An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method

An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-242

  Gee, James Paul ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85111321939     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315819679     Document Type: Book

References (146)

1. Chafe, W. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time: The flow and displacement of conscious experience in speech and writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [An important and influential approach to discourse analysis rooted in the flow of ideas in the mind and in speech]
2. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Excellent overview of discourse analysis within a cultural framework]
3. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge. [Fairclough offers his well-known and widely used approach to “critical discourse analysis"]
4. Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. London: Routledge. [Discusses popular culture activities like Yu-Gi-Oh and video gaming and the complex sorts of language and literacy they often involve today]
5. Gee, J. P. (2012). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Fourth Edition. New York: Routledge. [This book applies some of the ideas about discourse analysis here to issues in education]
6. Gee, J. P. & Handford, M., Eds. (2012). The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis. London: Routledge. [A handbook with many articles representing different approaches to, and areas in, discourse analysis]
7. Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A classic approach to discourse from an anthropological linguist]
8. Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. (1989). Language, context, and text: Aspects of language as a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [A classic on the theoretical background of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar]
9. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. Third Edition. London: Hodder Arnold. [The most detailed and best-known functional approach to grammar]
10. Hutchby, I. & Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversational analysis. Malden, MA: Polity Press. ["CA– - which stands for "conversational analysis— - is a widely used approach to analyzing face-to-face conversations based in sociology]
11. Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. E., Eds. (2001). The handbook of discourse analysis. Malden, MA: Blackwell [A handbook with many articles representing different approaches to and areas in discourse analysis]
12. Thompson, G. (2004). Introducing functional grammar. Second Edition. London: Hodder Arnold. [A good secondary introductory source on Halliday’s functional approach to grammar]
13. Van Dijk, T. A., Ed. (1997). Discourse as social interaction. London: Sage. [This and the book below are both good collections of articles detailing different approaches to and areas in discourse analysis]
14. Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). Discourse as structure and process. London: Sage.
15. Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and power. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan [Van Dijk has done a great deal of work on using his own style of discourse analysis to deal with important social and political issues]
16. Bourdieu, P. (1990). In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [The most accessible text by Bourdieu]
17. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
18. Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. London: Routledge.
19. Gee, J. P. (2012). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Fourth Edition. New York: Routledge.
20. Hacking, I. (1986). Making up people, in T. C. Heller, M. Sosna, & D. E. Wellbery, with A. I. Davidson, A. Swidler, & I. Watt Eds. Reconstructing individualism: Autonomy, individuality, and the self in Western thought. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, pp. 222-236. [Hacking’s work on identity as a whole - he has several fascinating books - is worth reading, but start here]
21. Jones, R. (2012). Discourse analysis: A resource book for students. London: Routledge.
22. Rogers, R. (2011). An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education. Second Edition. Mahwah, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis. Third Edition. London: Sage.
24. Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words. Second Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [A classic philosophical work on how language is as much about doing as saying and that, in fact, saying is a form of doing]
25. Gee, J. P. (2014). How to do discourse analysis: A toolkit. Second Edition. London: Routledge. [This book allows readers to engage more actively with the data at the end of this chapter]
26. Hanks, W. F. (1995). Language and communicative practices. New York: Westview. [A wonderful and deep book on language as practice - we will discuss this book in a later chapter]
27. Searle, J. (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [The classic book on “speech acts”]
28. Bizzell, P. (1992). Academic discourse and critical consciousness. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. [Excellent book in the field of "Composition and Rhetoric"]
29. Bourdieu, P. (1990). In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [Most accessible of Bourdieu’s books - a major theorist on the role of practice in creating “status" in society]
30. Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Excellent discussion of the social aspects of language from a psychological perspective]
31. Engestrom, Y., R. Miettinen, & R.-L. Punamaki, Eds., (1999). Perspectives on activity theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [Engestrom is the leading theorist in “activity theory" today]
32. Fleck, L. (1979, org. 1935). The genesis and development of a scientific fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [A little-known but classic “must read" book - best thing ever written on the social nature of thought]
33. Foucault, M. (1966). The order of things: An archaeology of human sciences. New York: Random House. [Foucault was the major theorist of how diverse aspects of a society and its institutions come at times represent similar values and themes]
34. Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretations of cultures. New York: Basic Books. [The leading work on culture by the twentieth-century’s outstanding anthropologist]
35. Hacking, I. (1986). Making up people, in T. C. Heller, M. Sosna, & D. E. Wellbery, with A. I. Davidson, A. Swidler, & I. Watt Eds. Reconstructing individualism: Autonomy, individuality, and the self in Western thought. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, pp. 222-236. [Hacking’s work on how different periods of history make being different “kinds of people" possible or impossible is deep and deeply important]
36. Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [A brilliant book on how thinking is accomplished through tools and collaboration]
37. Latour, B. (2004). Politics of nature: How to bring the sciences into democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [An important book on how science does and can function in a democratic society, especially in regard to environmental issues]
38. Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [An overall summary and introduction to Latour’s important and illuminating work on how humans enter into networks of things, tools, and other people in order to accomplish things in science and elsewhere]
39. Lave, J. and E. Wenger (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press. [The classic work on “communities of practice"]
40. Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. W. (1981). Narrative, literacy, and face in interethnic communication. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. [The best book ever written on literacy and an outstanding discussion of the interactions between culture and discourse patterns]
41. Wieder, D. L. & Pratt, S. (1990). On being a recognizable Indian among Indians. In D. Carbaugh, Ed., Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 45-64. [An insightful discussion of how people get recognized as certain “kinds of people"]
42. Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [Wittgenstein was perhaps the most important philosopher in the twentieth century. Wittgenstein’s work on “language games" is crucial for anyone interested in language or discourse]
43. Bakhtin, M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press. [A classic book on the ways in which conventions and creativity interact in language use. Bakhtin's notion of "speech genres– is an important notion related to my notion of "social languages,— and he has a great deal to say about intertextuality, though he does not use that term]
44. Baugh, J. (1999). Out of the mouths of slaves: African-American language and educational malpractice. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press [An essential source on African-American dialects and the issues they raise in education]
45. Baugh, J. (2000). Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice. New York: Oxford University Press. [The best discussion of the so-called “Ebonics Controversy" by one of the outstanding linguists writing on language, ethnicity, and culture today]
46. Billig, M. (1987). Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A good discussion of what I have called “Conversations," though Billig does not use the term]
47. Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. (1994). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York: Harper Business. [An influential business book that discusses companies’ “vision statements," statements which almost always relate to Conversations]
48. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press. [One of many works by the best-known scholar in critical discourse analysis - called “CDA" when Fairclough’s work is being referred to]
49. Halliday, M.A.K. & Martin James R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press. [An important discussion of how certain sorts of grammatical patterns characterize writing in science, with variation across different types of science and science writing]
50. Myers, G. (1990). Writing Biology: Texts in the social construction of scientific knowledge. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. [A fascinating and important book on how science is written and how such writing relates to social, cultural, institutional, and historical factors]
51. von Frank, A. J. (1998). The trial of Anthony Burns: Freedom and slavery in Emerson’s Boston. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [An interesting book on the different historically important Conversations involved in slavery and returning runaway slaves]
52. Duranti, A. (1992). Linguistic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [The best introduction to linguistic anthropology]
53. Duranti, A. & Goodwin, C., Eds. (1992). Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A set of good papers on the role of context in interpretation]
54. Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman. [Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis is just called “CDA” and is the best-known such approach]
55. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
56. Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Second Edition. London: Longman.
57. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.
58. Gagnon, P. (1987). Democracy’s untold story: What world history textbooks neglect. Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Teachers. [I use this book for data, since it is a good example of an historian writing with a clear purpose to change public policy]
59. Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A classic on analyzing language in context]
60. Gumperz, J. J. & Levinson, S. C., Eds. (1996). Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Good papers on language and culture]
61. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold. [The best source for reflecting on form-function correlations in language]
62. Kress, G. (1985). Linguistic processes in sociocultural practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [A masterful book on language as practice from a social semiotic perspective]
63. Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A very good book on pragmatics - a close relative of discourse analysis - with a good discussion of form-function correlations and type-utterance and token-utterance meanings]
64. Rogers, R., Ed. (2011). An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Second Edition. [A good collection of papers on critical discourse analysis and its applications to education]
65. Barsalou, L. W. (1999a). Language comprehension: Archival memory or preparation for situated action. Discourse Processes, 28, 61-80. [This and the following article discuss how meanings arise from embodied experiences connected to goals and actions. These two papers are important for understanding my discussion in this chapter about simulations in the mind]
66. Barsalou, L. W. (1999b). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577-660.
67. Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swindler, A. & Tipton, S. M. (1996). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Updated Edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
68. Clark, A. (1989). Microcognition: Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [Clark’s books are the best ones on how humans think through their bodies, tools, and the environments we act in, not just inside their heads]
69. Clark, A. (1993). Associative engines: Connectionism, concepts, and representational change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
71. Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Why minds and technologies are made to merge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
72. D’Andrade, R. (1984). Cultural meaning systems. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine, Eds., Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88-119. [A classic early source on “cultural models"]
73. D’Andrade, R. (1995). The development of cognitive anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [More on cultural models]
74. D’Andrade, R. & Strauss, C., Eds. (1992). Human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Classic early collection of articles on cultural models]
75. Fillmore, C. (1975). An alternative to checklist theories of meaning. In C. Cogen, H. Thompson, G. Thurgood, K. Whistler, & J. Wright, Eds., Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California at Berkeley, pp. 123-131. [Early classic article on “frames" that helped lead to the cultural models literature]
76. Gee, J. P. (1992). The social mind: Language, ideology, and social practice. New York: Bergin & Garvey. [A book on "connectionism– or "neural networks— and how this approach to the mind leads us to see the mind as social]
77. Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. London: Routledge. [A discussion of situated meanings and situated learning. This book contains a longer discussion of thinking as “simulations in the mind"]
78. Hanks, W. F. (1996). Language and communicative practices. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press. [An excellent book on language, context, and culture]
79. Harkness, S., Super, C., & Keefer, C. H. (1992). Learning to be an American parent: how cultural models gain directive force. In R. D’Andrade & C. Strauss, Eds., Human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 163-178. [Important paper on cultural models. This is where my discussion of different models of child rearing comes from]
80. Holland, D. & Quinn, N, Eds. (1987). Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Important early collection of papers on cultural models]
81. Holland, D., Skinner, D., Lachicotte, W., & Cain C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [This is where the term "figured worlds– comes from, Holland's replacement for the term "cultural models—]
82. Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [This and the next book are influential discussions of how metaphors organize a good deal of language and thought]
83. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
84. Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life, Second Edition with an Update a Decade Later. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
85. Quinn, N. (1987). Convergent evidence for a cultural model of American marriage. In D. Holland & N. Quinn, Eds. (1987), Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 173-192. [A classic paper on cultural models]
86. Strauss, C. (1992). What makes Tony run? Schemas as motives reconsidered. In R. D’Andrade & C. Strauss, Eds., Human motives and cultural models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197-224. [A classic paper on cultural models -important material on how cultural models and socio-economic class interact]
87. Strauss, C. & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [The best overall summary of the cultural models approach]
88. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [An introduction to linguistic anthropology that uses a good deal of discourse analysis and contains good discussions of the role of context]
89. Duranti, A. & Goodwin, C., Eds., (1992). Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Important articles that reflect the current view of language and context as reflexively related and context as socially negotiated through interaction]
90. Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A book about how listeners use “contextualization cues" to build interpretations by a leading 20th century anthropologist linguist]
91. Gumperz, J. J., Ed. (1982). Language and social identity. Cambridge University Press. [An important and still timely collection on language and identity as constructed in and through social interaction]
92. Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations of sociolinguistics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [A classic and foundational book on language as a cultural competence]
93. Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press. [A must-read for anyone interested in language teaching]
94. Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Society and discourse: How social contexts influence text and talk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [A good discussion of the role of context in interpretation]
95. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Contains a good and up-to-date discussion of transcription conventions and issues]
96. Edwards, J. A. & Lampert, M. D., Ed. (1993). Talking data: Transcription and coding in discourse research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. [Good discussion of transcription conventions]
97. Gee, J. P. (2012). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in Discourses. New York: Routledge. Fourth Edition. [Contains discussions of the language of African-American children and citations to the literature]
98. Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversation Analysis. Malden, MA: Polity Press. [A good introduction to the “CA” (“Conversational Analysis”) approach to discourse analysis, an approach based in sociology]
99. Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner, Ed. Conversation Analysis: Studies from the first generation. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 13-31. [Jefferson has developed the best known set of conventions for transcription used in “Conversational Analysis” (“CA”) approaches to discourse analysis]
100. Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B. Schieffelin. Eds., Developmental pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, pp. 43-71. [Classic paper on the fact that decisions about what and how to transcribe are theoretical decisions]
101. Bolinger, D. (1989). Intonation and its uses: Melody in grammar and discourse. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [A classic book on intonation by a man who was a master of the field]
102. Brazil, D., Coulthard, M., & Johns, C. (1980). Discourse intonation and language teaching. London: Longman. [An older book, but, nonetheless, still the best introduction to intonation and its uses in discourse]
103. Chafe, W. L. (1979). The flow of thought and the flow of language. In T. Givon, Ed., Syntax and semantics 12: Discourse and syntax. New York: Academic Press, pp. 159-81. [Chafe’s work is seminal on how language in use relates to the organization of language in the mind]
104. Chafe, W. L. (1980). The deployment of consciousness in the production of a narrative. In W. L. Chafe, Ed., The pear stories: Cognitive, cultural, and linguistic aspects of narrative production. Norwood, N. J.: Ablex, pp. 9-50.
105. Chafe, W. L. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time: The flow and displacement of conscious experience in speaking and writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [One of the best books ever written on discourse. Good discussion of idea unites and the organization of language in use]
106. Gee, J. P. (1985). The narrativization of experience in the oral style. Journal of Education, 167: 9-35 [Reprinted in C. Mitchell & K. Weiler, Eds., Rewriting literacy: Culture and the discourse of the other. New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1992, pp. 77-101]. [Explicates my approach to lines and stanzas in analyzing African-American children’s language]
107. Gee, J. P. (1986). Units in the production of discourse, Discourse Processes, 9: 391-422. [Explicates the notion of lines and stanzas]
108. Gee, J. P. (1991). A linguistic approach to narrative. Journal of Narrative and Life History 1:15-39. [Explicates my approach to narrative]
109. Gee, J. P. (2012). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Fourth Edition. New York: Routledge. [Updates material in my articles cited above]
110. Halliday, M. A. K. (1989). Spoken and written language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Classic book on the nature of and contrasts between speech and writing]
111. Halliday, M. A. K. & Greaves, W. (2008). Intonation in the grammar of English. London: Equinox Publishing. [Best technical book on intonation and its uses in discourse available]
112. Huddleston, R. & Pullum G. K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [An excellent descriptive grammar. The most comprehensive account of English grammar available today]
113. Hymes, D. (1981). In vain I tried to tell you: Essays in Native American ethnopoetics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [Important work on the organization of lines and stanzas in Native American languages]
114. Hymes, D. (1996). Ethnography, linguistics, narrative inequality: Toward an understanding of voice. London: Taylor & Francis. [Collection of some of Hymes’s work on lines, stanzas, and narrative]
115. Labov, W. (1972a). The logic of nonstandard English. In Language in the inner city. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 201-40. [Classic work on African-American Vernacular English and is relation to Standard English]
116. Labov, W. (1972b). The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In Language in the inner city. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 354-96. [Labov’s approach to the analysis of oral narratives is now standard]
117. Labov, W. & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experiences. In J. Helm, Ed., Essays on the verbal and visual arts: Proceedings of the 1966 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 12-44 [Classic article explicating a much used approach to linguistic narrative analysis]
118. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman. [An outstanding technical functional grammar based on actual English usage]
119. Gee, J. P. (2000). Teenagers in new times: A new literacy studies perspective. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 43: 412-420.
120. Gee, J. P. (2002). Millennials and Bobos, Blue’s Clues and Sesame Street: A story for our times. In Donna E. Alvermann, Ed., Adolescents and literacies in a digital world. New York: Peter Lang, pp. 51-67.
121. Gee, J. P. (2006). Self-fashioning and shape-shifting: Language, identity, and social class. In D. Alverman, K. Hinchman, D. Moore, S. Phelps, & D. Waff, Eds., Reconceptualizing the literacies in adolescents’ lives. Second Edition. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, pp. 165-186.
122. Gee, J. P., Allen, A-R, & Clinton, K. (2001). Language, class, and identity: Teenagers fashioning themselves through language, Linguistics and Education. 12: 175-194.
123. Gee, J. P. & Crawford, V. (1998). Two kinds of teenagers: Language, identity, and social class. In D. Alverman, K. Hinchman, D. Moore, S. Phelps, & D. Waff, Eds., Reconceptualizing the literacies in adolescents’ lives. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, pp. 225-245.
124. Gee, J. P. (1997). Thematized echoes, Journal of Narrative and Life History 7, 189-196.
125. Gee, J. P. (2006). Self-fashioning and shape-shifting: Language, identity, and social class. In D. Alverman, K. Hinchman, D. Moore, S. Phelps, & D. Waff, Eds., Reconceptualizing the literacies in adolescents’ lives. Second Edition. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, pp. 165-186.
126. Anderson, C. (2006). The long tail: Why the future of business is selling less of more. New York: Hyperion. [About everyday people as makers and producers]
127. Barsalou, L. W. (1999a). Language comprehension: Archival memory or preparation for situated action. Discourse Processes 28: 61-80. [Proactive design theory applied to how we understand language and the world]
128. Barsalou, L. W. (1999b). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22: 577-660. [Proactive design theory applied to how we understand language and the world]
129. Clark, A. (1989). Microcognition: Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. [An accessible guide to the mind as a network or web of associations, built from experience, on the basis of which we understand language and the world]
130. Gee, J. P. (1992). The social mind: Language, ideology, and social practice. New York: Bergin & Garvey. [Argues the mind is social because our networks or webs of associations are formed from experiences we have had with others and which others have sometimes mentored]
131. Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. London: Routledge. [Integrates a discussion of language, learning, and digital media]
132. Gee, J. P. (2012). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Fourth Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis.
133. Gee, J. P. (2007b). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Second Edition. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan.
134. Gee, J. P. & Hayes, E. R. (2010). Women and gaming: The Sims and 21st century learning. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan. [Discusses passionate affinity spaces]
135. Gee, J. P. & Hayes, E. R. (2011). Language and learning in the digital age. London: Routledge.
136. Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20: 1-55. [Discusses how memory and understanding is an active building process]
137. Glenberg, A. M., & Robertson, D. A. (1999). Indexical understanding of instructions. Discourse Processes 28: 1-26. [Discusses how understanding is embodied and based on experiences we have had as embodied beings in the world]
138. Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital Na(t)ives? Variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the “Net Generation." Sociological Inquiry, 80: 92-113.
139. Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. London: Routledge.
140. Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London: Routledge. [A classic on how people proactively make meaning for signifiers, meanings apt to their purposes]
141. Leadbeater, C. & Miller, P. (2004). The Pro-Am revolution: How enthusiasts are changing our society and economy. London: Demos. [About makers as Pro-Ams, i.e., experts without formal credentials]
142. Mason, M. (2008). The pirate’s dilemma: How youth culture is reinventing capitalism. New York: Free Press.
143. Ruiz, R. (2008). The ontological status of burritos. Unpublished paper, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona.
144. Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age. New York: Penguin. [A wonderful book about the powers of creation, production, activism, and design digital media at its best can unleash]
145. Weisberg, J. (2000). The Bush tragedy. New York: Random House.
146. Williams, P. J. (1991). The alchemy of race and rights: A diary of law professor. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.