Drainage simulation models

Agricultural Drainage

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 469-500

  Skaggs, R Wayne ^a  

^a North Carolina State University   (United States)

Author keywords

DRAIN MOD; Drainage simulation models; Macroscopic water balance approach; richards equation; Soil water distribution; SWATRE

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103066122     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780891182306.ch13     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Addiscott, T.M., and RJ. Wagenet. 1985. Concepts of solute leaching in soils: A review of modeling approaches. J. Soil Sci. 36:411-424.
2. Ahmad, S., D. Kashyap, and B.S. Muthur. 1993. Mathematical modeling of saturated-unsaturated flow to drains. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 119: 18-33.
3. Ahuja, L.R., WJ. Rawls, D.R. Nielsen, and R.D. Williams. 1999. Determining soil hydraulic properties and their field variability from simpler measurements. p. 1185-1212. In R.W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. AS A, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
4. Amatya, D.M., R.W. Skaggs, and J.D. Gregory. 1995. Comparison of methods for estimating REFET. J. Irrig. Drain. 121: 427-435.
5. Amatya, D.M., R.W. Skaggs, and J.D. Gregory. 1997. Evaluation of a watershed scale forest hydrology model. Agric. Water Manage. 32:32-258.
6. Amoozegar, A., and G.Y. Wilson. 1999. Methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity and drainable porosity. p. 1127-1183. In R.W Skaggs and 1. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
7. Armstrong, A.C., A.M. Matthews, and D.A. Castle. 1995. Drainage models to predict soil water regimes in drained soils: A UK perspective. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 9:205-215.
8. Armstrong, A.C., D.W. Rycroft, and DJ. Welch. 1980. Modelling water table response to climatic inputs-its use in evaluating drainage designs in Britain. l. Agric. Eng. Res. 25:311-323.
9. Armstrong, A.C., E.G. Youngs, and R. Arrowsmith. 1991. Modeling water table movement in drained soils with depth dependent hydraulic conductivity. Agric. Water Manage. 20: 101-108.
10. Belmans, c., J.G. Wesseling, and R.A. Feddes, 1983. Simulation model of the water balance of a cropped soil:SWATRE. J. Hydro\. 63:271-286.
11. Bigger, L.W, R. T. Wagenet, J.L.Hutson and D.E. Rolston. 1990. Predicting soil profile salinity using LEACHMS. p. 157-164. In Proc. Symp. Land Drain. Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, Vol. 2, Cairo, Egypt. 25 February-2 March. Drain. Res. Inst., Water Res. Center, Cairo, Egypt.
12. Bouwer, H. 1969. Infiltration of water into nonuniform soil. l. Irrig. Drain. Div. (ASCE) 95(1R4):451-462.
13. Bouwer, H., and T. van Schilfgaarde. 1963. Simplified method of predicting fall of water table in drained land. Trans. ASAE 6:288-291.
14. Breve, M.A., R.W. Skaggs, H. Kandil, J.E. Parsons, and J.W. Gilliam. 1994. Prediction of nitrogen losses via drainage water with DRAINMOD-N. p. 120-130. In K.L. Campbell et al. (ed.) Proc. 2nd Conf. Environ. Sound Agric., Orlando, FL. 20-22 April. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
15. Broadhead, R.G., and R.W. Skaggs. 1989. A hydrologic model for artificially drained North Carolina peatlands. p. 61-70. In V.A. Dodd and P.M. Grace (ed.) Agricultural engineering: Land water use. Proc. Agric. Eng.lIth Int. Congr. Dublin, Ireland. 4-8 September. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
16. Bronswijk, J.J.B. 1988. Effect of swelling and shrinkage on the calculation of water balance and water transport in clay soils. Agric. Water Manage. 14:185-193.
17. Bronswijk, U.B., J.E. Groenenberg, C.J. Ritsema, A.L.M. van Wijk, and K. Nugroho. 1995. Evaluation of water management strategies for acid sulphate soils using a simulation model: A case study in Indonesia. Agric. Water Manage. 27: 125-142.
18. Bronswijk, U.J.B., K. Nugroho, I.B. Aribawa, lE. Groenenberg, and CJ. Ritsema. 1993. Modeling of oxygen transport and pyrite oxidation in acid sulphate soils. J. Environ. Qual. 22:544-554.
19. Buitendijk, J. 1984. FLOWEX: A numerical model for simulation of vertical flow of moisture in unsaturated layered soils. Nota 1494. (In Dutch.) Inst. Land Water Manage. Res. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
20. Campbell, K.L., J.E. Capece, and T.K. Tremwcll. 1995. Surface/subsurface hydrology and phosphorus transport in the Kissimmee River Basin. Florida. Ecol. Eng. 5:301-330.
21. Chang, A.E., R. W. Skaggs, L.F. Hermsmeier, and W.R. Johnson. 1983. Evaluation of a water management model for irrigated agriculture. Trans. ASAE 26:412-418.
22. Chiang, E.T., R.S. Broughton, and N. Foroud. 1978. Drainage rates and water table depths. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. (ASCE) 104(11):413-433.
23. Childs, E.E., and M. Bybordi. 1969. The vertical movement of water in stratified porous material. I. Infiltration. Water Resour. Res. 5:466-469.
24. Chung, S.O., A.D. Ward, and E.W. Schalk. 1992. Evaluation of the hydrologic component of the ADAPT water table management model. Trans. ASAE 35:571-579.
25. Clemente, R.S., S.O. Prasher, and S.F. Barrington. 1993. PESTFADE, a new pesticide fate and transport model: Model development and verification. Trans. ASAE 36:357-368.
26. Cox, J.W., DJ. McFarlane, and R.W. Skaggs. 1994. Field evaluation of DRAINMOD for predicting waterlogging intensity and drain performance in South-Western Australia. Austral. J. Soil Res. 32:653-671.
27. de Laat, P.J.M., R.H.e.M. Atwater, and PJ.T. van Bakel. 1981. GELGAM-a model for regional water management. p. 25-53. In Proc. Tech. Meet. 37. Yersl. Meded. Comm. Hydrol. Onderz. TN027. The Hague, Netherlands.
28. Desmond, E.D., A.D. Ward. N.R. Fausey. and S.R. Workman. 1996. Comparison of daily water table depth predictions by four simulation models. Trans. ASAE 39: 111-118.
29. Dierickx, W. 1999. Non-ideal drains. p. 297-328. In R.W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA. and SSSA. Madison. WI. de Yos, J.A. 1997. Water flow and nutrient transport in a layered silt loam soil. Ph.D. diss. Wageningen Agric. Univ., The Nethelands.
30. Ernst, L.F. 1975. Formulae for groundwater flow in areas with subirrigation by means of open conduits with a raised water level. Mise. Reprint 178. Insl. Land Water Management Res. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
31. Ernst, L.F. 1978. Drainage of undulating soils with high groundwater tables. I. A drainage formula based on a constant head ratio. II. The variable head ratio. l Hydrol. 39: 14-50.
32. Evans, R.O., and N.R. Fausey. 1999. Effects of inadequate drainage on crop growth and yields. p. 13-54. In R.W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. Madison, WI.
33. Evans, R.O., and R.W. Skaggs. 1992. Evaluation of stress-day-index models to predict corn and soyhean yield response to soil water stresses. p. 20-29.. In Proc. 65th Int. Drain. Symp. Nashville, TN. 13-15 December. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
34. Evans, R.O., R.W. Skaggs. and R.E. Sneed. 1990. Normalized crop susceptibility factors for corn and soybean to excess water stress. Trans. ASAE 33: 1153-1161.
35. Evans, R.O., R.W. Skaggs, and R.E. Sneed. 1991. Stress day index models to predict corn and soybean yield under high water table conditions. Trans. ASAE 34: 1977-2005.
36. Evans, R.O., and R.W. Skaggs. 1993. Stress day index models to predict corn and soybean yield response to water table management. p. 219-234. In E. Lorre (ed.) Water management in the next century. Trans Workshop on Subsurface Drain. Simulation Models, 15th Int. Congress ICID, The Hague, The Netherlands. 4-5 September. Cemagref-Dicova, France.
37. Feddes. R.A. 1987. Simulating water management and crop production with the SWACRO-model. p. A27-A40. In Proc.3rd Int. Workshop Land Drain. Columbus, OH. 7-1 I December. Dep. Agric. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus. OH.
38. Feddes, R.A., and A.L.M. van Wijk. 1990. Dynamic land capability model: a case history. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (London) 329:411-419.
39. Feddes, R.A., P. Kabat, P.J.T. van Bavel, J.J.B. Bronswijk, and 1. Halbertsma. 1988. Modeling soil water dynamics in the unsaturated zone-state of the art. J. Hydrol. 100:69-111.
40. Feddes, R.A., P.J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny. 1978. Simulation of water use and crop yield. Simulation Monogr. PUDOC, Wageningen.
41. Feddes, R.A., J.G. Wesseling, and R. Weibing. 1984. Simulation of transpiration and yield of potatoes with the SWACROP model. p. 346-348 In F.A. Winger and A. Stockli (ed.) Proc. 9th Tri-Annu. Conf. Europ. Assoc. Potato Res., Switzerland.
42. Fipps, G., and R.W Skaggs. 1986. Effect of canal seepage on drainage to parallel drains. Trans. ASAE 29:1278-1283.
43. Fipps, G., R.W. Skaggs, and J.L. Nieber. 1986. Drains as a boundary condition in finite element. Water Resour. Res. 22: 1613-1621.
44. Fipps, G., and R.W Skaggs. 1989. Influence of slope on subsurface drainage of hillsides. Water Resour. Res. 25(7): 1717-1726.
45. Fipps, G., and R.W Skaggs. 1991. Simple methods for predicting flow to drains. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 117:881-896.
46. Fouss, J.L., R.L. Bengston, and C.E. Carter. 1987. Simulation subsurface drainage in the lower Mississippi Valley with DRAINMOD. Trans. ASAE 30: 1679-1688.
47. Fouss, J.L., R.O. Evans, D.L. Thomas, and H.W. Belcher. 1999b. Operation of controlled-drainage and subirrigation facilities for water table management. p. 743-763. In R.W Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
48. Fouss, J.L., and J.S. Rogers. 1992. Drain outlet water level control: A simulation model. p. 46-61. In Proc. 6th Int. Drain. Symp., Nashville, TN. 13-15 December. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
49. Gayle, G.A., and R.W Skaggs. 1978. Surface storage on bedded cultivated lands. Trans. ASAE 21:102-104, 109.
50. Gayle, G.A., R. W. Skaggs, and C.E. Carter. 1985. Evaluation of a water management model for a Louisiana sugar cane field. J. Am. Soc. Sugar-Cane Technol. 4: 18-28.
51. Green, WH., and G. Ampt. 1911. Studies of soil physics. Part I. J. Agric. Sci. 4: 1-24.
52. Guyon, G. 1980. Transient state equations of water table recession in heterogeneous and anisotropic soils. Trans. ASAE 23:653-656.
53. Hack-ten Broeke, M.J.D., and P. Kabat. 1989. Use of agrohydrological simulation models in quantitive land evaluation. p. 21-33. In H.A.J. van Lanen and A.K. Bregt (ed.) Application of computerized EC soil map and climate data. Comm. Europ. Commun. Rep. EUR 12039 EN. Direct.-Generale Agric., Luxembourg.
54. Hardjoamidjojo, S., R.W. Skaggs, and G.O. Schwab. 1982. Crop yield response to excessive soil water conditions. Trans. ASAE 25:922-927.
55. Harmsen, E.W., J.W. Gilliam, R.W. Skaggs, and C.L. Munster. 1991. Variably saturated 2-dimensional nitrogen transport. ASAE Pap. no. 91-2630. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
56. Healy, R.W. 1990. Simulation of solute transport in variably saturated porous media with supplemental information on modifications to the US Geological Survey’s computer program VS2DT. Water-Resour. Invest. Rep. 90-4052. U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO.
57. Heatwole, C.D., K.L. Campbell, and A.B. Bottcher. 1987. Modified CREAMS hydrology model for Coastal Plain flatwoods. Trans. ASAE 30:1014-1022.
58. Hiler, E.A. 1969. Quantitative evaluation of crop drainage requirements. Trans. ASAE 12:499-505.
59. Hillel, D., and WR. Gardner. 1969. Steady infiltration into crust topped profiles. Soil Sci. 108:137-142.
60. Jensen, M.E., R.D. Burman, and R.G. Allen. 1990. Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. ASCE Manual Rep. Eng. Practice no. 70. ASCE, New York.
61. Johnson, K.E., H.H. Liu, J.H. Dane, L.R. Ahuja and S.R. Workman. 1995. Simulating fluctuating water tables and tile drainage with a modified root zone water quality model and a new model WAFLOWM. Trans. ASAE 38:75-83.
62. Kabat, P., and M.J.D. Hack-ten Broeke. 1989. Input data for agrohydrological simulation models:Some parameter estimation techniques. p. 45-62. In H.A.J. van Lanen and A.K. Bregt (ed.) Application of computerized EC soil map and climate data. Comm. Europ. Commun. Rep. EUR 12039 EN. Direc.-Generale Agric., Luxembourg.
63. Kabat, P., R.A. Feddes, and BJ. van den Broek. 1988. Simulation of field water management, evapotranspiration and crop yield. Inst. Land Water Manage. Res. Rep. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
64. Kabat, P., B.J. van der Brock and R.A. Feddes. 1992. SWACROP: A water management and crop production simulation model. ICID Bull. 41: 61-84.
65. Kamra, S.K., S.R. Singh, K.Y.G.K. Rao, and M. Th. Van Genuchten. 1991. A semidiscrete model for water and solute movement in tile-drained soils 1. Governing equations and solution. Water Resour. Res. 27:2439-2447.
66. Kandil, H.M. 1992. DRAINMOD-S: A water management model for irrigated arid lands. Ph.D. diss. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
67. Kandil, H., C.T. Miller, and R.W Skaggs. 1992. Modeling long-term solute transport in drained unsaturated zones. Water Resour. Res. 28:2799-2809.
68. Kandil, H.M., R.W Skaggs, S. Abdel Dayem, and Y. Aiad. 1995. DRAINMOD-S: Water management model for irrigated arid lands, crop yield and applications. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 9:239-258.
69. Karvonen, T. 1988. A model for predicting the effect of drainage on soil moisture, soil temperature and crop yield. Ph.D. diss. Helsinki Univ. Technol., Helsinki, Finland.
70. Karvonen, T., and R.W Skaggs. 1993. Comparison of different methods for computing drainage water quantity and quality. p. 201-218. In E. Lorre (ed.) Trans. Workshop on Subsurface Drain. Simulation Models, 15th Int. Congress. ICID, The Hague.
71. Kirkham, D. 1957. Theory of land drainage. p. 139-181. In 1.N. Luthin (ed.) Drainage of agricultural lands. Agron. Monogr. 7. ASA, Madison, WI.
72. Konyha, K.D., and R.W Skaggs. 1992. A coupled field hydrology-open channel flow model: Theory. Trans. ASAE 35: 1431-1440.
73. Konyha, K.D., R.W Skaggs, and L.W Gilliam. 1992. Effects of drainage and water management practices on hydrology. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 118:807-819.
74. Lappala, R.W, R.W Healy, and E.P. Weeks. 1987. Documentation of computer program VS2D to solve the equations of fluid flow in variably saturated porous media. U.S. Geol Surv. WaterResour. Invest. Rep. 83-4099. U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO.
75. Lesaffre, B. 1988. Fonctionnement hydrologique et hydraulique du drainage souterrain des sols temporairement engorges: debits de pointe et modele SIDRA. Ph.D. diss. Univ. Paris.
76. Lesaffre, B., and D. Zimmer. 1988. Subsurface drainage peak flows in shallow soils. 1. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 114:387-406.
77. Maas, E.Y., and S.R. Grattan. 1999. Crop yields as affected by salinity. p. 55-108. In R.W Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA. and SSSA, Madison, WI.
78. Maas, E.Y., and G.J. Hoffman. 1977. Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. L. Irrig. Drain. Div. (ASCE) 113(12): 115-134.
79. McCarthy, E.J., L.W Flewelling, and R.W Skaggs. 1992. Hydrologic model for a drained forested watershed. 1. lrrig. Drain. 118:242-255.
80. McMahon, P.c., S. Mostaghimi, and F.S. Wright. 1988. Simulation of corn yield by a water management model for a coastal plain soil. Trans. ASAE 31: 734-742.
81. McWhorter, D.B. 1976. Vertical flow of air and water with a flux boundary condition. Trans. ASAE 19:259-261,265.
82. Merva, G.E., L. Segerlind, H. Murase, and M.R. Fausey. 1983. Finite element modeling for depth and spacing of drains in layered soils. Trans. ASAE 26:452-456.
83. Mohanty, B.P., R.S. Bowman, L.M. H. Hendrickx, and M.T. van Genuchten. 1997. New piecewise continuous hydraulic functions for modeling preferential flow in an intermittent-flood-irrigated field. Water Resour. Res. 33:2049-2063.
84. Moody, WT. 1967. Nonlinear differential equation of drainage spacing. 1. Irrig. Drain. Div. ASCE 92(11): 1-9.
85. Morel-Seytoux, H.J., and J. Khanji. 1974. Derivation of an equation of infiltration. Water Resour. Res. 10:795-800.
86. Munster, C.L., R.W. Skaggs, J.E. Parsons, R.O. Evans, L.W. Gilliam,and M.A. Breve. 1994. Simulating Aldicarb transport in a drained field. Trans. ASAE 37: 1817-1824.
87. Munster, C.L., R.W. Skaggs, and Y.R. Pemmireddy. 1996. Effect of water table management on the fate of the pesticide Aldicarb. Trans. ASAE 39:55-66.
88. Nieber, J.L., and R.A. Feddes. 1999. Solutions for combined saturated and unsaturated flow. p. 145-212. In R.W. Skaggs and 1. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. AS A, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
89. Nieber, J.L., and M.F. Walter. 1981. Two-dimensional soil moisture flow in a sloping rectangular region: Experimental and numerical studies. Water Resour. Res. 17: 1722-1730.
90. Parsons, I.E. 1999. Simulation models for drainage water quality. p. 501-535. In R.W Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
91. Parsons, J.E., R.W Skaggs, and C.W Doty. 1987. Application of a three dimensional water management model. Trans. ASAE 30:960-968.
92. Parsons, J.E., R.W. Skaggs, and C.W. Doty. 1991a. Development and testing of a water management simulation model (WATRCOM): Development. Trans. ASAE 34: 120-128.
93. Parsons, J.E., R.W. Skaggs, and C.W. Doty. 1991b. Development and testing of a water management simulation model (WATRCOM): Field testing. Trans. ASAE 34: 1674-1682.
94. Parsons, J.E., R.W. Skaggs, and J.W. Gilliam. 1991c. Pesticide fate with DRAINMOD/CREAMS. p. 123-135. In D.B. Beasley et al. (ed.) Proc. CREAMS/GLEAMS Symp., Agric. Eng. Publ. 4, Tifton, GA. 27-29 Sept. 1989. Univ. Georgia, Tifton, GA.
95. Pickens, J.F., R.W. Gilliam, and D.R. Cameron. 1979. Finite-element analysis of the transport of water and solutes in tile-drained soils. J. Hydrol. 40:243-264.
96. Pikul, M.F., R.L. Street, and I. Remson. 1974. A numerical model based on coupled one-dimensional Richards and Boussinesq equations. Water Resour. Res. 10:295-302.
97. Prasad, R. 1988. A linear root water uptake model. J. Hydrol. 99:297-306.
98. Querner, E.P. 1984. Program FEMSAT. Part I. Calculation method for steady and unsteady groundwater flow. Inst. Land Water Manage. Res. Nota 1557. ICW, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
99. Reyes, M.R., R.L. Bengtson, J.L. Fouss, and J.S. Rogers. 1993. GLEAMS hydrology submodel modified for shallow water table conditions. Trans. ASAE 36: 1771-1778.
100. Robbins, K.D. 1988. Simulated climatic inputs for DRAINMOD. Ph.D. diss. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
101. Rogers, J.S. 1985. Water management model evaluation for shallow sandy soils. Trans. ASAE 28:785-790.
102. Rogers, J.S. 1994. Capacitance and initial time step effects on numerical solutions to the Richards equation. Trans. ASAE 37:807-813.
103. Rogers, J.S., and J.L. Fouss. 1989. Hydraulic conductivity determination from vertical and horizontal drains in layered profiles. Trans. ASAE 32:589-595.
104. Rogers, J.S., and H.M. Selim. 1989. Water flow through layered anisotropic bedded soils with subsurface drains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 18-24.
105. Rogers, J.S., H.M. Selim, and J.L. Fouss. 1995. Comparison of drainage under steady rainfall versus falling water table conditions. Soil Sci. 160:391-399.
106. Rubin, J. 1968. Theoretical analysis of two-dimensional, transient flow of water in unsaturated and partly unsaturated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32:607-615.
107. Sabbagh, G.L., R.L. Bengtson, and J.L. Fouss. 1991. Modification of EPIC to incorporate drainage systems. Trans. ASAE 34:467-472.
108. Sejna, M., and L. Simunek. 1996. Unstructured mesh generation and its application in models of twodimensional processes. PC-Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.
109. Shaw, R.H. 1978. Calculation of soil moisture and stress conditions in 1976 and 1977. Iowa State J. Res. 53:119-127.
110. Simunek, J., M. Sejna, M. Th. van Genuchten, and D.L. Suarez. 1995a. The SWMS_2D Code with a user-friendly interface in a Windows environment. p. 157-161. In L. Ahuja et al. (ed.) Proc. Workshop Computer Appl. Water Manage, Fort Collins, CO. Water Resour. Res. Inst., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins.
111. Simunek, J., and M. Th. van Genuchten. 1994. The SWMS_2D code for simulating water flow and solute transport in two-dimensional variably saturated media. Res. Rep. no. 132. U.S. Salinity Lab., USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA.
112. Simunek, J., and M. Th. van Genuchten. 1994b. The CHAIN_2D code for simulating the two-dimensional movement of water, heat and multiple solutes in variably saturated porous media, Version 1.1. Res. Rep. no. 136. U.S. Salinity Lab., USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA.
113. Singh, P., and R. Kanwar. 1995. Modification of RZWQM for simulating subsurface drainage by adding a tile flow component. Trans. ASAE 38:489-498.
114. Skaggs, R.W. 1974. The effect of surface drainage on water table response to rainfall. Trans. ASAE 17: 406-411.
115. Skaggs, R. W. 1976. Evaluation of drainage-water table control systems using a water management model. p. 61-68. In Proc. 3rd Natl. Drain. Symp., Chicago. 13-14 December. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
116. Skaggs, R.W. 1978. A water management model for shallow water table soils. Univ. North Carolina Water Resour. Res. Inst. Tech. Rep. 134.
117. Skaggs, R.W. 1982. Field evaluation of a water management simulation model. Trans. ASAE 25:666-674.
118. Skaggs, R.W. 1987a. Design and management of drainage systems. In Proc. 5th Natl. Drain. Symp., Chicago, IL. 14-15 December. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI.
119. Skaggs, R.W. 1987b. Model development, selection and use. p. 29-39. nt. Workshop Land Drain., Columbus, OH. 7-11 December. Dep. Agric. Eng., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
120. Skaggs, R.W. 1991. Drainage. p. 205-243. In J. Hanks and J. Ritchie (ed.) Modeling plant and soil systems. Agron. Monogr. 31. ASA, Madison, WI.
121. Skaggs, R.W., M.A. Breve, and J.W. Gilliam. 1995. Predicting effects of water table management on loss of nitrogen from poorly drained soils. Europ. J. Agron. 4:441-451.
122. Skaggs, R.W, N.R. Fausey, and B.N. Nolte. 1981. Water management evaluation for North Central Ohio. Trans. ASAE 24:922-928.
123. Skaggs, R.W, S. Hardjoamidjojo, E.H. Wiser, and E.A. Hiler. 1982. Simulation of crop response to surface and subsurface drainage systems. Trans. ASAE 25: 1675-1678.
124. Skaggs, R.W, T. Karvonen, and H.M. Kandil. 1991. Predicting soil water flux in drained lands. ASAE Pap. no. 912090. ASAE. St. Joseph. MI.
125. Skaggs, R.W., and Y.K. Tang. 1976. Saturated and un saturated flow to parallel drain s. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. ASCE 102(12):221-238.
126. Soil Conservation Service Staff. 1971 Drainage of agricultural land. Water Inform. Center. Inc. Port Washington, NY.
127. Susanto, R.J., J. Feye, W Dierickx, and G. Wyseure. 1987. The use of simulation mode ls to evaluate the performance of subsurface drainage systems. p. A67-A 76. In ProC. 3rd Int. Drain. Workshop on Land Drain. Columbus, OH. Dep. Agric. Eng. Ohio State Uni v. Columbus.
128. Smith, M.E., R.W Skaggs, and J.E. Parsons. 1985. Subirrigation system control tilr water use efficiency. Trans. ASAE 28:489-496.
129. Tang. Y.K. and R.W Skaggs. 1977. Experimental evaluation of theoretical solutions for subsurface drainage and irrigation. Water ResoUJ•. Res. 13:957-965.
130. Thornthwaite, E.W 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38:55-94.
131. Van Bakel. P.J.T. 1986. A systematic approach to improve planning, design and operation of regional surface water management systems: A case study. Inst. Land Water Manage. Res. Rep. 13. ICW. Wageningen, Netherlands.
132. van Beers, WF.J. 1979. Some nomographs for the calculation of drain spacings. 3rd ed. ILRI Bull. 8. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
133. Van der Molen. W.H., and J. Wesseling. 1991. A solution in closed form and a series so lution to replace the tables for thickness of the eq uivalent layer in Hooghoudt’s drain spacin g formula. Agric. Water Manage. 19: 1-16.
134. Van der Ploeg, R.R.,, R.H orton, and D. Kirkham. 1999. Steady flow to drain s and wells. p. 213-263. In R.W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA. CSSA, and SSSA, Madison. WI.
135. Van Schilfgaarde, J. 1965. Transient design of drainage systems. J Irri g. Drain. Div. ASCE. 91(13):9-22.
136. Van Wijk, A. L.M. and J. Buitcndijk. 1988. A method to predict workability of arahlc soil s and its influence on crop yields. Catena Suppl. 2: 129-140.
137. Van Wijk, A.L.M. and R.A. Feddes. 1986. Simulating e ffe cts of soil type and drainage on arable crop yield. p. 97-112. In A.L.M. van Wijk and J. Wesseling (ed.) Agricultural water management. Proc. Symp. Agric. Water. Manage. Arnhem. The Netherlands. 18-21 June 110-115. A.A. Balkema. Rotterdam. The Netherlands.
138. Wagenet. R.J., and J.L. Hutson. 1987. LEACHM. Leaching est imation and chemistry mode ls. Contino Vol. 2. Water Reso Ul•. Res. In sl. Cornell Uni v. Ithac a. NY.
139. Wesseling, J. 1974. Crop growth and wet soil s. p. 7-32. In J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Drainage for agriculture. Agron. Monogr. 17. ASA. Madi son. WI.
140. Wesseling, J.G., J.A. Elbers, P. Kabat. and B.J. van den Broek. 1991. SWATRE (December, 1991):Simulating the dynamics of the unsaturated zone and water limited crop production. Model input instructions. Staring Centre. SC-DLO. Wage ningen, The Netherlands.
141. Wind, G.P. 1979. Analog modeling of tran sient moisture flow in unsaturated so il. p. 1-54. In Agricultural research report no. X94. PU[)Oe. Wageningen, The Netherlands.
142. Workman, S.R., and R.W Skaggs. 1989. Comparison of two drainage simulation models using field data. Trans. ASAE 32: 1933-1938.
143. Workman, S.R., and R. W Skaggs. 1998. PREFLO: A water management mode l capable of simulating preferential flow. Trans. ASAE 33: 1939-1948.
144. Workman, S.R., and R.W Skaggs. 1991. Evaluation of the water management model PREFLO. Trans. ASAE 34:2053-2059.
145. Wright, J.A. A. Shirmohammadi. WL. Magette, J.L. Fouss, R.L. Broughton. and J.E. Parsons. 1992. Water table management practice effects on water quality. Tran s. ASAE 35:823-831.
146. Young. T.E., and J.T. Ligon. 1972. Water tahle and soil moisture probabilities with til e drainage. Trans. ASAE 15:441-451.
147. Youngs, E.G. 1965. Horizontal seepage through unconfined layers with hydraulic conductivity varying with depth. J. Hydrol. 3:283-296.
148. Youngs, E.G. 1999. Non-steady flow to drains. p. 265-296. In R.W. Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. AS A, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
149. Youngs, E.G. 1991. A note on the power-law land drainage equation for deep soils. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 49:161-163.
150. Zaradny, H. 1986. A method for dimensioning drainage in heavy soils considering reduction in PET. p. 258-265. In J. Saavalainen and P. Vakkilainen (ed.) Proc. lnt. Seminar Land Drain., Helsinki, Finland. 9-11 July. Helsinki Univ. Technol.
151. Zaradny, H., and R.A. Feddes. 1979. Calculation of non-steady flow towards a drain in saturatedunsaturated soil by finite elements. Agric. Water Manage. 2:37-53.
152. Zimmer, D. 1992. Effect on deep seepage on drainage functioning and design in shallow soils. p. 272-279. In Proc. 6th lnt. Drain. Symp., ASAE.
153. Zimmer, D., E. Lorre, and B. Lesaffre. 1995. Parameter sensitivity and field evaluation of SIDRA model. lrrig. Drain. Syst. 9:279-296.