The Armenians: Conflicting identities and the politics of division

Nations Abroad: Diaspora Politics And International Relations In The Former Soviet Union

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 79-102

  Panossian, Razmik ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85119238917     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780429498732-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (34)

1. These figures are from Khachig Tölölyan, “Exile Governments in Armenian Polity, " in Yossi Shain, ed., Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics (New York: Routledge, 1991), 170, 180.
2. See Levon Marashlian, Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge: Zoryan Institute, 1991), 30-38.
3. Claire Mouradian, “L’Arménie soviétique et la diaspora, " Les temps modernes, nos. 504-505-506 (July-August-September 1988): 286.
4. See also Ronald Suny, “The Revenge of the Past: Socialism and Ethnic Conflict in Transcaucasia, " New Left Review, no. 184 (November-December 1990): 5-34.
5. Claire Mouradian, “L ‘immigration des Arméniens de la diaspora vers la RSSd’Arménie, 1946-1962, " Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 20, no. 1 (1979): 100.
6. My account here is generalized from Nikola B. Schahgaldian, The Political Integration of an Immigrant Community into a Composite Society: The Armenians in Lebanon, 1920-1974 (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), particularly chapter 3.
7. Suny develops the same argument in Ronald Suny, Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 218-19.
8. Ulf Bjórklund, “Armenia Remembered and Remade: Evolving Issues in a Diaspora, " Ethnos 58, nos. 3-4 (1993): 341.
9. Mouradian, “L ‘Arménie, " 287-90, 292;
10. Bjórklund, “Armenia Remembered, " 343.
11. See Oleg Kalugin, Spy Master: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West (London: Smith Gryphon Publishers, 1994), 193;
12. S. Melik-Hakobian, “Establishment of the Second Republic of Armenia and the Dashnaktsutiun (ARF), " Nor Qyank, November 28, 1996, p. 54.
13. Mouradian, “L’Arménie, " 284, 286;
14. Suny, Looking Toward Ararat, 163-69;
15. The numbers are based on Anny Bakalian, Armenian-Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993), 12-13, 80 (note 13).
16. see Bakalian, Armenian-Americans, 145-56;
17. George Bournoutian, A History of the Armenian People, vol. 2 (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1994), 177-89;
18. Sovetakan Hayastan, 27;
19. Khachig Tölölyan, “Cultural Narrative and the Motivation of the Terrorist, " Journal of Strategic Studies 10, no. 4 (1987): 222;
20. Claire Mouradian, L’Arménie (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, Que sais-je Series, 1995), 111.
21. Based on figures cited by Bakalian, Armenian-Americans, 14.
22. For an analysis of the literary manifestation of this hybrid culture see, Lorne Shirinian, ‘Transculturation and Armenian Diaspora Writing: Literature on the Edge, " Armenian Review 45, no. 4 (1992): 39-46.
23. Melik-Hakobian, “Establishment, " 51.
24. Both the communiqué and a particularly virulent response to it from Armenia (by Paruir Hayrikian’s National Self-Determination Group) are published in Gerard J. Libaridian, ed., Armenia at the Crossroads: Democracy and Nationhood in the Post-Soviet Era (Watertown: Blue Crane Books, 1991), 127-29, 130-34.
25. See also “Nshmarner, " Yeraguin Droshak, October 1996, pp. 18-21.
26. See Björklund, “Armenia Remembered, " 356-57;
27. William Safran, “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return, " Diaspora 1, no. 1 (1991): 93-94.
28. AIM, November-December 1994, p. 39.
29. AIM, February 1993, pp. 21-24;
30. Factbook, 47;
31. Nor Gyank, September 21, 1995;
32. See, for example, Ter-Petrossian’s election manifesto, Entrakan tzragir (Yerevan, 1996), 14-15.
33. Yossi Shain, “Ethnic Diasporas and U.S. Foreign Policy, " Political Science Quarterly 109, no. 5 (1994-95): 813.
34. Armenian Reporter International, November 11, 1995, p. 25.