Magnetic Particle-Based Hybrid Platforms for Bioanalytical Sensors

Sensors

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 2976-2999

  Stanciu, Lia ^a   Won, Yu Ho ^a   Ganesana, Mallikarjunarao ^b   Andreescu, Silvana ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CLARKSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bio immobilization; Biological sensors; Biomagnetic materials; Composite magnetic materials

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOSENSORS; HYBRID MATERIALS; MAGNETISM; MECHANICAL STABILITY;

BIO-IMMOBILIZATION; BIOANALYTICAL; BIOLOGICAL SENSORS; BIOMAGNETIC MATERIAL; COMPOSITE MAGNETIC MATERIALS; HIGH SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA; HYBRID PLATFORM; MAGNETIC PARTICLE; MICRO PARTICLES; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY;

CHEMICAL STABILITY;

EID: 85125852294     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s90402976     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Luo, X.; Morrin, A.; Killard, A.J.; Smyth, M.R. Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 319-326.
2. 2 bioactive electrode for biosensing application. Electrochem. Comm. 2008, 10, 263-267.
3. Corti, M.; Lascialfari, A.; Micotti, E.; Castellano, A.; Donativi, M.; Quarta, A.; Cozzoli, P.D.; Manna, L.; Pellegrino, T.; Sangregorio, C. Magnetic properties of novel superparamagnetic MRI contrast agents based on colloidal nanocrystals. J. Magn.Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, E320-E323.
4. Jun, Y.W.; Huh, Y.M.; Choi, J.S.; Song, H.T.; Kim, S.; Yoon, S.; Kim, K.S.; Shin, J.S.; Suh, J.S.; Cheon, J. Nanoscale size effect of magnetic nanocrystals and their utilization for cancer diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5732-5733.
5. Song, H.T.; Choi, J.S.; Huh, Y.M.; Kim, S.; Jun, Y.W.; Suh, J.S.; Cheon, J. Surface Modulation of Magnetic Nanocrystals in the Development of highly efficient magnetic resonance probes for intracellular labeling. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9992-9993.
6. Hanessian, S.; Grzyb, J.A.; Cengelli, F.; Juillerat-Jeanneret, L. Synthesis of chemically functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles as delivery vectors for chemotherapeutic drugs. Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 2921-2931.
7. Liu, T.Y.; Hu, S.H.; Liu, K.H.; Liu, D.M.; Chen, S.Y. Study on controlled drug permeation of magnetic-sensitive ferrogels: Effect of Fe3O4 and PVA. J. Control. Rel. 2008, 126, 228-236.
8. 2 core–shell structure nanoparticles via an acid cleaving amide bond: the potential for magnetic targeting drug delivery. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 165103-165111.
9. Wu, S.H.; Lin, Y.S.; Hung, Y.; Chou, Y.H.; Hsu, Y.H.; Chang, C.; Mou, C.Y. Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular labeling and animal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Chembiochem 2008, 9, 53-57.
10. Safarik, I.; Safarikova, M. Magnetic nanoparticles and biosciences. Monatsh. Chem. 2002, 133, 737-759.
11. Li, Y.F.; Liu, Z.M.; Liu, Y.Y.; Yang, Y.H.; Shen, G.L.; Yu, R.Q. A mediator-free phenol biosensor based on immobilizing tyrosinase to ZnO nanoparticles. Anal. Biochem. 2006, 349, 33-40.
12. Insin, N.; Tracy, J.B.; Lee, H.; Zimmer, J.P.; Westervelt, R.M.; Bawendi, M.G. Incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots into silica microspheres. ACS Nano 2008, 2, 197-202.
13. Salimi, A.; Hallaj, R.; Soltanian, S.; Mamkhezri, H. Nanomolar detection of hydrogen peroxide on glassy carbon electrode modified with electrodeposited cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 594, 24-31.
14. Hrbac, J.; Halouzka, V.; Zboril, R.; Papadopoulos, K.; Triantis, T. Carbon electrodes modified by nanoscopic iron(III) oxides to assemble chemical sensors for the hydrogen peroxide amperometric detection. Electroanalysis 2007, 19, 1850-1854.
15. Schachl, K.; Alemu, H.; Kalcher, K.; Jezkova, J.; Svancara, I.; Vytras, K. Amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide with a manganese dioxide-modified carbon paste electrode using flow injection analysis. Analyst 1997, 122, 985-989.
16. 2 nanoparticles and dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate composite film. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 557, 78-84.
17. Hermanek, M.; Zboril, R.; Medrik, I.; Pechousek, J.; Gregor, C. Catalytic efficiency of iron(III) oxides in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: competition between the surface area and crystallinity of nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10929-10936.
18. Sljukic, B.; Banks, C.E.; Compton, R.G. Iron oxide particles are the active sites for hydrogen peroxide sensing at multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 1556 1558.
19. Wang, J.; Scampicchio, M.; Laocharoensuk, R.; Valentini, F.; Gonzalez-Garcia, O.; Burdick, J. Magnetic tuning of the electrochemical reactivity through controlled surface orientation of catalytic nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4562-4563.
20. Wang, J.; Musameh, M.; Laocharoensuk, R. Magnetic catalytic nickel particles for on-demand control of electrocatalytic processes. Electrochem. Comm. 2005, 7, 652-656.
21. Katz, E.; Willner, I. Magneto-stimulated hydrodynamic control of electrocatalytic and bioelectrocatalytic processes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 124, 10290-10291.
22. Yin, Y.; Alivisatos, A.P. Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic−inorganic interface. Nature 2005, 437, 664-670.
23. Park, H.Y.; Schadt, M.J.; Wang, L.; Lim, I.I.S.; Njoaki, P.N.; Kim, S.H.; Jang, M.J.; Luo, J.; Zhong, C.J. Fabrication of magnetic core@shell Fe oxide@Au nanoparticles for interfacial bioactivity and bio-separation. Langmuir 2007, 23, 9050-9056.
24. Toderas, F.; Baia, M.; Maniu, D.; Astilean, S. Tuning the plasmon resonances of gold nanoparticles by controlling their size and shape. J. Optoelectron. Adv. M 2008, 10, 2282-2284.
25. 4 "nanoflowers". Small 2008, 4, 1635-1639.
26. Hickey, S.G.; Waurisch, C.; Rellinghaus, B.; Eychmuller, A. Size and shape control of colloidally synthesized IV-VI nanoparticulate tin(II) sulfide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14978-14980.
27. 3. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 5504-5506.
28. 3Si triangles, squares, and wires. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3205-3210.
29. Grzelczak, M.; Perez-Juste, J.; Mulvaney, P.; Liz-Marzan, L.M. Shape control in gold nanoparticle synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 1783-1791.
30. Hachisu, T.; Yotsumoto, T.; Sugiyama, A.; Iida, H.; Nakanishi, T.; Asahi, T.; Osaka, T. Effect of growth temperature on the shape and crystallinity of chemically produced Fe-Pt nanoparticles. Chem. Lett. 2008, 37, 840-841.
31. Vassilieff, T.; Sutton, A.; Kakkar, A.K. Shape control in silver metal nanoparticle construction using dumb-bell dendrimers. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 4031-4033.
32. 2O nanoparticles: use of chloride to promote the formation of a cubic morphology. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 4069-4073.
33. Somorjai, G.A.; Park, J.Y. Colloid science of metal nanoparticle catalysts in 2D and 3D structures. challenges of nucleation, growth, composition, particle shape, size control and their influence on activity and selectivity. Top. Catal. 2008, 49, 126-135.
34. 4 nanostructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1661-1667.
35. Susut, C.; Nguyen, T.D.; Chapman, G.B.; Tong, Y. Shape and size stability of Pt nanoparticles for MeOH electro-oxidation. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 6135-6142.
36. Chou, N.H.; Ke, X.; Schiffer, P.; Schaak, R.E. Room-temperature chemical synthesis of shapecontrolled indium nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8140-8141.
37. Kilin, D.S.; Prezhdo, O.V.; Xia, Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Ab initio study of preferential surface coordination with citric acid. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 458, 113-116.
38. Scholes, G.D. Controlling the optical properties of inorganic nanoparticles. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1157-1172.
39. 4) nanoparticles for bioapplications. Recent Pat. Mater. Sci. 2008, 1, 116-127.
40. Burda, C.; Chen, X.B.; Narayanan, R.; El-Sayed, M.A. Chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 1025-1102.
41. Taborda, A.; Carvalho, A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-proton nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion curves. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 43, 145-148.
42. Park, J.H.; von Maltzahn, G.; Zhang, L.; Schwartz, M.P.; Ruoslahti, E.; Bhatia, S.N.; Sailor, Michael J. Magnetic iron oxide nanoworms for tumor targeting and imaging. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1630-1635.
43. Zhai, Y.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Xie, H.; Gu, H. Acute toxicity and irritation of water-based dextran – coated magnetic fluid injected in mice. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2008, 85, 582-587.
44. Wu, C.C.; Lin, L.Y.; Lin, L.C.; Huang, H.C.; Yang, Y.F.; Liu, Y.B.; Tsai, M.C.; Gao, Y.L.; Wang, W.C.; Hung, S.W.; Yang, S.Y.; Horng, H.E.; Yang, H.C.; Tseng, W.Y.I.; Yeh, H.I.; Hsuan, C.F.; Lee, T.L.; Tseng, W.K. Biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles for in vitro labeling and in vivo locating specific biomolecules. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 142504-142504.
45. 3 nanoparticles synthesized by chemical vapor condensation process. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 2003, 4, 55-59.
46. Sharma, R.; Malik, R.; Lamba, S.; Annapoorni, S. Metal oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites: cluster size and composition dependent structural and magnetic properties. Bull. Mater. Sci. 2008, 31, 409-413.
47. 3 nanocomposite. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, 2132-2139.
48. 4 nanoparticles and sulfonated polyanilines. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 104, 4127-4134.
49. Jacobo, S.E.; Aphesteguy, J.C.; Lopez, A.R.; Schegoleva, N.N.; Kurlyandskaya, G.V. Influence of the preparation procedure on the properties of polyaniline based magnetic composites. Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43, 1333-1346
50. 4/polyaniline nanoparticles with core-shell structure and their inductive heating property in AC magnetic field. Key Eng. Mater. 2007, 334335, 1189-1192.
51. 4/polymer composite nanoparticles in an ac magnetic field for localized hyperthermia. Biomed. Mater. 2006, 1, 198-201.
52. Dallas, P.; Moutis, N.; Devlin, E.; Niarchos, D.; Petridis, D. Characterization, electrical and magnetic properties of polyaniline/maghemite nanocomposites. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 5019-5026.
53. 4 nanostructures. Phys. B 2005, 370, 121-130.
54. 4 nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 1660-1665.
55. Sharma, R.; Lamba, S.; Annapoorni, S.; Sharma, P.; Inoue, A. Composition dependent magnetic properties of iron oxide-polyaniline nanoclusters. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 014311-014311.
56. 3@SBA-15 nanocomposite with fully open mesochannels for protein immobilization. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 6617-6622.
57. Souza, D.M.; Andrade, A.L.; Fabris, J.D.; Valerio, P.; Goes, A.M.; Leite, M.F.; Domingues, R.Z. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of toxicity of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. J. NonCryst. Solids 2008, 354, 4894-4897.
58. Zhang, F.; Wang, C.C. Fabrication of one-dimensional iron oxide/silica nanostructures with high magnetic sensitivity by dipole-directed self-assembly. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 15151-15156.
59. Lien, Y.H.; Wu, T.M. Preparation and characterization of thermosensitive polymers grafted onto silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2008, 326, 517-521.
60. Gu, R.; Gong, X.; Jiang, W.; Hao, L.; Xuan, S.; Zhang, Z. Synthesis and rheological investigation of a magnetic fluid using olivary silica-coated iron particles as a precursor. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, 2788-2791.
61. Hu, S.H.; Chen, S.Y.; Liu, D.M.; Hsiao, C.S. Core/single-crystal-shell nanospheres for controlled drug release via a magnetically triggered rupturing mechanism. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2690-2695.
62. Li, L.; Choo, E.S.G.; Liu, Z.; Ding, J.; Xue, J. Double-layer silica core-shell nanospheres with superparamagnetic and fluorescent functionalities. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 461, 114-117.
63. Heitsch, A.T.; Smith, D.K.; Patel, R.N.; Ress, D.; Korgel, B.A. Multifunctional particles: Magnetic nanocrystals and gold nanorods coated with fluorescent dye-doped silica shells. J. Solid State Chem. 2008, 181, 1590-1599.
64. 2 magnetic nanoparticles: Direct electron transfer, enhanced thermostability and electroactivity. Electrochem. Comm. 2008, 10, 995-999.
65. 3 nanoparticles by an immobilized enzyme. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 3567-3573.
66. Wang, S.; Cao, H.; Gu, F.; Li, C.; Huang, G. Synthesis and magnetic properties of iron/silica core/shell nanostructures. J. Alloy. Compd. 2008, 457, 560-564.
67. Zhang, M.; Cushing, B.L.; O'Connor, C.J. Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse ultrathin silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 085601-085601.
68. 2 particles. J. Solid State Chem. 2008, 181, 480-486.
69. 3 filled carbon nanotubes and enzyme. Electrochem. Comm. 2007, 9, 2812-2816.
70. Gorin, D.A.; Portnov, S.A.; Inozemtseva, O.A.; Luklinska, Z.; Yashchenok, A.M.; Pavlov, A.M.; Skirtach, A.G.; Moehwald, H.; Sukhorukov, G.B. Magnetic/gold nanoparticle functionalized biocompatible microcapsules with sensitivity to laser irradiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10, 6899-6905.
71. Wang, L.; Park, H.Y.; Lim, S.I.I.; Schadt, M.J.; Mott, D.; Luo, J.; Wang, X.; Zhong, C.J. Core@shell nanomaterials: gold-coated magnetic oxide nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 2629-2635.
72. Gole, A.; Stone, J.W.; Gemmill, W.R.; zur Loye, H.C.; Murphy, C.J. Iron oxide coated gold nanorods: synthesis, characterization, and magnetic manipulation. Langmuir 2008, 24, 62326237.
73. Hien P.; Thao, T.; Cao, C.; Sim, S.J. Application of citrate-stabilized gold-coated ferric oxide composite nanoparticles for biological separations. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, 2049-2055.
74. Tang, D.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y. Magneto-controlled bioelectronics for the antigen-antibody interaction based on magnetic-core/ gold-shell nanoparticles functionalized biomimetic interface. Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng. 2008, 31, 55-61.
75. 4 Nanoparticles for Protein Separation. ACS Nano 2007, 1, 293-298.
76. Kouassi, G.K.; Wang, P.; Sreevatan, S.; Irudayaraj, J. Aptamer-mediated magnetic and goldcoated magnetic nanoparticles as detection assay for prion protein assessment. Biotechnol. Progr. 2007, 23, 1239-1244.
77. 4/Au/Ag nanoparticles with tunable plasmonic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8698-8699.
78. Lo, C.K.; Xiao, D.; Choi, M.M.F. Homocysteine-protected gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis and characterization. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 2418-2427.
79. Lu, Q.H.; Yao, K.L.; Xi, D.; Liu, Z.L.; Luo, X.P.; Ning, Q. A magnetic separation study on synthesis of magnetic Fe oxide core/Au shell nanoparticles. Nanoscience 2006, 11, 241-248.
80. 4 nanocomposite powders for the separation and purification of biomolecules. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2007, A449-A451, 386-388.
81. Sun, Q.; Reddy, B.V.; Marquez, M.; Jena, P.; Gonzalez, C.; Wang, Q. Theoretical study on goldcoated iron oxide nanostructure: Magnetism and bioselectivity for amino acids. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 4159-4163.
82. Seino, S.; Kusunose, T.; Sekino, T.; Kinoshita, T.; Nakagawa, T.; Kakimi, Y.; Kawabe, Y.; Iida, J.; Yamamoto, T.A.; Mizukoshi, Y. Synthesis of gold/magnetic iron oxide composite nanoparticles for biomedical applications with good dispersibility. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 08H101-08H101.
83. 4 nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 379-382.
84. 2 nanoparticles. J. Lumin. 2008, 128, 1890-1895.
85. 2 magnetic nanoparticles as building blocks for construction of reagentless enzyme-based biosensors. Electrochem. Comm. 2007, 9, 2734-2738.
86. Yoon, T.J.; Kim, J.S.; Kim, B.G.; Yu, K.N.; Cho, M.H.; Lee, J.K. Multifunctional nanoparticles possessing a "Magnetic motor effect" for drug or gene delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1068-1071.
87. Qiu, G.M.; Xu, Y.Y.; Zhu, B.K.; Qiu, G.L. Novel, fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microsphere for orientation, tracing, and anticoagulation: preparation and characterization. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 1041-1047.
88. Teng, X.; Yang, H. Effects of surfactants and synthetic conditions on the sizes and self-assembly of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 774-779.
89. Gaponik, N.; Radtchenko, I.L.; Sukhorukov, G.B.; Rogach, A.L. Luminescent polymer microcapsules addressable by a magnetic field. Langmuir 2004, 20, 1449-1452.
90. Zhu, Y.; Hong, D.; Yang, X.; Hu, Y. Preparation and characterization of core-shell monodispersed agnetic silica microspheres. Colloids Surf. A 2003, 231, 123-129.
91. Claesson, E.M.; Philipse, A.P. Monodisperse magnetizable composite silica spheres with tunable dipolar interactions. Langmuir 2005, 21, 9412-9419.
92. Yang, C.; Guan, Y.; Xing, J.; Liu, J.; Shan, G.; An, Z.; Liu, H. Preparation of magnetic polystyrene microspheres with a narrow size distribution. AIChE J. 2005, 51, 2011-2015.
93. Isher, B.R.; Eisler, H.J.; Stott, N.E.; Bawendi, M.G. Emission intensity dependence and singleexponential behavior in single colloidal quantum dot fluorescence lifetimes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 143-148.
94. ankhurst, Q.A.; Connolly, J.; Jones, S.K.; Dobson, J. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2003, 36, R167-R181.
95. nker, J.N.; Kopelman, R. Magnetically modulated optical nanoprobes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 1102-1104.
96. ang, H.H.; Zhang, S.Q.; Chen, X.L.; Zhuang, Z.X; Xu, J.G.; Wang, X.R. Magnetite-containing spherical silica nanoparticles for biocatalysis and bioseparations. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1316-1321.
97. Lee, J.; Lee, Y.; Youn, J.K.; Na, H.B.; Yu, T.; Kim, H.; Lee, S.M.; Koo, Y.M.; Kwak, J.H.; Park, H.G.; Chang, H.N.; Hwang, M.; Park, J.G.; Kim, J.; Hyeon, T. Simple synthesis of functionalized superparamagnetic magnetite/silica core/shell nanoparticles and their application as magnetically separable high-performance biocatalysts. Small 2008, 4, 143-152.
98. Lee, D.C.; Mikulec, F.V.; Pelaez, J.M.; Koo, B.; Korgel, B.A. Synthesis and magnetic properties of silica-coated FePt nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 11160-11166.
99. Lee, I.S.; Lee, N.; Park, J.; Kim, B.H.; Yi, Y.W.; Kim, T.; Kim, T.K.; Lee, I.H.; Paik, S.R.; Hyeon, T. Ni/NiO core/shell nanoparticles for selective binding and magnetic separation of histidine-tagged proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 10658-10659.
100. 3 nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 614-619.
101. Yi, D.K.; Selvan, S.T.; Lee, S.S.; Papaefthymiou, G.C.; Kundaliya, D.; Ying, J.Y. Silica-coated nanocomposites of magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4990-4991.
102. Zhao, W.; Gu, J.; Zhang, L.; Chen, H.; Shi, J. Fabrication of uniform magnetic nanocomposite spheres with a magnetic core/mesoporous silica shell structure. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 8916-8917.
103. Trindade, T.; O'Brien, P.; Pickett, N.L. Nanocrystalline semiconductors: Synthesis, properties, and perspectives. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 3843-3858.
104. Lue, J.T. A review of characterization and physical property studies of metallic nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2001, 62, 1599-1612.
105. Grieve, K.; Mulvaney, P.; Grieser, F. Synthesis and electronic properties of semiconductor nanoparticles/quantum dots. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 5, 168-172.
106. Schwerdtfeger, P. Gold goes nano-from small clusters to low-dimensional assemblies. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1892-1895.
107. Brust, M.; Kiely, C.J. Some recent advances in nanostructure preparation from gold and silver particles: a short topical review. Colloids Surf. A 2002, 202, 175-186.
108. McConnell, W.P.; Novak, J.P.; Brousseau III, L.C.; Fuierer, R.R.; Tenent, R.C.; Feldheim, D.L. Electronic and optical properties of chemically modified metal nanoparticles and molecularly bridged nanoparticle arrays. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 8925-8930.
109. Gangopadhyay, R.; De, A. Conducting polymer nanocomposites: A brief overview. Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 608-622.
110. Katz, E.; Shipway, A.N.; Willner, I. Nanoparticles-From Theory to Applications; Schmid, G., Ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003; pp. 368-421.
111. Niemeyer, C.M. Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids: Biotechnology meets materials science. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4128-4158.
112. Niemeyer, C.M. Functional hybrid devices of proteins and inorganic nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5796-5800.
113. Parak, W.J.; Gerion, D.; Pellegrino, T.; Zanchet, D.; Micheel, C.; Williams, S.C.; Boudreau, R.; Le Gros, M.A.; Larabell, C.A.; Alivisatos, A.P. Biological applications of colloidal nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 2003, 14, R15-R27.
114. Csaki, A.; Maubach, G.; Born, D.; Reichert, J.; Fritzsche, W. DNA-based molecular nanotechnology. Single Molecules 2002, 3, 275-280.
115. Hirsch, R.; Katz, E.; Willner, I. Magneto-Switchable Bioelectrocatalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12053-12054.
116. Urban, M.; Moller, R.; Fritzsche, W. A paralleled readout system for an electrical DNAhybridization assay based on a microstructured electrode array. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2003, 74, 1077-1081.
117. Katz, E.; Willner, I. Nanobiotechnology: integrated nanoparticle-biomolecule hybrid systems: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6042-6108.
118. Bartlett, P.N.; Tebbutt, P.; Whitaker, R.G. Kinetic aspects of the use of modified electrodes and mediators in bioelectrochemistry. Prog. React. Kinet. 1991, 16, 55-155.
119. +-dependent enzyme electrodes: Electrical contact of cofactor-dependent enzymes and electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9114-9119.
120. +-dependent enzymes by reconstitution and affinity interactions on phenylboronic acid monolayers associated with Au-electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14724-14735.
121. Buckmann, A.F.; Wray, V.; Stocker, A. Synthesis of N6-(2-aminoethyl)-FAD, N6-(6 carboxyhexyl)-FAD, and related compounds. Methods Enzymol. 1997, 280, 360-374.
122. Katz, E.; Sheeney-Haj-Ichia, L.; Buckmann, A.F.; Willner, I. Dual biosensing by magnetocontrolled bioelectrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1343-1346.
123. 3 nanoparticles through the grafting of an organophosphorous ligand. Sens. Actuat. B 2008, 134, 451-454.
124. Yong, Y.; Bai, Y.; Li, Y.; Lin, L.; Cui, Y.; Xia, C. Preparation and application of polymergrafted magnetic nanoparticles for lipase immobilization. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2008, 320, 2350-2355.
125. Li, G.Y.; Huang, K.L.; Jiang, Y.R.; Yang, D.L.; Ding, P. Preparation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2008, 42, 405-412.
126. Yu, C.C.; Lin, P.C.; Lin, C.C. Site-specific immobilization of CMP-sialic acid synthetase on magnetic nanoparticles and its use in the synthesis of CMP-sialic acid. Chem. Commun. 2008, 11, 1308-1310.
127. Fu, X.H. Magnetic-controlled non-competitive enzyme-linked voltammetric immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen. Biochem. Eng. J. 2008, 39, 267-275.
128. Hung, C.W.; Holoman, T.R.P.; Kofinas, P.; Bentley, W.E. Towards oriented assembly of proteins onto magnetic nanoparticles. Biochem. Eng. J. 2008, 38, 164-170.
129. Liu, J.; Lin, S.; Qi, D.; Deng, C.; Yang, P.; Zhang, X. On-chip enzymatic microreactor using trypsin-immobilized superparamagnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient proteolysis. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1176, 169-177.
130. 3 nanoparticles with tailored functionality for protein separation. Chem. Commun. 2007, 44, 4677-4679.
131. Li, Y.; Yan, B.; Deng, C.; Yu, W.; Xu, X.; Yang, P.; Zhang, X. Efficient on-chip proteolysis system based on functionalized magnetic silica microspheres. Proteomics 2007, 7, 2330-2339.
132. Liang, Y.Y.; Zhang, L.M.; Li, W.; Chen, R.F. Polysaccharide-modified iron oxide nanoparticles as an effective magnetic affinity adsorbent for bovine serum albumin. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2007, 285, 1193-1199.
133. Kim, M.J.; An, G.H.; Choa, Y.H. Functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles for protein immobilization. Diffus. Defect Data, Pt. B 2007, 124-126, 895-898.
134. Liang, Y.Y.; Zhang, L.M. Bioconjugation of papain on superparamagnetic nanoparticles decorated with carboxymethylated chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8, 1480-1486.
135. Lang, C.; Schueler, D.; Faivre, D. Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles for bio-and nanotechnology: genetic engineering and biomimetics of bacterial magnetosomes. Macromol. Biosci. 2007, 7, 144-151.
136. Hong, J.; Gong, P.J.; Yu, J.H.; Xu, D.M.; Sun, H.W.; Yao, S. Conjugation of chymotrypsin on a polymeric hydrophilic nanolayer covering magnetic nanoparticles. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2006, 42, 99-105.
137. Bilkova, Z.; Slovakova, M.; Minc, N.; Futterer, C.; Cecal, R.; Horak, D.; Benes, M.; le Potier, I.; Krenkova, J.; Przybylski, M.; Viovy, J.L. Functionalized magnetic micro-and nanoparticles: optimization and application to chip tryptic digestion. Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 1811-1824.
138. Rossi, L.M.; Quach, A.D.; Rosenzweig, Z. Glucose oxidase-magnetite nanoparticle bioconjugate for glucose sensing. Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 2004, 380, 606-613.
139. Hong, J.; Gong, P.; Xu, D.; Dong, L.; Yao, S. Stabilization of chymotrypsin by covalent immobilization on amine-functionalized superparamagnetic nanogel. J. Biotechnol.2007, 128, 597-605.
140. Hong, J.; Xu, D.; Gong, P.; Yu, J.; Ma, H.; Yao, S. Covalent-bonded immobilization of enzyme on hydrophilic polymer covering magnetic nanogels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2008, 109, 470-477.
141. Wei, C.; Yang, M.; Hu, J.; Li, Q. Electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on cobalt nanoparticles modified ITO electrode. Anal. Lett. 2007, 40, 3182-3194.
142. Sharma, A.; Qiang, Y.; Antony, J.; Meyer, D.; Kornacki, P.; Paszczynski, A. Dramatic increase in stability and longevity of enzymes attached to monodispersive iron nanoparticles IEEE Trans. Magn. 2007, 43, 2418-2420.
143. 3 magnetic nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1684-1685.
144. Wang, T.H.; Lee, W.C. Immobilization of proteins on magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2003, 8, 263-267.
145. Kim, J.; Lee, J.; Na, H.B.; Kim, B.C.; Youn, J.K.; Kwak, J.H.; Moon, K.; Lee, E.; Kim, J.; Park, J.; Dohnalkova, A.; Park, H.G.; Gu, M.B.; Chang, H.N.; Grate, J.W.; Hyeon, T. A magnetically separable, highly stable enzyme system based on nanocomposites of enzymes and magnetic nanoparticles shipped in hierarchically ordered, mesocellular, mesoporous silica. Small 2005, 1, 1203-1207.
146. Li, Y.; Xu, X.; Deng, C.; Yang, P.; Zhang, X. Immobilization of trypsin on superparamagnetic nanoparticles for rapid and effective proteolysis. J. Proteome. Res. 2007, 6, 3849-3855.
147. Jeng, J.; Lin, M.F.; Cheng, F.Y.; Yeh, C.S.; Shiea, J. Using high-concentration trypsinimmobilized magnetic nanoparticles for rapid in situ protein digestion at elevated temperature. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21, 3060-3068.
148. Hong, J.; Xu, D.; Gong, P.; Sun, H.; Dong, L.; Yao, S. Covalent binding of chymotrypsin on the magnetic nanogels covered by amino groups. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2007, 45, 84-90.
149. Zavisova, V.; Koneracka, M.; Tomasovicova, N.; Kopcansky, P.; Timko, M. Some immobilization modes of biologically active substances to fine magnetic particles. Z. Phys. Chem. 2006, 220, 241-250.
150. 4 nanoparticle-carbon-nanotube composite and its application in electrochemical biosensing. Small 2008, 4, 462-466.
151. Kuroiwa, T.; Noguchi, Y.; Nakajima, M.; Sato, S.; Mukataka, S.; Ichikawa, S. Production of chitosan oligosaccharides using chitosanase immobilized on amylose-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Process Biochem. 2008, 43, 62-69.
152. Mahmood, I.; Guo, C.; Xia, H.; Ma, J.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, H. Lipase Immobilization on oleic acidpluronic (L-64) block copolymer coated magnetic nanoparticles, for hydrolysis at the oil/water interface. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 6379-6385.
153. Shamim, N.; Hong, L.; Hidajat, K.; Uddin, M.S. Thermosensitive polymer coated nanomagnetic particles for separation of bio-molecules. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2007, 53, 164-170.
154. Peng, Z.G.; Hidajat, K.; Uddin, M.S. Selective and sequential adsorption of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme from a binary mixture on nanosized magnetic particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 281, 11-17.
155. Kaushik, A.; Khan, R.; Solanki, P.R.; Pandey, P.; Alam, J.; Ahmad, S.; Malhotra, B.D. Iron oxide nanoparticles–chitosan composite based glucose biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24, 676-683.
156. Johnson, A.K.; Zawadzka, A.M.; Deobald, L.A.; Crawford, R.L.; Paszczynski, A.J. Novel method for immobilization of enzymes to magnetic nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 2008, 10, 1009-1025.
157. Naik, R.R.; Brott, L.L.; Clarson, S.J.; Stone, M.O. Silica-precipitating peptides isolated from a combinatorial phage display peptide library. J. NanoSci. Nanotechno. 2002, 2, 95-100.
158. Brown, S. Engineered iron oxide-adhesion mutants of the Escherichia coli phage lambda receptor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 8651-8655.
159. Istamboulie, G.; Andreescu, S.; Marty, J.L.; Noguer, T. Highly sensitive detection of organophosphorus insecticides using magnetic microbeads and genetically engineered acetylcholinesterase. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 23, 506-512.
160. Elyacoubia, A.; Zayeda, S.I.M.; Blankert, B.; Kauffmann, J.M. Development of an amperometric enzymatic biosensor based on gold modified magnetic nanoporous microparticles. Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 345-350.
161. Nomura, A.; Mehdi, S.S.O.; Kauffmann, J.M. Preparation, Characterization, and application of an enzyme-immobilized magnetic microreactor for flow injection analysis. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 5498-5502.
162. Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yang, H.; Yang, Y.; Shen, G.; Yu, R. A phenol biosensor based on immobilizing tyrosinase to modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles supported at a carbon paste electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 533, 3-9.
163. Rossi, L.M.; Quach, A.D.; Rosenzweig, Z. Glucose oxidase–magnetite nanoparticle bioconjugate for glucose sensing. Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 2004, 380, 606-613.
164. Ivanova, V.; Hristov, J.; Dobreva, E.; Al-Hassan, Z.; Penchev, I. Performance of a magnetically stabilized bed reactor with immobilized yeast cells. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1996, 59, 187-198.
165. Hsing, I.M.; Xu, Y.; Zhao, W.T. Micro-and nano-magnetic particles for applications in biosensing. Electroanalysis 2007, 19, 755-768.
166. 4 nanoparticles immobilized anti-IgG. Electroanalysis 2008, 20, 881-887.
167. Li, Z.M.; Yang, H.F.; Li, Y.F.; Liu, Y.L.; Shen, G.L.; Yu, R.Q. Core-shell magnetic nanoparticles applied for immobilization of antibody on carbon paste electrode and amperometric immunosesning. Sens. Actuat. B 2006, 113, 956-962.
168. Santandreu, M.; Sole, S.; Fabregas, E.; Alegret, S. Development of electrochemical immunosensing systems with renewable surfaces. Biosens. Bioelectron.1998, 13, 7-22.
169. Sole, S.; Alegret, S.; Cespedes, F.; Fabregas, E. Flow injection immunoanalysis based on a magnetoimmunosensor system. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1462-1467.
170. Gehring, A.G.; Brewster, J.D.; Irwin, P.L.; Tu, S.I.; Van Houten, L.J. 1-Naphtyl phosphate as an enzymatic substrate for enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1999, 469, 27-33.
171. Perez, F.G.; Mascini, M.; Tothil, I.E.; Turner, A.P.F. Immunomagnetic separation with mediated flow injection analysis amperometric detection of viable Escherichia coli O157. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2380-2386.
172. Dequaire, M.; Degrand, C.; Limoges, B. An immunomagnetic electrochemical sensor based on a perfluorosulfonate-coated screen-printed electrode for the determination of 2,4-dichlorooxyacetic acid. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 2571-2577.
173. Zacco, E.; Pividori, M.I.; Alegret, S. Electrochemical magnetoimmunosensing strategy for the detection of pesticides residues. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 1780-1788.
174. Ghering, A.G.; Crawford, C.G.; Mazenko, R.S.; VanHouten, L.J.; Brewster, J.D. Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical detection of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Immunol. Methods 1996, 195, 15-25.
175. Helali, S.; Martelet, C.; Abdelghani, A.; Maaref, M.A.; Jafrezic-Renault, N. A disposable immunomagnetic electrochemical sensor based on functionalised magnetic beads on gold surface for the detection of atrazine. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51, 5182-5186.
176. Varshney, M.; Li, Y.B. Interdigitated array microelectrode based impedance biosensor coupled with magnetic nanoparticle – antibody conjugates for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 2408-2414.
177. Su, X.L.; Li, Y.B. A QCM immunosensor for Salmonella detection with simultaneous measurements of resonant frequency and motional resistance. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 21, 840-848.
178. Centi, S.; Laschi, S.; Franek, M.; Mascini, M. A disposable immunomagnetic electrochemical sensor based on functionalised magnetic beads and carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 538, 205-212.
179. Ho, K.C.; Tsai, P.J.; Lin, Y.S.; Chen, Y.C. Using biofunctionalized nanoparticles to probe pathogenic bacteria. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 7162-7168.
180. Gu, H.; Xu, K.; Xu, C.; Xu, B. Biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles for protein separation and pathogen detection. Chem. Comm. 2006, 9, 941-949.
181. Palacek, E.; Fojta, M.; Jelen, F. New approaches in the developement of DNA sensors: hybridization and electrochemical detection of DNA and RNA at two different surfaces. Bioelectrochemistry 2002, 56, 85-90.
182. Wang, J.; Kawde, A.N.; Erdem, A.; Salazar, M. Magnetic bead-based label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Analyst 2001, 126, 2020-2024.
183. Kerman, K.; Matsubara, Y.; Morita, Y.; Takamura, Y. Peptide nucleic acid modified magnetic beads for intercalator based electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2004, 5, 351-357.
184. Liu, R.H; Yang, J.N.; Lenigk, R.; Bonanno, J.; Grodzinski, P. Self-contained, fully integrated biochip for sample preparation, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA microarray detection. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1824-1831.
185. Palecek, E.; Fojita, M. Magnetic beads as versatile tools for electrochemical DNA and protein biosensing. Talanta 2007, 74, 276-290.
186. Erdem, A.; Sayar, F.; Karadeniz, H.; Guven, G,; Oszos, M.; Piskin, E. Development of streptavidin carrying magnetic nanoparticles and their applications in electrochemical nucleic acid sensor systems. Electroanalysis 2007, 19, 798-804.
187. Grancharov, S.G.; Zeng, H.; Sun, S.H.; Wang, S.X.; O’Brien, S.; Murray, C.B.; Kirtley, J.R.; Held, G.A. Bio-functionalization of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles and their use as biomolecular labels in a magnetic tunnel junction based sensor. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 13030-13035.
188. 4 (M = Fe, Co, or Mn) nanoparticles and their hybridization to DNAfunctionalized surfaces. Langmuir 2005, 21, 3096-3103.
189. Stoeva, S.I.; Huo, F.; Lee, J.S.; Mirkin, C.A. Three-layer composite magnetic nanoparticle probes for DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15362-15363.
190. Lermo, A.; Campoy, S.; Barbe, J.; Hernandez, S.; Alegret, S.; Pividori, M.I. In situ DNA amplification with magnetic primers for the electrochemical detection of food pathogens. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 2010-2017.
191. Loaiza, O.A.; Campuzano, S.; Pedrero, M.; Pedro, G.; Pingarro´n, J.M. Ultrasensitive detection of coliforms by means of direct asymmetric PCR combined with disposable magnetic amperometric genosensors. Analyst 2009, 134, 34-37.