Green infrastructure for landscape planning: Integrating human and natural systems

Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning: Integrating Human and Natural Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-266

  Austin, Gary ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85113691232     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315856780     Document Type: Book

References (282)

1. K. Nilsson, “Ecological Scientific Knowledge in Urban and Land-Use Planning, " in Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, “Summary Statistics, " 2011. [Online], Available: www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics# Tables_1_2 (accessed 11 April 2013).
3. F. He, “Species-Area Relationships Always Overestimate Extinction Rates from Habitat Loss, " Nature, vol. 473, pp. 368-371, 2011.
4. R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.
5. US Census Bureau, “International Programs, "' International Programs, World Population Summary, 28 August 2012. [Online]. Available: www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpopinfo.php (accessed 11 April 2013).
6. US Census Bureau, “The Next Four Decades, " 2010. [Online]. Available: www.census.gov/prod/(2010)pubs/p25-1138.pdf (accessed 11 April 2013)
7. K. Tzoulas, K. Korpela, S. Venn, V. Yli-Pelkonen, A. Kaźmierczak, J. Niemela and P. James, “Promoting Ecosystem and Human Health in Urban Areas Using Green Infrastructure: A Literature Review, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 167-178, 2007.
8. R. Ahern, “Greenways in the USA: Theories, Trends and Prospects, " in Ecological Networks and Greenways, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
9. US Government, Americans Outdoors: The Legacy, the Challenge. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1987.
10. C. Little, Greenways for America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
11. R. H. Jongman and G. Pungetti, Ecological Networks and Greenways: Concept, Design, Implementation. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
12. B. Palmberg, “Planning for Large Scale Urban Infill: The Case of the Stapleton Redevelopment, " Masters Project, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2006.
13. Urban Land Institute, “Stapleton, " ULI-Development Case Studies, vol. 34, no. 4, 2004.
14. World Health Organization, “Interventions on Diet and Physical Activity: What Works - Summary Report, " 2009.
15. US National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2010: With Special Feature on Death and Dying, " 2011.
16. Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics, “Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, 2013, " 2013.
17. US Department of Health and Human Services, "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, " 2008.
18. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA’s 2008 Report on the Environment, " National Technical Information Service, Washington, DC, Environmental Assessment EPA/600/R-07/045F, 2008.
19. J. Thornes, “Atmospheric Services, " in Ecosystem Services, vol. 30, 2010, pp. 70-103.
20. R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.
21. K. I. Eleftheriou, J. S. Rawal, L. E. James, J. R. Payne, M. Loosemore, D. J. Pennell, M. World, F. Drenos, F. S. Haddad, S. E. Humphries, J. Sanders and H. E. Montgomery, “Bone Structure and Geometry in Young Men: The Influence of Smoking, Alcohol Intake and Physical Activity, " Bone, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 17-26, 2013.
22. C. A. Bailey and K. Brooke-Wavell, “Optimum Frequency of Exercise for Bone Health: Randomised Controlled Trial of a High-Impact Unilateral Intervention, " Bone, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1043-1049, 2010.
23. S. S. Dhingra, T. W. Strine, J. B. Holt, J. T. Berry and A. H. Mokdad, “Rural-Urban Variations in Psychological Distress: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007, " International Journal of Public Health, vol. 54, no. S1., pp. 16-22, 2009.
24. T. Hartig, G. W. Evans, L. D. Jamner, D. S. Davis and T. Gärling, “Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings, " Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 109-123, 2003.
25. A. Faber Taylor and F. E. Kuo, “Children With Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the Park, " Journal of Attention Disorders, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 402-409, 2009.
26. F. D. Legrand and C. R. Mille, “The Effects of 60 Minutes of Supervised Weekly Walking (in a Single vs. 3-5 Session Format) on Depressive Symptoms among Older Women: Findings from a Pilot Randomized Trial, " Mental Health and Physical Activity, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 71-75, 2009.
27. R. Robertson, A. Robertson, R. Jepson and M. Maxwell, “Walking for Depression or Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, " Mental Health and Physical Activity, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 66-75, 2012.
28. C. Ward Thompson, “Activity, Exercise and the Planning and Design of Outdoor Spaces, " Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 34, pp. 79-96, 2013.
29. D. Ding, J. F. Sallis, J. Kerr, S. Lee and D. E. Rosenberg, “Neighborhood Environment and Physical Activity Among Youth, " American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 442-455, 2011.
30. M. L. Booth, N. Owen, A. Bauman, O. Clavisi and E. Leslie, “Social-Cognitive and Perceived Environment Influences Associated with Physical Activity in Older Australians, " Preventive Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 15-22, 2000.
31. T. Takano, “Urban Residential Environments and Senior Citizens’ Longevity in Mega-City Areas: The Importance of Walkable Green Space, " Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 913-918, 2002.
32. U.K. Stigsdotter, O. Ekholm, J. Schipperijn, M. Toftager, F. Kamper-Jorgensen and T. B. Randrup, “Health Promoting Outdoor Environments: Associations between Green Space, and Health, Health-Related Quality of Life and Stress Based on a Danish National Representative Survey, " Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 411-417, 2010.
33. U.K. Stigsdotter and P. Grahn, “Stressed Individuals’ Preferences for Activities and Environmental Characteristics in Green Spaces, " Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 295-304, 2011.
34. Gomez-Baggethun, “Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services, " in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
35. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005.
36. F. He, “Species-Area Relationships Always Overestimate Extinction Rates from Habitat Loss, " Nature, vol. 473, pp. 368-371, 2011.
37. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA’s 2008 Report on the Environment, " National Technical Information Service, Environmental Assessment EPA/600/R-07/045F, 2008.
38. R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.
39. L. Fahrig, “Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity, " Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systemaiics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 487-515, 2003.
40. T. Dahl, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009, Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010.
41. D. Patton, J. Bergstrom, A. Covich and R. Moore, National Wildlife Refuge Wetland Ecosystem Service Valuation Model, Phase 1 Report: An Assessment of Ecosystem Services Associated with National Wildlife Refuges, Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012.
42. G. Daily, Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America, 1997.
43. A. Fitter, “An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe, " in Ecosystem Services, issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Cambridge: Roya Society of Chemistry, 2010.
44. US Fish and Wildlife Service, “Contaminants, " 8 October 2010. [Online]. Available www.fws.gov/r5crc/Habitat/Contaminants.html (accessed 15 March 2013).
45. J. Thornes, “Atmospheric Services, " in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
46. “Surface-Level Ozone Pollution Set To Reduce Tree Growth 10% By 2100, " Science News, 10 December 2008. [Online]. Available: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121030161523.htm (accessed 1 March 2013).
47. “Ozone’s Impact on Soybean Yield: Reducing Future Losses, " Science News, 30 October 2012. [Online]. Available: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/1210 30161523.htm (accessed 1 March 2013).
48. US EPA, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2009, " EPA 430-R-11-005, 2011.
49. D. Shindell, “Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security, " Science, vol. 335, no. 6065, pp. 183-189, 2012.
50. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, “Summary Statistics, " 2011. [Online]. Available: www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics#Tables_1_2 (accessed 8 March 2013).
51. US Fish and Wildlife Service, “Species Fact Sheet: Northern Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis caurina, " 5 November 2012. [Online]. Available: www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/Species/Data/NorthernSpottedOwl (accessed 8 March 2013).
52. J. R. Sauer, J. E. Hines, J. E. Fallon, K. L. Pardieck, D. J. Ziolkowski and W. A. Link, “The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966-2010, " 2011. [Online]. Available: www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/bbs.html (accessed 8 March 2013).
53. F. Craighead, “Grizzly Bear Ranges and Movement as Determined by Radiotracking, " in Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 3, Binghamton, NY, and Moscow: JSTOR, 1974.
54. M. J. Glennon and H. E. Kretser, “Size of the Ecological Effect Zone Associated with Exurban Development in the Adirondack Park, NY, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 112, pp. 10-17, 2013.
55. H. Yan, J. Zhan and T. Zhang, “Resilience of Forest Ecosystems and Its Influencing Factors, " Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 10, pp. 2201-2206, 2011.
56. A. E. Frazier, C. S. Renschler and S. B. Miles, “Evaluating Post-Disaster Ecosystem Resilience Using MODIS GPP data, " International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 21, pp. 43-52, 2013.
57. C. Dobbs, F. J. Escobedo and W. C Zipperer, “A Framework for Developing Urban Forest Ecosystem Services and Goods Indicators, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 99, no. 3-4, pp. 196-206, 2011.
58. E. Gomez-Baggethun, “Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services, " in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
59. R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.
60. K. Tzoulas and P. James, “Peoples’ Use of, and Concerns about, Green Space Networks: A Case Study of Birchwood, Warrington New Town, UK, " Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 121-128, 2010.
61. G. Daily, Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America, 1997.
62. United Nations Environment Programme, "21 Issues for the 21st Century Results of the UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Environmental Issues, " 2012.
63. J. Thornes, “Atmospheric Services, " in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
64. E. McPherson, J. R. Simpson, P.J. Peper and Q. Xiao, Trees Pay Us Back in the Pacific Northwest Region, Albany, CA: US Department of Agriculture, 2011.
65. M. W. Strohbach and D. Haase, “Above-Ground Carbon Storage by Urban Trees in Leipzig, Germany: Analysis of Patterns in a European City, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 95-104, 2012.
66. L. Grant, “Multi-Functional Urban Green Infrastructure, " The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, Briefing Report, 2010.
67. M. Santamouris, “Cooling the Cities: A Review of Reflective and Green Roof Mitigation Technologies to Fight Heat Island and Improve Comfort in Urban Environments, " Solar Energy, in press.
68. T. Nakayama and T. Fujita, “Cooling Effect of Water-Holding Pavements Made of New Materials on Water and Heat Budgets in Urban Areas, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 57-67, 2010.
69. J. M. Caborn, Shelterbelts and Windbreaks, London: Faber and Faber, 1965.
70. A. I. Barreca, “Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States, " Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 19-34, 2012.
71. N. C. Coops, M. A. Wulder and R. H. Waring, “Modeling Lodgepole and Jack Pine Vulnerability to Mountain Pine Beetle Expansion into the Western Canadian Borea Forest, " Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 274, pp. 161-171, 2012.
72. J. M. Griffin, M. Simard and M. G. Turner, “Salvage Harvest Effects on Advance Tree Regeneration, Soil Nitrogen, and Fuels Following Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak in Lodgepole Pine, " Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 291, pp. 228-239, 2013.
73. K. Norris, “Ecosystem Services and Food Production, " in Ecosystem Services, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 30, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.
74. New York City Department of Environmental Protection, “New York City 2011 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report, " 2012.
75. A. DePalma, “New York’s Water Supply May Need Filtering, " New York Times, 20 July 2006.
76. T. V. Wamsley, M. A. Cialone, J. M. Smith, J. H. Atkinson and J. D. Rosati, “The Potential of Wetlands in Reducing Storm Surge, " Ocean Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 2010.
77. R. Costanza, W. J. Mitsch and J. W. Day, “Creating a Sustainable and Desirable New Orleans, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 317-320, 2006.
78. S. G. Kim, S.-H. Cho and R. K. Roberts, “Identifying Priority Areas for Wetlands Restoration along the Louisiana Coast under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act of 1990, " Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d’agroeconomie, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 295-320, 2011.
79. T. W. La Point, “Understanding One’s Place in the Watershed: How Earth Science Can Inform Perceptions about the Future of the New Orleans Region, " Technology in Society, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 197-203, 2007.
80. J. M. Smith, M. A. Cialone, T. V. Wamsley, and T. O. McAlpin, “Potential Impact of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Surges in Southeast Louisiana, " Ocean Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 37-47, 2010.
81. European Commission, “The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure, " 2012.
82. Roseburg Urban Sanitary Authority, “RUSA Farm: Natural Treatment Systems Project, " 2011.
83. J. Baird, “Roseburg Urban Sanitary Authority, Land Farm, " personal interview, 2011.
84. L. A. Schipper, W. D. Robertson, A. J. Gold, D. B. Jaynes and S. C. Cameron, “Denitrifying Bioreactors: An Approach for Reducing Nitrate Loads to Receiving Waters, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1532-1543, 2010.
85. D. Johnson, “Woody Biomass Supply Cham and Infrastructure for the Biofuels Industries, " presented at the 2011 Industry Studies Conference, Pittsburg, PA, 2011.
86. Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, “Survey on the Present Status of Particle Precipitation Devices for Residential Biomass Combustion, " Graz University of Technology, Austria, IEA Bioenergy Task 32, 2011.
87. D. Adams, R. Haynes and A. Daigneault, “Estimated Timber Harvest by U.S. Region and Ownership, 1950-2002, " US Department of Agriculture, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-659, 2006.
88. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA’s 2008 Report on the Environment, " National Technical Information Service, Environmental Assessment EPA/600/R-07/045F, 2008.
89. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, “West Coast Lumber Exports Increase Slightly in the First Quarter of 2012, " 21 May 2012. [Online]. Available: www.fs.fed.us/pnw/news/2012/05/lumber-exports.shtml (accessed 21 May 2012).
90. T. A. M. Pugh, A. R. MacKenzie, J. D. Whyatt and C. N. Hewitt, “Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons, " Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 7692-7699, 2012.
91. The Trust for Public Land, “The Economic Benefits of Denver’s Park and Recreation System, " 2010.
92. D. C. Dearborn and S. Kark, “Motivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity, " Conservation Biology vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 432-440, 2010.
93. M. Correll, J. Lillydahl and L. Singell, “The Effects of Greenbelts on Residential Property Values: Some Findings on the Political Economy of Open Space, " Land Economics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 207-217, 1978.
94. City and County of Denver, Stapleton Redevelopment Foundation and Citizens Advisory Board, “The Stapleton Development Plan, " 1995.
95. B. Palmberg, “Planning for Large Scale Urban Infill: The Case of the Stapleton Redevelopment, " Masters Project, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2006.
96. J. Howe, E. McMahon and L. Propst, Balancing Nature and Commerce in Gateway Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997.
97. European Commission, “The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure, " 2012. [Online], Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/Green_Infrastructure.pdf. (accessed 15 March 2013).
98. J. R. Miller, M. Groom, G. R. Hess, T. Steelman, D. L. Stokes, J. Thompson, T. Bowman, L. Fricke, B. King and R. Marquardt, “Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning, " Conservation Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 53-63, 2009.
99. T. Nakamura and K. Short, “Land-Use Planning and Distribution of Threatened Wildlife in a City of Japan, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 53, no. 1-4, pp. 1-15, 2001.
100. J. G. Underwood, J. Francis and L. R. Gerber, “Incorporating Biodiversity Conservation and Recreational Wildlife Values into Smart Growth Land Use Planning, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 136-143, 2011.
101. T. Edman, P. Angelstam, G. Mikusi-Ñski, J. M. Roberge and A. Sikora, “Spatial Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: Assessment of Forest Landscapes of Conservation Value Using Umbrella Species Requirements in Poland, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 16-23, 2011.
102. J. R. Squires, N. J. DeCesare, L. E. Olson, J. A. Kolbe, M. Hebblewhite and S. A. Parks, “Combining Resource Selection and Movement Behavior to Predict Corridors for Canada Lynx at their Southern Range Periphery, " Biological Conservation, vol. 157, pp. 187-195, 2013.
103. J. Hilty, Corridor Ecology: The Science and Practice of Linking Landscapes for Biodiversity Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006.
104. Y. Mandelik, T. Dayan, V. Chikatunov and V. Kravchenko, “The Relative Performance of Taxonomic vs. Environmental Indicators for Local Biodiversity Assessment: A Comparative Study, " Ecological Indicators, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 171-180, 2012.
105. F. He, “Species-Area Relationships Always Overestimate Extinction Rates from Habitat Loss, " Nature, vol. 473, pp. 368-371, 2011.
106. R. M. Hassan, S. R. Carpenter, K. Chopra, D. Capistrano and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005.
107. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, “Summary Statistics, " 2011. [Online]. Available: www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics#Tables_1_2.
108. L. Grant, “Multi-Functional Urban Green Infrastructure, " The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, Briefing Report, 2010.
109. US Department of Agriculture, “Summary Report: 2007 National Resources Inventory, " 2009.
110. K. Nilsson, “Ecological Scientific Knowledge in Urban and Land-Use Planning, " in Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
111. B. Johnson, “The Mis/Alignments of Exurban Land Use Controls with the Preferences of Varied Development Interest Groups, " Spaces and Flows Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 27-46, 2011.
112. S. Germaine, “Relationships Among Breeding Birds, Habitat, and Residential Development in Greater Tucson, Arizona, " Ecological Applications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 680-691, 1998.
113. A. Farina, Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology: Toward a Science of Landscape, Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
114. B. Shepherd, “Response of Wolves to Corridor Restoration and Human Use Management, " Ecology and Society, vol. 11, no. 2, n.p., 2006.
115. J. Lyle, “Ecological Corridors in Urban Southern California, " in Wildlife Conservation in Metropolitan Environments, Columbia, MD: National Institute for Urban Wildlife, 1991.
116. R. Snep, “How Peri-urban Areas Can Strengthen Animal Populations Within Cities A Modeling Approach, " Biological Conservation, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 345-355, 2006.
117. M. Hale, “Impact of Landscape Management on the Genetic Structure of Red Squirrel Populations, " Science, vol. 293, no. 5538, pp. 2246-2248, 2001.
118. I. Bouwma, “Ecological Corridors on a European Scale, " in Ecological Networks and Greenways, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
119. G. Bennett and K. Mulongoy, Review of Experience with Ecological Networks, Corridors and Buffer Zones, Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2006.
120. C. McGuckin, “A Landscape Ecological Model for Wildlife Enhancement of Stormwater Management Practices in Urban Greenways, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 33, p. 227, 1995.
121. M. M. Bryant, “Urban Landscape Conservation and the Role of Ecological Greenways at Local and Metropolitan Scales, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 23-44, 2006.
122. K. Lofvenhaft, “Tools to Assess Human Impact on Biotope Resilience, " in Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
123. C. Duerksen, Managing Development for People and Wildlife: A Handbook for Habitat Protection by Local Government, Denver, CO: Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1998.
124. P. Beier, E. Garding and D. Majka, “Arizona Missing Linkages: Tucson -Tortolita-Santa Catalina Mountains Linkage Design, " Arizona Game and Fish Department, Northern Arizona University, 2006.
125. D. Thiel, “Effects of Recreation and Hunting on Flushing Distance of Capercaillie, " Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1784-1792, 2007.
126. E. Fernández-Juricic, M. Jimenez and E. Lucas, “Bird Tolerance to Human Disturbance in Urban Parks of Madrid (Spain): Management Implications, " in Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, New York: Academic Publishers, 2001.
127. E. C. Rees, J. H. Bruce and G. T. White, “Factors Affecting the Behavioural Responses of Whooper Swans (Cygnus c. cygnus) to Various Human Activities, " Biological Conservation, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 369-382, 2005.
128. W. Keeley and M. Bechard, “Flushing Distances of Ferruginous Hawks Nesting in Rural and Exurban New Mexico, " The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 1034-1039, 2011.
129. E. Fernández-Juricic, R. Vaca and N. Schroeder, “Spatial and Temporal Responses of Forest Birds to Human Approaches in a Protected Area and Implications for Two Management Strategies, " Biological Conservation, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 407-416, 2004.
130. J. Kubei, “Biocentres and Corridors in a Cultural Landscape: A Critical Assessment of the Territorial System of Ecological Stability, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 35, p. 231-240, 1996.
131. J. Mason, C. Moorman, G. Hess and K. Sinclair, “Designing Urban Greenways to Provide Habitat for Breeding Birds, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 80, no. 1-2, pp. 153-164, 2003.
132. C. Catterall, “Responses of Faunal Assemblages to Urbanisation, " in Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
133. R. Johnston, “Synanthropic Birds of North America, " in Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
134. C. Anderson, “Reset and Recovery: Shifting Markets and Opportunities for Rocky Mountain Communities, " Sonoran Institute, 2013.
135. E. Guerra, “Cost of a Ride: The Effects of Densities on Fixed-Guideway Transit Ridership and Capital Costs, " University of California Transportation Center, 2010.
136. S. Miller, R. Knight, “Wildlife Responses to Pedestrians and Dogs, " Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 1, 2001.
137. J. A. Rodgers, Jr. and H. T. Smith, “Set-back Distances to Protect Nesting Bird Colonies from Human Disturbance, " Conservation Biology, vol. 9, pp. 89-99, 1995.
138. E. Fernandez-Juricic, R. Vaca and N. Schroeder, “Spatial and Temporal Responses of Forest Birds to Human Approaches in a Protected Area and Implications for Two Management Strategies, " Biological Conservation, vol. 117, pp. 407-416, 2004.
139. A. L. Ward, N. E. Fornwalt, S. E. Henry and R. A. Hodorff, “Effects of Highway Operation Practices and Facilities on Elk, Mule Deer, and Pronghorn Antelope, " Federal Highway Office Research and Development Report FHWA-RD-79-143, 1980.
140. T. L. Holmes, R. L. Knight, L. Stegall and G. R. Craig, “Responses of Wintering Grassland Raptors to Human Disturbance, " Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 21, pp. 461-468, 1980.
141. J. D. Fraser, L. D. Frenzel and J. E. Mathison, “The Impact of Human Activities on Breeding Bald Eagles in North-central Minnesota, " Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 49, pp. 585-592, 1985.
142. M. V. Stalmaster and J. R. Newman, “Behavioral Responses of Wintering Bald Eagles to Human Activity, " Journal of Wildlife, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 506-513, 1978.
143. D. J. Freddy, W. M. Bronaugh and M. C. Fowler, “Responses of Mule Deer to Disturbance by Persons Afoot and in Snowmobiles, " Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 14, pp. 63-68, 1986.
144. T. D. Schultz and J. A. Bailey, “Responses of National Park Elk to Human Activity, " Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 42, pp. 91-100, 1978.
145. E. F. Cassirer, D. J. Freddy and E. D. Abies, “Elk Responses to Disturbance by Cross-Country Skiers in Yellowstone National Park, " Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 20, pp. 375-381, 1992.
146. D. Ding, J. F. Sallis, J. Kerr, S. Lee and D. E. Rosenberg, “Neighborhood Environment and Physical Activity Among Youth, " American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 442-455, 2011.
147. L. Grant, “Multi-Functional Urban Green Infrastructure, " The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, Briefing Report, 2010.
148. European Commission, “The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure, " 2012.
149. The National Forest Company, “The National Forest Biodiversity Action Plan, " 3rd edition, 2011.
150. T. Maruani and I. Amit-Cohen, “Open Space Planning Models: A Review of Approaches and Methods, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 81, no. 1-2, pp. 1-13, 2007.
151. B. Beckner, “The Conservation Imperative, " Parks & Recreation, 2012.
152. R. Lancaster, “Park, Recreation and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, " Nationa Recreation and Park Association, 1983.
153. J. Mertes and J. Hall, “National Park, Recreation, Open Space and Greenway Guidelines, " National Recreation and Park Association, 1995.
154. D. Taylor, E. Beard and P. Hayward, “Green Giants: Mayors Who Make Parks a Priority, " Parks & Recreation, 2012.
155. City of Boulder, “Parks & Recreation Master Plan Update, " 2013.
156. Trust for Public Land, “ParkScore, " 2013. [Online]. Available: http://parkscore.tpl.org/methodology.php (accessed 9 February 2013).
157. City and County of Denver, Stapleton Redevelopment Foundation and Citizens Advisory Board, “The Stapleton Development Plan, " 1995.
158. L. M. Brander and M. J. Koetse, “The Value of Urban Open Space: Meta-Analyses of Contingent Valuation and Hedonic Pricing Results, " Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 2763-2773, 2011.
159. D. Waugh, “Buying New Urbanism: A Study of New Urban Characteristics that Residents Most Value, " Texas State University, San Marcos, 2004.
160. M. L. Booth, N. Owen, A. Bauman, O. Clavisi and E. Leslie, “Social-Cognitive and Perceived Environment Influences Associated with Physical Activity in Older Australians, " Preventive Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 15-22, 2000.
161. T. Takano, “Urban Residential Environments and Senior Citizens’ Longevity in Mega-City Areas: The Importance of Walkable Green Space, " Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 913-918, 2002.
162. H. Li, “Water Quality Improvement Through Reductions of Pollutant Loads Using Bioretention, " Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 567-576, 2009.
163. R. H. Kadlec, “Comparison of Free Water and Horizontal Subsurface Treatment Wetlands, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 159-174, 2009.
164. N. E. Peters, “Effects of Urbanization on Stream Water Quality in the City of Atlanta, Georgia, USA, " Hydrological Processes, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 2860-2878, 2009.
165. D. Jaynes and T. Isenhart, “Re-Saturating Riparian Buffers in Tile Drained Landscapes, " presented at the IA-MN-SD Drainage Research Forum, Okoboji, Iowa, 2011.
166. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Guidance for Federal Land Managers in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, " EPA 841-R-10-002, 2010.
167. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group (US), Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices, Washington, DC: Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group, 1998.
168. R. H. Kadlec, Treatment Wetlands, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.
169. M. A. Mallin, J. A. McAuliffe, M. R. Mclver, D. Mayes and M. A. Hanson, “High Pollutant Removal Efficacy of a Large Constructed Wetland Leads to Receiving Stream Improvements, " Journal of Environment Quality, vol. 41, no. 6, p. 2046, 2012.
170. J. Hathaway, “Indicator Bacteria Removal in Storm-Water Best Management Practices n Charlotte, North Carolina, " Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 12, pp. 1275-1285, 2009.
171. Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, “Storm Water Best Management Practices Catalog, " 2005.
172. A. Davis, W. Hunt, R. Traver and M. Clar, “Bioretention Technology: Overview of Current Practice and Future Needs, " Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 135, pp. 109-117, 2009.
173. R. Brown, “Impacts of Construction Activity on Bioretention Performance, " Journal of Hydroiogic Engineering, vol. 15, pp. 386-394, 2010.
174. University of New Hampshire, “Annual Report, " 2007.
175. National Research Council, Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009.
176. L. A. Schipper, W. D. Robertson, A. J. Gold, D. B. Jaynes and S. C. Cameron, “Denitrifying Bioreactors: An Approach for Reducing Nitrate Loads to Receiving Waters, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1532-1543, 2010.
177. H. Yang, “Dissolved Nutrients and Atrazme Removal by Column-Scale Monophasic and Biphasic Rain Garden Model Systems, " Chemosphere, vol. 80, pp. 929-934, 2010.
178. M. Mallin, “Pollutant Removal Efficacy of Three Wet Detention Ponds, " Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 3, pp. 654-660, 2002.
179. W. Hunt, “Pollutant and Peak Flow Mitigation by a Bio Retention Cell in Urban Charlotte, N. C., " Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 135, no. 5, pp. 403-408, 2008.
180. R. A. Brown and W. F. Hunt, “Evaluating Media Depth, Surface Storage Volume, and Presence of an Internal Water Storage Zone on Four Sets of Bioretention Cells in North Carolina, " World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, pp. 405-414, 2011.
181. K. Bratieres, T. D. Fletcher, A. Deletic and Y. Zinger, “Nutrient and Sediment Removal by Stormwater Biofilters: A Large-Scale Design Optimization Study, " Water Research, vol. 42, no. 14, pp. 3930-3940, 2008.
182. R. Horner, Heungkook Lim and Stephen J. Burges, “Hydrologic Monitoring of the Seattle Ultra-Urban Stormwater Management Projects, " Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Technical Report 170, 2002.
183. W. Hunt and A. Jarret, “Evaluating Bioretention Areas from Two Field Sites in North Carolina, " in BMP Technology in Urban Watersheds, Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006, pp. 209-218.
184. Department of Environmental Resources, “Bioretention Manual, " Environmenta Services Division, Prince George’s County, MD, 2007.
185. K. L. Guenter Langergraber and R. H. Roland Rohrhofer, “High-Rate Nitrogen Removal in a Two-Stage Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland, " Desalination, vol. 246, pp. 55-68, 2009.
186. Penn State Center for Green Roof Research, “Green Roof Brochure, " Pennsylvania State University, n.d.
187. D. B. Rowe, “Green Roofs as a Means of Pollution Abatement, " Environmental Pollution, vol. 159, no. 8-9, pp. 2100-2110, 2011.
188. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies, " 2008.
189. American Society of Landscape Architects, “ASLA Green Roof Monitoring Results, " 2007.
190. J. S. Maclvor and J. Lundholm, “Performance Evaluation of Native Plants Suited to Extensive Green Roof Conditions in a Maritime Climate, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 407-417, 2011.
191. L. McIntyre, “High-Maintenance Superstar: The Green Roof on the California Academy of Sciences, " Landscape Architecture, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 64-66, 68-72, 74-77, 2009.
192. J. Mentens, D. Raes and M. Hermy, “Green Roofs as a Tool for Solving the Rainwater Runoff Problem in the Urbanized 21st Century?" Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 217-226, 2006.
193. E. Fassman-Beck, E. Voyde, R. Simcock and Y. S. Hong, "4 Living Roofs in 3 Locations: Does Configuration Affect Runoff Mitigation?" Journal of Hydrology, vol. 490, pp. 11-20, 2013.
194. T. Carter and C. R. Jackson, “Vegetated Roofs for Stormwater Management at Multiple Spatial Scales, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 80, no. 1-2, pp. 84-94, 2007.
195. G. R. Aleta, “Greening a Higher Ground, " Smithsonian, vol. 39, no. 8, n.p., 2008.
196. S. Martinez, M. Hand, M. Da Pra, S. Pollack, K. Ralston, T. Smith, S. Vogel, S. Clark, L. Lohr, S. Low and C. Newman, Local Food Systems: Concepts, impacts, and Issues, Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, 2010.
197. “Local Harvest, " 2012. [Online]. Available: www.localharvest.org (accessed 15 April 2013).
198. USDA (US Department of Agriculture), “Census of Agriculture, " 2007. [Online], Available: www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1, _Chapter_1_ State_Level/Idaho/index.asp (accessed 21 February 2012).
199. S. M. Schnell, “Food with a Farmer’s Face: Community-Supported Agriculture in the United States, " Geography Review, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 550-564, 2010.
200. K. Meter, Ohio’s Food Systems, Minneapolis, MN: Crossroads Resource Center, 2011.
201. K. Enshayan, Community Economic Impact Assessment for a Multi-County Local Food System in Northeast Iowa, Ames, IA: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2008.
202. K. Meter, Greater Treasure Valley Region Local Farm & Food Economy, Minneapolis, MN: Crossroads Resource Center, 2010.
203. TVAC, “TVAC (Treasure Valley Food Coalition), " 2010. [Online], Available: http://treasurevalleyfoodcoalition.org (accessed 3 February 2011).
204. APA (American Planning Association), “Policy Guide on Community and Regional Food Planning, " 2007, [Online], Available: www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/food.htm (accessed 22 February 2012).
205. D. Swenson, Measuring the Economic Impacts of Increased Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Production in Iowa Considering Metropolitan Demand. Ames, IA: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2011.
206. D. Otto, “Consumers, Vendors, and the Economic Importance of Iowa Farmers’ Markets: An Economic Impact Survey Analysis, " Iowa State University, 2005.
207. E. Taylor, “Community Agriculture, " personal interview, 1 September 2011.
208. T. Woods, M. Ernst, S. Ernst and N. Wright, "2009 Survey of Community Supported Agriculture Producers, " University of Kentucky Department of Forestry, 2009.
209. J. Vymazal, “Removal of Nutrients in Various Types of Constructed Wetlands, " Science of the Total Environment, vol. 380, pp. 48-65, 2007.
210. D. Spier, “Plummer, Idaho Wastewater Treatment Plant, " 2013.
211. H. Brix and C. A. Arias, “The Use of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for On-Site Treatment of Domestic Wastewater: New Danish Guidelines, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 491-500, 2005.
212. S. Wallace, Small-Scale Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems, London: Water Environment Research Publishing, 2006.
213. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Writers’ Manual, " 2010.
214. J. Vymazal, “Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: Five Decades of Experience, " Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 61-69, 2011.
215. J. Vymazal, “Long-Term Performance of Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow: Ten Case Studies from the Czech Republic, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 54-63, 2011.
216. R. H. Kadlec, Treatment Wetlands, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.
217. J. Vymazal, “Horizontal Sub-surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 478-490, 2005.
218. R. H. Kadlec, “Comparison of Free Water and Horizontal Subsurface Treatment Wetlands, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 159-174, 2009.
219. P. Jenssen, “High Performance Constructed Wetlands for Cold Climates, " Journal of Environmental Science & Health, vol. 40, no. 6/7, pp. 1343-1353, 2005.
220. P. Cooper, “What Can We Learn from Old Wetlands?" Desalination, vol. 246, pp. 11-26, 2009.
221. C. Vohla, M. Kóiv, H. J. Bavor, F. Chazarenc and Ü. Mander, “Filter Materials for Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater in Treatment Wetlands: A Review, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 70-89, 2011.
222. B. Tunçsiper, “Nitrogen Removal in a Combined Vertical and Horizontal Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetland System, " Desalination, vol. 247, no. 1-3, pp. 466-475, 2009.
223. K. L. Guenter Langergraber and R. H. Roland Rohrhofer, “High-Rate Nitrogen Removal in a Two-Stage Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland, " Desalination, vol. 246, pp. 55-68, 2009.
224. EPA, “Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia Freshwater, " 2009.
225. C. Ávila, J. J. Salas, I. Martín, C. Aragón and J. García, “Integrated Treatment of Combined Sewer Wastewater and Stormwater in a Hybrid Constructed Wetland System in Southern Spam and its Further Reuse, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 13-20, 2013.
226. U. Burka, “A New Community Approach to Waste Treatment with Higher Water Plants, " in Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1990.
227. G. K. Gaboutloeloe, S. Chen, M. E. Barber and C. O. Stockle, “Combinations of Horizontal and Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands to Improve Nitrogen Removal, " Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol. 9, no. 3-4, pp. 279-286, 2009.
228. C. Ávila, A. Pedescoll, V. Matamoros, J. M. Bayona and J. García, “Capacity of a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants: An Injection Experiment, " Chemosphere, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 1137-1142, 2010.
229. V. Matamoros, C. Arias, H. Brix and J. M. Bayona, “Preliminary Screening of Small-Scale Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems for Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products, " Water Research, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 55-62, 2009.
230. H. Brix, “Denmark, " in Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Europe, Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 1998.
231. J. Vymazal and L. Kröpfelová, “A Three-Stage Experimental Constructed Wetland for Treatment of Domestic Sewage: First 2 Years of Operation, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 90-98, 2011.
232. M. Zapater, A. Gross and M. I. M. Soares, “Capacity of an On-Site Recirculating Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland to Withstand Disturbances and Highly Variable Influent Quality, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1572-1577, 2011.
233. T. L. C. Moore and W. F. Hunt, “Ecosystem Service Provision by Stormwater Wetlands and Ponds: A Means for Evaluation?, " Water Research, vol. 46, no. 20, pp. 6811-6823, 2011.
234. S.-X. Zhu, H.-L. Ge, Y. Ge, H.-Q. Cao, D. Liu, J. Chang, C.-B. Zhang, B.-J. Gu and S.-X. Chang, “Effects of Plant Diversity on Biomass Production and Substrate Nitrogen in a Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1307-1313, 2010.
235. A. Feest, I. Merrill and P. Aukett, “Does Botanical Diversity in Sewage Treatment Reed-Bed Sites Enhance Invertebrate Biodiversity?, " International Journal of Ecology, vol. 2012, pp. 1-9, 2012.
236. C. Mabry and C. Dettman, “Odonata Richness and Abundance in Relation to Vegetation Structure in Restored and Native Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region, USA, " Ecological Restoration, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 475-484, 2010.
237. P. A. M. Bachand and A. J. Horne, “Denitrification in Constructed Free-Water Surface Wetlands: II. Effects of Vegetation and Temperature, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 17-32, 1999.
238. C.-B. Hsu, H.-L. Hsieh, L. Yang, S.-H. Wu, J.-S. Chang, S.-C. Hsiao, H.-C. Su, C.-H. Yeh, Y.-S. Ho and H.-J. Lin, “Biodiversity of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1533-1545, 2011.
239. H. R. Murkm, E. J. Murkin and J. P. Ball, “Avian Habitat Selection and Prairie Wetland Dynamics: A 10-Year Experiment, " Ecological Applications, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1144-1159, 1997.
240. EPA, “The Des Plames Wetlands Project: Wetlands for River Water Quality Improvement, " 1993.
241. S. Hickman, “Improvement of Habitat Quality for Nesting and Migrating Birds at the Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 485-494, 1994.
242. R. A. McKinney, K. B. Raposa and R. M. Cournoyer, “Wetlands as Habitat in Urbanizing Landscapes: Patterns of Bird Abundance and Occupancy, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 100, no. 1-2, pp. 144-152, 2011.
243. C. Catterall, “Responses of Faunal Assemblages to Urbanisation, " in Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
244. G. Thiere, J. Stadmark and S. E. B. Weisner, “Nitrogen Retention Versus Methane Emission: Environmental Benefits and Risks of Large-Scale Wetland Creation, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 6-15, 2011.
245. A. M. Ruiz, J. C. Maerz, A. K. Davis, M. K. Keel, A. R. Ferreira, M. J. Conroy, L. A. Morris and A. T. Fisk, “Patterns of Development and Abnormalities among ladpoles in a Constructed Wetland Receiving Treated Wastewater, " Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 4862-4868, 2010.
246. R. H. Kadlec, C. Cuvellier and T. Stober, “Performance of the Columbia, Missouri, Treatment Wetland, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 672-684, 2010.
247. J. Vymazal, “Enhancing Ecosystem Services on the Landscape with Created, Constructed and Restored Wetlands, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-5, 2011.
248. Blumberg Engineers, “Constructed Wetlands as a Vertical Subsurface Flow Reed Bed Treatment System in Northern China, " 2003.
249. C. Tong, R. A. Feagm, J. Lu, X. Zhang, X. Zhu, W. Wang and W. He, “Ecosystem Service Values and Restoration in the Urban Sanyang Wetland of Wenzhou, China, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 249-258, 2007.
250. H. Brix, T. Koottatep, O. Fryd and C. H. Laugesen, “The Flower and the Butterfly Constructed Wetland System at Koh Phi Phi: System Design and Lessons Learned During Implementation and Operation, " Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 729-735, 2011.
251. R. Lancaster, “Park, Recreation and Open Space Standards and Guidelines, " Nationa Recreation and Park Association, 1983.
252. K. Bomans, T. Steenberghen, V. Dewaelheyns, H. Leinfelder and H. Gulinck, “Underrated Transformations in the Open Space: The Case of an Urbanized and Multifunctional Area, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 94, no. 3-4, pp. 196-205, 2010.
253. S. Fjord, “Regionalt miljöövervakningsprogram för Stockholms Iän 2009-2014, " Environmental Department, County Administrative Board of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009.
254. E. Langby, “Regional Development Plan 2010 for the Stockholm Region, " Stockholm Regional Planning Board, Stockholm, Sweden, 2010.
255. “Stockholm City Plan Summary, " City Planning Administration, Stockholm, Sweden, May 2009.
256. B. Malmros, “När, vad och hur? Svaga Samband i StockholmS regioNeNS gröNa kilar, " TMR (Growth, Environment and Regional Planning), Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden, 2012.
257. S.-I. Nylund, Grönstruktur och landskap i regional utvecklingsplanering. Stockholm Regionplane-och trafikkontoret, Stockholms läns landsting. 2008.
258. J. Colding, “Stockholm Urban Assessment, " Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. [Online]. Available: www.millenniumassessment.org/en/SGA.SwedenStockholm.html.
259. P. Schantz, “The Formation of National Urban Parks: A Nordic Contribution to Sustainable Development, " in The European City and Green Space: London, Stockholm, Helsinki and St Petersburg, 1850-2000, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
260. K. Lofvenhaft, M. Ihse and C. Bjorn, “Biotope Patterns in Urban Areas: A Conceptua Model Integrating Biodiversity Issues in Spatial Planning, " Journal of Planning Literature, vol. 58, pp. 223-240, 2002.
261. U. Mörtberg and H.-G. Wallentmus, “Red-listed Forest Bird Species in an Urban Environment: Assessment of Green Space Corridors, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 50, no. 4, pp, 215-226, 2000.
262. E. Andersson and O. Bodin, “Practical Tool for Landscape Planning? An Empirical Investigation of Network Based Models of Habitat Fragmentation, " Ecography, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 123-132, 2009.
263. A. Nelson, “Stockholm, Sweden: City of Water, " University of Washington, Case Study, 2006. [Online]. Available: http://depts.washington.edu/open2100/Resources/1_OpenSpaceSystems/Open_Space_Systems/Stockholm_Case_Study.pdf (accessed 6 November 2012).
264. U. Mörtberg and Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms Iän, Landskapsekologisk analys av Nationalstadsparken: underiag till Länsstyreisens program för Nationalstadsparken Stockholm: Lansstyrelsen i Stockholms Iän, 2006.
265. M. Erman, “The Walkable City: The Concept of Stockholm, " City Planning Administration, Stockholm, Sweden, May 2012. [Online]. Available: www.corp.at/archive/ppt/CORP2012_SLIDES24.pdf (accessed 15 January 2013).
266. A. Loukaitou-Sideris, “Urban Parks, UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.” [Online]. Available: www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article.asp?parentid=1455 (accessed 6 November 2012).
267. D. Vestbro, “Conflicting Perspectives on the Development of Hammarby Sjostad, Stockholm.” [Online]. Available: www.infra.kth.se/bba/HamSjo«stad.pdf (accessed 15 January 2013).
268. A. S. Maleitzke, “Sustainable Development in the Case of Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, " 2005. [Online]. Available: www.adammaleitzke.com/SPAN_Thesis_01.122007.pdf (accessed 15 January 2013).
269. J. Paques, “A New Wastewater Treatment Plant for Hammarby Sjöstad: A Comparative Study Between Four Alternatives, " 2003. [Online]. Available: www.stockholmvatten.se/commondata/rapporter/avlopp/Sjostadsverket/R25_2004_Joost_Paques.pdf (accessed 15 January 2013).
270. J. Rutherford, “Unbundling Stockholm: The Networks, Planning and Social Welfare Nexus Beyond the Unitary City, " Geoforum, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1871-1883, 2008.
271. City of Stockholm, “Hammarby Sjöstad: A New City District with Emphasis on Water and Ecology, " Real Estate and Traffic Administration, Stockholm, Sweden, 2011.
272. L. Fränne, “Hammarby Sjöstad: A Unique Environmental Project in Stockholm, " GlashusEtt, Stockholm, Sweden, 2007. [Online]. Available: www.hammarbysjostad.se (accessed 1 February 2013).
273. City of Stockholm, “Facts and Figures, " City of Stockhölm, 2010.
274. K. Brick, “Follow Up of Environmental Impact in Hammarby Sjöstad, Report Summary, " Grontmij, Environmental Impact, 2008. [Online]. Available: www.hammarbysjostad. se/inenglish/pdf/Grontmij%20Report%20eng.pdf (accessed 1 February 2013).
275. K. Karlsson, M. Viklander, L. Scholes and M. Revitt, “Heavy Metal Concentrations and Toxicity in Water and Sediment from Stormwater Ponds and Sedimentation Tanks, " Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 178, no. 1-3, pp. 612-618, 2010.
276. H. Alm, “Skelettjord: att hantera trafikdagvatten i stadsmiljö (Managing Traffic Water in Urban Areas), " Stockholm Vatten, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005.
277. K. Bomans, T. Steenberghen, V. Dewaelheyns, H. Leinfelder and H. Gulinck, “Underrated Transformations in the Open Space: The Case of an Urbanized and Multifunctional Area, " Landscape and Urban Planning, vol 94, no. 3-4, pp. 196-205, 2010.
278. J. Green, “Philadelphia’s Cutting-edge Green Infrastructure Plan, " Uniting the Built and Natural Environments, 10 May 2010. [Online]. Available: http://dirt.asla.org/2010/05/10/philadelphias-cutting-edge-green-infrastructure-plan (accessed 3 May 2013).
279. C De Sousa, “Milwaukee’s Menomonee Valley: A Sustainable Re-Industrialization Best Practice, " Sustainable Brownfields Consortium, University of Illinois, Chicago, 2012.
280. D. Misky and C. Nemke, “Centralized Stormwater Management Key to Redevelopment Success, " Water World, vol. 3, no. 4, n.p., 2009.
281. W. E. Dramstad, Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 1996.
282. M. Francis, “Village Homes: A Case Study in Community Design, " Landscape Journal, vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 23-41, 2002.