Asean concord?: Policy prospects for participant regional "development"

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 393-415

  Ferguson, R James ^a  

^a BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85120795379     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/CS26-3A     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. James Cotton, "Bilateral Accomplishments and Multilateral Tasks in Northeast Asian Security", Contemporary Southeast Asia 20, no. 2 (August 1998): 137-53.
2. See Jolyon Howorth, "Britain, France and the European Defence Initiative", Survival 42, no. 2, (Summer 2000): 33-55; Dominique Moisi and Michael Mertes, "Europe's Map, Compass, and Horizon", Foreign Affairs 74, no. 1 (January/Feb. 1995): 122-34; Filipe Gonzalez, "European Union and globalization. (Who is Europe?)", Foreign Policy.
3. "EU Operational Planning: The Politics of Defence", International Institute for Strategic Studies (HSS), Strategic Comments 9, no. 10 (December 2003): 1-2; Oana Lungescu, "Partial Progress on 'EU Army' ", BBC News, 19 May, 2003.
4. "Enhanced interaction" does allow for some wider frankness and diplomatic influence in dealing with trans-boundary problems and in discussing reform, but does not undermine national sovereignty. See Robin Ramcharan, "ASEAN and Non-interference: A Principle Maintained", Contemporary Southeast Asia 22, no. 1 (April 2000): p. 83; Jeannie Henderson, "Reassessing ASEAN", Adelphi Paper 328 (London: HSS, May 1999), pp. 12, 52; David Rosenberg, "Environmental Pollution around the South China Sea: Developing a Regional Response", Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, no. 1 (April 1999): 137-41.
5. Denis Hew and Hadi Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community by 2020: ISEAS and ASEAN-ISIS Approaches", ASEAN Economic Bulletin 20, no. 3 (2003): 292, 295.
6. This is contrary the reaction in some regional newspapers, e.g. Frederic Neuman, "Nations Dance to Different Tune over Asean Community", The Nation, 13 October 2003.
7. Hew and Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community", p. 295.
8. Hew and Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community", pp. 293-95.
9. For neo-functional approaches to the spillover effects of such limited agreements, see Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration (N.Y.: St Martin's Press, 2000). On this basis, the EU might be partly unique, and is not an a priori model for other pattens of regional and/or integration.
10. 10Ronald D. Palmer and Thomas J. Reckford, Building ASEAN: 20 Years of Southeast Asian Cooperation (N.Y: Praeger, 1987), pp. 5-9.
11. 11Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", Third World Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2003): 379.
12. 12Andrew T. H. Tan and J.D. Kenneth Boutin, (eds.), Non-traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Select Publishers for the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, 2001); Zachary Abuza, "Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya", Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 2 (August 2003): 169-99.
13. 13Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", p. 380.
14. 14For the wider context of this trend, see R. James Ferguson, "New Forms of Southeast Asian Regional Governance: From 'Codes of Conduct' to 'Greater East Asia' ", Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia, pp. 122-65.
15. 15Amitav Acharya, "Realism, Institutionalism, and the Asian Economic Crisis", Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, no. 1 (April 1999): 14.
16. 16Etel Solingen, "ASEAN, Quo Vadisl Domestic Coalitions and Regional Cooperation", Contemporary Southeast Asia 21, no. 1 (April 1999): 49.
17. 17Peter Eng, "Transforming ASEAN", Washington Quarterly, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 49ff.
18. 18See Worapot Manupipatpong, "The ASEAN Surveillance Process and the East Asian Monetary Fund", ASEAN Economic Bulletin 19, no. 1 (April 2002): 111-22.
19. 19See further, Faizal Yahya, "India and Southeast Asia: Revisited", Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 1 (April 2003): 79-103. ASEAN Secretariat, "Developing the Greater Mekong Sub-Region: The ASEAN Context", ASEAN Economic Bulletin 17, no. 1 (April 2000): 79.
20. 20From late 2000 the ASEAN Integration Unit had developed some 64 programmes under the IAI (Initiative for ASEAN Integration) process to aid development in Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. From 2002, a new six year plan has been framed to aid "infrastructure development, human resource development, information and communications technology and regional economic integration" (Pola Singh, Assistant Director for the Initiative for ASEAN Integration Unit, in "ASEAN Senior Officials' Meeting Urges to Bridge Development Gap", Xinhua News Agency, 13 June 2003.
21. 21For the difficulties of testing such hypotheses through periods of uneven growth, see Michael McAlee and Lee Kian Lim, "Convergence and Catching up in ASEAN: A Comparative Analysis", Applied Economics 36, no. 2 (February 2004): 137.
22. 22Aris Ananta, "What Do We Learn from the Crisis? Insights on Human Development in Indonesia During 1997-99", in The Indonesian Crisis: A Human Development Perspective, edited by Aris Ananta (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), pp. 3-28; Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy, eds., Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Démocratisation (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003); R. James Ferguson, "Indonesia, ASEAN and the ARF: 'Soft Power' in a Hard Age", Paper Prepared for the Fourth IIDS International Conference on Development, Bali, Indonesia, 15-19 December 2003.
23. 23Chin Kin Wah, "Southeast Asia in 2002: From Bali to Iraq — Co-operating for Security", in Southeast Asian Affairs 2003, edited by Daljit Singh and Chin Kin Wah (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), p. 3; ADB figures via .
24. 24Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), "Indonesia: Fact Sheet", Canberra, 2004, ; Mohamad Ikhsan, "Economic Update 2002: Struggling to Maintain Momentum", in Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Démocratisation, op. cit., p. 49.
25. 25See Mohamad Ikhsan, op. cit., pp. 49-55.
26. 26See Xinhua, "Thailand's Think Tank Predicts 8 per cent GDP Growth in 2004", 16 December 2003; Johannes D. Schmidt, "Démocratisation and Social Welfare in Thailand", in Reforming Thai Politics, edited by Duncan McCargo (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2002), pp. 91-104; Kevin Hewison, "Responding to Economic Crisis: Thailand's Localism", in Reforming Thai Politics, edited by Duncan McCargo (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2002), pp. 143-62; John Laird, Money Politics, Globalisation, and Crisis: The Case of Thailand (Singapore: Graham Brash, 2000).
27. 27Chai-Anan Samudavanija, Thailand: State-Building, Democracy and Globalization (Bangkok: Institute of Public Policy Studies, 2002), pp. 137-56; Kevin Hewison, "Responding to Economic Crisis: Thailand's Localism", pp. 146-59; Jonathan Rigg, Southeast Asia: The Human Landscape ofModernization and Development (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 23-66.
28. 28Michael Kelly Connors, "Goodbye to the Security State: Thailand and Ideological Change", Journal of Contemporary Asia 33, no. 4 (2003): 431.
29. 29Borneo Bulletin, "Brunei Sultan Urges ASEAN to Tackle Terrorism, Deepen Economic Integration", 8 October 2003; "Indonesia: Full Text of ASEAN Leaders' 'Bali Concord IF Declaration", BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, 7 October 2003.
30. 30The full text is reproduced in BBC, "Indonesia: Full Text of ASEAN Leaders' 'Bali Concord IF Declaration".
31. 31Ibid.
32. 32See, for recent examples, Mark Beeson, "ASEAN Plus Three and the Rise of Reactionary Regionalism", Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 2 (August 2003): 251-68; "Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia: ASEAN's Credibility Tested", IISS Strategic Comments 9, no. 8 (October 2003).
33. 33Jeannie Henderson, Reassessing ASEAN, op. cit., pp. 12 and 52.
34. 34"Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia", op. cit.
35. 35Track I and Track II, with some emerging Track III processes at the civil society level: see Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", op. cit., pp. 375-90.
36. 36As noted in the Hanoi Declaration, 12 and Hanoi Plan of Action, 2.2.
37. 37See, for example, Michael Kelly Connors, "Goodbye to the Security State", pp. 431-32, 437-38.
38. 38Frederic Neuman, "Nations Dance to Different Tune over Asean Community", The Nation, 13 October 2003.
39. 39Denis Hew and Hadi Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community by 2020", pp. 292-93.
40. 40Ibid., p. 293.
41. 41"Indonesia proposing ASEAN security community concept", Xinhua News Agency, 16 June 2003.
42. 42Kyodo News, "ASEAN Foreign Ministers to Mull Regional Peacekeeping Force", International CustomWire (3 March 2004).
43. 43"Indonesia Proposing ASEAN Security Community Concept", Xinhua News Agency, 16 June 2003.
44. 44Hasjim Djalal, "Piracy and the Challenges of Cooperative Security and Enforcement Policy", Indonesian Quarterly 30, no. 2 (2002): 108-12; Sidharto Suryodipuro, "ASEAN: The Challenge of Integration, Cohesion, and Maritime Cooperation", Indonesian Quarterly 30, no. 2 (2002): 214-17.
45. 45Kyodo News, "ASEAN Drops Regional Peacekeepers Plan", Japan Economic Newswire (14 June 2004).
46. 46See Denis Hew and Hadi Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community by 2020", p. 295.
47. 47Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", p. 376.
48. 48Ibid., pp. 377-78; Michael Kelly Connors, "Goodbye to the Security State", p. 443.
49. 49See "Goodbye to the Security State", p. 446.
50. 50This mobilizes standard notions of capacity building and good governance, see Connors, ibid., p. 432.
51. 51For the deployments of this type of terminology, see Pierre P. Lizée, "Human Security in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia", Contemporary Southeast Asia 24, no. 3 (December 2002): pp. 509-27; John Garofano, "Power, Institutions, and the ASEAN Regional Forum: A Security Community for Asia?", Asian Survey 42, no. 3 (May-June 2002): 502-21; David Capie and Paul Evans, The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon (Singapore: ISEAS, 2002).
52. 52See further Muhadjir Darwin, "Freedom from Fear: Social Disruption and System of Violence in Indonesia", in The Indonesian Crisis: A Human Development Perspective, edited by Aris Ananta (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), p. 129; Aris Ananta, "What Do We Learn from the Crisis?", pp. 4 and 13; Pierre P. Lizée, "Human Security in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia", p. 512.
53. 53See Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", pp. 375-90.
54. 54Intra-regional trade was around 23 per cent in 2000, see Kraiwinee Bunyaratavej and Eugene D. Hahn, "Convergence and its Implications for a Common Currency in ASEAN", ASEAN Economic Bulletin 20, no. 1 (April 2003): 49-59.
55. 55Amit Baruah, "India for Gaining Foothold in Myanmar to Counter China", The Hindu, 13 February 2001; Amit Baruah, "Not in a Hurry to Join ASEAN", The Hindu, 15 February 2001.
56. 56Siew Yearn Tham, "Economic Overview of Southeast Asia in 2002", in Southeast Asian Affairs 2003, edited by Daljit Singh and Chin Kin Wah (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), p. 35.
57. 57Ari A. Perdana, "Transient Poor, Chronic Poor, and the Vulnerability to Poverty", Indonesian Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2002): 4-7.
58. 58Sadiko Ogata and Amartya Sen, Final Report of the Commission on Human Security (N. Y.: Commission on Human Security, 2003), ; A.K. Shiva Kumar, Poverty and Human Development in India: Getting Priorities Right, Occasional Paper no. 30, UNDP (1999), ; R. James Ferguson, "Environmental Sustainability in India and China: Prospects and Risks", in Twentieth Century Development: Some Relevant Issues, edited by K. C. Roy and R.N. Gosh (N. Y.: Nova Science, 2004).
59. 59"Chronology of Japan-ASEAN Relations", Xinhua News Agency, 12 December 2003.
60. 60Cai, Kevin G., "The ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement and East Asian Regional Grouping", Contemporary Southeast Asia 25 no. 3 (December 2003): 387-404.
61. 61For painful lessons from the NAFTA process for Mexico, see Mary E. Burfisher et al., "Developing Countries and the Gains from Regionalism: Links between Trade and Farm Policy Reforms in Mexico", American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84, no. 3 (August 2002): 736^8; Cooney, Paul, "The Mexican Crisis and the Maquiladora Boom: A Paradox of Development or the Logic of Neoliberalism?", Latin American Perspectives 28, no. 3 (May 2001): 55-83; Cypher, James M., "Developing Disarticulation within the Mexican Economy", Latin American Perspectives 28, no. 3 (May 2001): 11-37.
62. 62Hew and Soesastro, "Realizing the ASEAN Economic Community", p. 293.
63. 63For some of the diverse concerns over humanitarian intervention in developing countries, see Mohammed Ayoob, "Third World Perspective on Humanitarian Intervention and International Administration", Global Governance 10, no. 1 (January-March 2004), pp. 99-118.
64. 64The full text is reproduced in BBC, "Indonesia: Full Text of ASEAN Leaders' 'Bali Concord?G Declaration", op. cit.
65. 65See Ari A. Perdana, "Transient Poor, Chronic Poor, and the Vulnerability to Poverty", pp. 4-7; Aris Ananta, "What Do We Learn from the Crisis?", p. 10.
66. 66Sri Harijati Hatmadji and Tirta Nugraha Mursitama, "Social Safety Net Programmes in Indonesia: Some Efforts to Survive", in The Indonesian Crisis: A Human Development Perspective, edited by Aris Ananta (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), p. 290.
67. 67See Mohamad Ikhsan, "Economic Update 2002", figure 3.8, p. 41. BPS = Statistic Indonesia, LPEM = Economics and Management Research Institute, University of Indonesia.
68. 68Aris Ananta, "What Do We Learn from the Crisis?", p. 20; see further Sri Harijati Hatmadji and Tirta Nugraha Mursitama, "Social Safety Net Programmes in Indonesia", pp. 266-95; for initial research on a long-term National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, see SMERU, Consolidation of Existing Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPA) in Indonesia: An Inception Report (Jakarta: SMERU Research Institute and Pradipta Paramitha, November 2003).
69. 69Sri Harijati Hatmadji and Tirta Nugraha Mursitama, "Social Safety Net Programmes in Indonesia", pp. 278-80.
70. 70Harold Crouch, "Political Update 2002", p. 27.
71. 71Medhi Krongkaew, "Alienated Life: Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Ultra Poor in Thailand", JAAS 37, no. 2 (2002): 128-29.
72. 72Naruemon Thabchumon, "NGOs and Grassroots Participation in the Political Reform Process", in Reforming Thai Politics, p. 189.
73. 73Sombat Chantornvong, "The 1997 Constitution and the Politics of Electoral Reform", in Reforming Thai Politics, op. cit., pp. 218-19.
74. 74Medhi Krongkaew, "Alienated Life", p. 129.
75. 75Diana Stone, "The 'Knowledge Bank' and the Global Development Network", Global Governance 9, no. 1, (Jan-March 2003): 43-61; Michael Kelly Connors, "Goodbye to the Security State", pp. 441^4.
76. 76The Nation, "Welfare State: Govt Urged to Get the Basics Right", 23 June 2003; Xinhua New Agency, "Thai PM Vows to Eradicate Poverty within 6 Years", 2 May 2003.
77. 77Johannes D. Schmidt, "Démocratisation and Social Welfare in Thailand", in Reforming Thai Politics, p. 94.
78. 78Medhi Krongkaew, "Alienated Life", p. 129.
79. 79See Chantornvong, "The 1997 Constitution and the Politics of Electoral Reform", pp. 203-22; Johannes D. Schmidt, "Démocratisation and Social Welfare in Thailand", p. 101.
80. 80Schmidt, ibid., pp. 99-101; The Nation, "Govt 'Worsening' Poor's Plight", 29 July 2002.
81. 81See Krongkaew, "Alienated Life", pp. 128-46.
82. 82Anthony L. Smith, "Indonesia in 2002: Megawati's Way", in Southeast Asian Affairs 2003, edited by Daljit Singh and Chin Kin Wah (Singapore: ISEAS, 2003), pp. 97-116; Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz and Hafiz Hashim, "Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Malaysia: The Case of Indonesian Construction Subcontractors", Indonesian Quarterly 30, no. 2 (2002): 175-94; Azizah Kassim, "Indonesian Immigrant Settlements in Peninsular Malaysia", SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 15, no. 1 (April 2000): 100-22.
83. 83Jamal Othman, "Government Failures and Environmental Externalities: Case of Palm Oil in Malaysia and Indonesia", Paper Presented at the Fourth IIDS International Conference on Development, Bali, Indonesia (15-19 December 2003).
84. 84See further Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", pp. 384-85.
85. 85Ibid., pp. 384, 386.
86. 86See "ASEAN-affiliated NGOs as of 28 March 2000", ASEANWeb at .
87. 87See Kevin Hewison, "Responding to Economic Crisis: Thailand's Localism", in Reforming Thai Politics, pp. 143-62; Schmidt, "Démocratisation and Social Welfare in Thailand", p. 102.
88. 88Amitav Acharya, "Démocratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia", Third World Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2003): 388.
89. 89See Michael J.G. Parnwell, "Consulting the Poor in Thailand: Enlightenment or Delusion", Progress in Development Studies 3, no. 2 (2003): 99-112.
90. 90The research for this paper was supported by funds provided by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bond University (Queensland, Australia). Special thanks go to the support given by the Visiting Researchers Program, run by the Institute of Liberal Arts, Walailak University (Nakhonsithammarat, Thailand), and to the Library of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS, Singapore) for access to their resources.