Mirror movements in movement disorders: A review

Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Cox, Benjamin C ^a   Cincotta, Massimo ^b   Espay, Alberto J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Florence Health Authority   (Italy)

Author keywords

Corticobasal degeneration; Essential tremor; Focal hand dystonia; Mirror movements; Parkinson s disease

Indexed keywords

EID: 85114479307     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21608288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5334/TOHM.113     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Espay AJ. Motor excess during movement: Overflow, mirroring, and synkinesis. Clin Neurophysiol 2010;121:5–6. 16:620–623, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.clinph.2009.09.022.
2. Regli F, Filippa G, Wiesendanger M. Hereditary mirror movements. Arch Neurol 1967.
3. Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Sundholm LK, Eliasson AC, Forssberg H. Quantitative assessment of mirror movements in children and adolescents with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000;42:728–736, http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S0012162200001353.
4. Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Balzini L, et al. Separate ipsilateral and contralateral corticospinal projections in congenital mirror movements: Neurophysiological evidence and significance for motor rehabilitation. Mov Disord 2003;18:1294–1300, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10545.
5. Connolly K, Stratton P. Developmental changes in associated movements. Dev Med Child Neurol 1968;10:49–56, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749. 1968.tb02837.x.
6. Bonnet C, Roubertie A, Doummar D, Bahi-Buisson N, Cochen de Cock V, Roze E. Developmental and benign movement disorders in childhood. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1317–1334, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22944.
7. Cincotta M, Ziemann U. Neurophysiology of unimanual motor control and mirror movements. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119:744–762, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.11.047.
8. Depienne C, Cincotta M, Billot S, et al. A novel DCC mutation and genetic heterogeneity in congenital mirror movements. Neurology 2011;76:260– 264, http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318207b1e0.
9. Royal SA, Tubbs RS, D’Antonio MG, Rauzzino MJ, Oakes WJ. Investigations into the association between cervicomedullary neuroschisis and mirror movements in patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:724–709.
10. Farmer SF, Ingram DA, Stephens JA. Mirror movements studied in a patient with Klippel-Feil syndrome. J Physiol 1990;428:467–484.
11. Mayston MJ, Harrison LM, Quinton R, Stephens JA, Krams M, Bouloux PM. Mirror movements in X-linked Kallmann’s syndrome. I. A neurophysiological study. Brain 1997 (Pt 7):1199–1216, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1093/brain/120.7.1199.
12. Norton JA, Aiko K, Thompson K, Chan M, Wilman A, Stein RB. Persistent mirror movements for over sixty years: The underlying mechanisms in a cerebral palsy patient. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;119: 80–87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.120.
13. Nezu A, Kimura A, Takeshita A, Tanaka M. Functional recovery in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: ipsilateral electromyographic responses to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Dev-Jpn 1999;21:162–165
14. Krampfl K, Mohammadi B, Komissarow L, Dengler R, Bufler J. Mirror movements and ipsilateral motor evoked potentials in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2004;5:154–163, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660820410019657.
15. Nelles G, Cramer SC, Schaechter JD, Kaplan JD, Finklestein SP. Quantitative assessment of mirror movements after stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1182– 1187, http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.29.6.1182.
16. Ueki Y, Mima T, Oga T, et al. Dominance of ipsilateral corticospinal pathway in congenital mirror movements. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76: 276–279, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.040949.
17. Cincotta M, Ragazzoni A, de Scisciolo G, Pinto F, Maurri S, Barontini F. Abnormal projection of corticospinal tracts in a patient with congenital mirror movements. Neurophysiol Clin 1994;24:427–434, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S0987-7053(05)80075-9.
18. Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Boffi P, et al. Bilateral motor cortex output with intended unimanual contraction in congenital mirror movements. Neurology 2002;58:1290–1293.
19. Wilson SAK. Modern Problems in Neurology. London: Arnold; 1928.
20. van den Berg C, Beek PJ, Wagenaar RC, van Wieringen PC. Coordination disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A study of paced rhythmic forearm movements. Exp Brain Res 2000;134:174–186, http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s002210000441.
21. Espay AJ, Li JY, Johnston L, Chen R, Lang AE. Mirror movements in parkinsonism: Evaluation of a new clinical sign. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1355–1358, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.062950.
22. Vidal JS, Derkinderen P, Vidailhet M, Thobois S, Broussolle E. Mirror movements of the non-affected hand in hemiparkinsonian patients: A reflection of ipsilateral motor overactivity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1352–1353, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.9.1352.
23. Borgheresi A, Espay AJ, Giovannelli F, Vanni P, Zaccara G, Cincotta M. Congenital mirror movements in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical and neurophysiological observations. Mov Disord 2010;25:1520–1523, http://dx. doi.org/10.1002/mds.23142.
24. Ottaviani D, Tiple D, Suppa A, et al. Mirror movements in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:253–258, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21825.
25. Cincotta M, Giovannelli F, Borgheresi A, et al. Surface electromyography shows increased mirroring in Parkinson’s disease patients without overt mirror movements. Mov Disord 2006;21:1461–1465, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/mds.20972.
26. Woods BT, Teuber HL. Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis. Neurology 1978;28:1152–1158.
27. Espay AJ, Morgante F, Gunraj C, Chen R, Lang AE. Mirror movements in Parkinson’s disease: Effect of dopaminergic drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:1194–1195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.086892.
28. Bhattacharya A, Lahiri A. Mirror movement in clinical practice. J Indian Acad Community Med 2002;3:177–181.
29. Li JY, Espay AJ, Gunraj CA, et al. Interhemispheric and ipsilateral connections in Parkinson’s disease: Relation to mirror movements. Mov Disord 2007;22:813–821, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21386.
30. Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, et al. Mechanisms underlying mirror movements in Parkinson’s disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Mov Disord 2006;21:1019–1025, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20850.
31. Brinkman C. Supplementary motor area of the monkey’s cerebral cortex: Short-and long-term deficits after unilateral ablation and the effects of subsequent callosal section. J Neurosci 1984;4:918–2099.
32. Chan JL, Ross ED. Left-handed mirror writing following right anterior cerebral artery infarction: Evidence for nonmirror transformation of motor programs by right supplementary motor area. Neurology 1988;38:59–63.
33. Sadato N, Yonekura Y, Waki A, Yamada H, Ishii Y. Role of the supplementary motor area and the right premotor cortex in the coordination of bimanual finger movements. J Neurosci 1997;17:9667–9674.
34. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ziemann U, Hajak G, Cohen L, Berman KF. Transitions between dynamical states of differing stability in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:10948–10953, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162114799.
35. Cincotta M, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, et al. Involvement of the human dorsal premotor cortex in unimanual motor control: an interference approach using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2004;367:189–193, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.003.
36. Giovannelli F, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, et al. Role of the right dorsal premotor cortex in ‘physiological’ mirror EMG activity. Exp Brain Res 2006;175: 633–640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0581-9.
37. Ferbert A, Priori A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Colebatch JG, Marsden CD. Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex. J Physiol 1992;453:525– 546.
38. Duque J, Murase N, Celnik P, et al. Intermanual differences in movement-related interhemispheric inhibition. J CognNeurosci 2007;19:204–213, http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.204.
39. Talelli P, Waddingham W, Ewas A, Rothwell JC, Ward NS. The effect of age on task-related modulation of interhemispheric balance. Exp Brain Res 2008;186:59–66, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1205-8.
40. Mochizuki H, Huang Y-Z, Rothwell JC. Interhemispheric interaction between human dorsal premotor and contralateral primary motor cortex. J Physiol 2004;561:331–338, http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072843.
41. Hubers A, Orekhov Y, Ziemann U. Interhemispheric motor inhibition: its role in controlling electromyographic mirror activity. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28: 364–371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06335.x.
42. Giovannelli F, Borgheresi A, Balestrieri F, et al. Interhemispheric inhibition by voluntary motor cortex activation measured by enhancement of the ipsilateral silent period. J Physiol 2009;587:5393–5410, http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175885.
43. Boeve BF. Corticobasal degeneration: The syndrome and the disease. In: Litvan I, editor. Atypical parkinsonian disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2005:309–334.
44. Scepkowski LA, Cronin-Golomb A. The alien hand: Cases, categorizations, and anatomical correlates. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2003;2:261–277, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534582303260119.
45. Gottlieb D, Robb K, Day B. Mirror movements in the alien hand syndrome. Case report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1992;71:297–300, http://dx.doi. org/10.1097/00002060-199210000-00009.
46. Fisher CM. Alien hand phenomena: A review with the addition of six personal cases. Can J Neurol Sci 2000;27:192–203.
47. Hu WT, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE, Shin C, Boeve BF, Witte RJ. MRI correlates of alien leg-like phenomenon in corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2005;20:870–873, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20451.
48. Wolters A, Classen J, Kunesch E, Grossmann A, Benecke R. Measurements of transcallosally mediated cortical inhibition for differentiating parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 2004;12:518–528, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/mds.20064.
49. Pal PK, Gunraj CA, Li JY, Lang AE, Chen R. Reduced intracortical and interhemispheric inhibitions in corticobasal syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 25:304–312, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e318182d304.
50. Louis ED, Rios E, Henchcliffe C. Mirror movements in patients with essential tremor. Mov Disord 2009;24:2211–2217, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22749.
51. Tan EK, Lee SS, Fook-Chong S, Lum SY. Evidence of increased odds of essential tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:993–997, http://dx. doi.org/10.1002/mds.22005.
52. Minen MT, Louis ED. Emergence of Parkinson’s disease in essential tremor: A study of the clinical correlates in 53 patients. Mov Disord 2008;23: 1602–1605, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22161.
53. Raethjen J, Govindan RB, Kopper F, Muthuraman M, Deuschl G. Cortical involvement in the generation of essential tremor. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:3219–3228, http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00477.2006.
54. Sitburana O, Jankovic J. Focal hand dystonia, mirror dystonia and motor overflow. J Neurol Sci 2008;266:31–33, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007. 08.024.
55. Das CP, Prabhakar S, Truong D. Clinical profile of various sub-types of writer’s cramp. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007;13:421–424, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.01.009.
56. Djebbari R, du Montcel ST, Sangla S, Vidal JS, Gallouedec G, Vidailhet M. Factors predicting improvement in motor disability in writer’s cramp treated with botulinum toxin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1688–1691, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.032227.
57. Marsden CD, Sheehy MP. Writer’s cramp. Trends Neurosci 1990;13:148– 153, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(90)90007-W.
58. Merello M, Carpintiero S, Cammarota A, Meli F, Leiguarda R. Bilateral mirror writing movements (mirror dystonia) in a patient with writer’s cramp: Functional correlates. Mov Disord 2006;2:683–689, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.20736.
59. Marion MH, Afors K, Sheehy MP. Problems of treating writer’s cramp with botulinum toxin injections: Results from 10 years of experience. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2003;159:923–927.
60. Singer C, Papapetropoulos S, Vela L. Use of mirror dystonia as guidance for injection of botulinum toxin in writing dysfunction. J. Neurol. Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76;1608–1609, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.062265.
61. Beck S, Shamim EA, Richardson SP, Schubert M, Hallett M. Interhemispheric inhibition is impaired in mirror dystonia. Eur J Neurosci 2009;29: 1634–1640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06710.x.
62. Nelson AJ, Hoque T, Gunraj C, Ni Z, Chen R. Impaired interhemispheric inhibition in writer’s cramp. Neurology 2010;75:441–447, http://dx.doi. org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ebdda0.
63. MacGowan DJ, Delanty N, Petito F, Edgar M, Mastrianni J, DeArmond SJ. Isolated myoclonic alien hand as the sole presentation of pathologically established Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A report of two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:404–407, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.63.3.404.
64. Park IS, Song IU, Lee SB. Mirror movements and involuntary homolateral limb synkinesis in a patient with probable Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin.Neurol.Neurosurg 2009;111:380–383, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. clineuro.2008.11.005.
65. Georgiou-Karistianis N, Hoy KE, Bradshaw JL, et al. Motor overflow in Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:904–906, http://dx. doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.016733.
66. Hashimoto T, Shindo M, Yanagisawa N. Enhanced associated movements in the contralateral limbs elicited by brisk voluntary contraction in choreic disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112:1612–1617, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S1388-2457(01)00627-7.
67. Baliz Y, Armatas C, Farrow M, et al. The influence of attention and age on the occurrence of mirror movements. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005;11:855–862, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617705051003.
68. Aranyi Z, Rosler KM. Effort-induced mirror movements. A study of transcallosal inhibition in humans. Exp Brain Res 2002;145:76–82, http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1101-1.