E. (1994). Human factors and alarms. In C. Lake (Ed.), Clinical Monitoring for Anesthesia and Critical Care (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
11. Block, F. E., Nuutinen, L., and Ballast, B. (1999). Optimization of alarms: A study on alarm limits, alarm sounds, and false alarms, intended to reduce annoyance. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 15, 75-83.
12. Cratty, B. J. (1973). Movement Behavior and Motor Learning. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
13. Deller, A., Konrad, J., Kilian, J., and Schuhle, B. (1992). Alarms in an operative intensive care unit-Response of the nursing staff. In J. Hedley-Whyte (Ed.), Operating Room and Intensive Care Alarms and Information Transfer. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing Materials.
14. Edworthy, J. (1994). Urgency mapping in auditory warning signals. In N. Stanton (Ed.), Human Factors in Alarm Design. London: Taylor & Francis.
15. Edworthy, J. (1998a). Does sound help us to work better with machines? A commentary on Rautenberg’s paper “About the importance of auditory alarms during the operation of a plant simulator.” Interacting with Computers, 10, 401-409.
16. Edworthy, J. (1998b). What makes a good alarm. In Medical Equipment Alarms: The Need, the Standards, the Evidence. London: Institute for Electrical Engineers.
17. Edworthy, J. and Stanton, N. (1995). A user-centered approach to the design and evaluation of auditory warning signals: 1. Methodology. Ergonomics, 38, 2262-2280.
18. Edworthy, J. and Meredith, C. (1997). Influence of verbal labeling and acoustic quality on the learning and retention of medical alarms. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1, 229-243.
19. Gaver, W. W. (1986). Auditory icons: Using sound in computer interfaces. Human-Computer Interaction, 2(2), 167-177.
20. Gerth, J. (1993). Identification of sounds with multiple timbres. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 37, 539-543.
21. Giles, C. S., Edworthy, J., Brown, R. D. H., and Davies, S. C. (1998). ITU alarm confusion-A smart solution. In Institute for Electrical Engineers, Medical Equipment Alarms: The Need, the Standards, the Evidence. London: Institute for Electrical Engineers.
22. Gilson, R., Moulaua, M., Graft, A., McDonald, D. (2001). Behavioral influences of proximal alarms. Human Factors, 43, 595-610.
23. Griffith, R. L. and Raciot, B. M. (1992). A survey of practicing anesthesiologists on auditory alarms in the operating room. In J. Hedley-Whyte (Ed.), Operating Room and Intensive Care Alarms and Information Transfer. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials.
24. Hakkinen, M. T. and Williges, B. H. (1984). Synthesized warning messages: Effects of an alerting cue in single- and multiple-function voice synthesis systems. Human Factors, 26, 185-195.
25. International Electrotechnical Commission. (2004). IEC 60601-1-8-Medical electrical equipment-Part 1-8: General Requirements for Safety-Collateral Standard: General Requirements, Tests and Guidance for Alarm Systems in Medical Electrical Equipment and Medical Electrical systems. Geneva, Switzerland: International Electrotechnical Commission.
26. International Organization for Standardization. (1996). 11428-Ergonomics-Visual Danger Signals-General Requirements, Design and Testing. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
27. Japanese Industrial Standard. (1991). JIS T 1031-1991. General Rules for Alarms of Medical Equipment. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Industrial Standards Organization.
28. Kerr, J. H. (1985). Warning devices. British Journal of Anaesthesiology, 57, 696-708.
29. Kestin, I. G., Miller, B. R., and Moore, C. H. (1986). Auditory alarms during anesthesia monitoring. Anesthesiology, 69, 106-109.
30. Kirwan, B. and Ainsworth, L. K. (Eds.). (1992). A Guide to Task Analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.
31. Laroche, C., Tran Quoc, H., Hetu, R., and McDuff, S. (1991). Detectsound: A computerized model for predicting detectability of warning signals in noisy environments. Applied Acoustics, 33, 193-214.
32. Lazarus, H. and Hoge, H. (1986). Industrial safety: Acoustic signals for danger situations in factories. Applied Ergonomics, 17, 41-46.
33. Momtahan, K., Hetu, R., and Tansley, B. (1993). Audibility and identification of auditory alarms in the operating room and intensive care unit. Ergonomics, 36, 1159-1176.
34. Nasir, B. (1998). A medical device alarm based on the pulse oximeter. In Institute for Electrical Engineers, Medical Equipment Alarms: The Need, the Standards, the Evidence. London: Institute for Electrical Engineers.
35. O’Carroll, T. M. (1986). Survey of alarms in an intensive therapy unit. Anaesthesia, 41, 742-744.
36. Orr, J. A. and Westenskow, D. R. (1993). A breathing circuit alarm based on neural networks. Journal of Clinical Monitoring, 9, 31-37.
37. Patterson, R. D. (1982). Guidelines for auditory warning systems on civil aircraft. Civil Aviation Authority Paper 82017. London: Civil Aviation Authority.
38. Patterson, R. D. (1989). Guidelines for the design of auditory warning sounds. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 11, 59-71. Edinburgh, Scotland.
39. Patterson, R. D. (1990). Auditory warning sounds in the work environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 327, 485-492.
40. Patterson, R. D., Edworthy, J., Shailer, M., Lower, M. C., and Wheeler, P. D. (1986). Alarm sounds for medical equipment in intensive care areas and operating theatres. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research Report No. AC598.
41. Sanders, M. S. and McCormick, E. J. (1987). Human Factors in Engineering and Design (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
42. Seagull, F. J., Xiao, Y., Mackenzie, C. F., and Wickens, C. D. (2000). Auditory alarms: From alerting to informing. Proceedings of the IEA/HFES Congress, 1, 223-226.
43. Sorkin, R. D., Kantowitz, B. H., and Kantowitz, S. C. (1988). Likelihood alarm displays. Human Factors, 30, 445-459.
44. Stanton, N. (1994). Alarm initiated activities. In N. Stanton (Ed.), Human Factors in Alarm Design. London: Taylor & Francis.
45. Stanton, N. A. and Baber, C. (1997). Comparing verbal alarm displays: Speech versus textual systems. Ergonomics, 40, 1240-1254.
46. Stanton, N. and Edworthy, J. (1999). Auditory warnings and displays: An overview. In N. A. Stanton and J. Edworthy (Eds.), Human Factors in Auditory Warnings. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
47. Stanton, N. A., and Stammers, R. B. (1998). Alarm-initiated activities: Matching visual formats to alarm handling “tasks.” International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 2, 331-348.
48. Watt, R., Navabi, M., Mylrea, K., and Hameroff, S. (1989). Integrated monitoring smart alarms can detect critical events and reduce false alarms (abstract). Anesthesiology, 71, A338.
49. Weinger, M. B. and Smith, N. T. (1993 and in press). Alarms, and Integrated Monitoring Systems. In J. Ehrenwerth and J. B. Eisenkraft (Eds.), Anesthesia Equipment: Principles and Apllications (1st and 2nd eds.). Malvern, PA: Mosby.
50. Welch, J. (1999). Auditory alarms in intensive care. In N. A. Stanton and J. Edworthy (Eds.), Human Factors in Auditory Warnings. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
51. Wiklund, M. and Wilcox, S. (2005). Designing Visability into Medical Products. New York: CRC Press.
52. Woodson, W. E., Tillman, B., and Tillman, P. (1992). Human Factors Design Handbook (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.