Nature of heavy soils and potential drainage problems

Agricultural Drainage

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1051-1081

  Spoor, Gordon ^a   Leeds Harrison, Peter B ^a  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Clay soils; Drainage problems; Heavy soils; Hydraulic conductivity; Mole drainage systems; Soil profile modification; Water control measures; Water retention

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103048571     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780891182306.ch33     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Berglund, G. 1956. Tubulering. Resultat av Svenska tubuleringsfiirsiik utfiirda under aren 1948-56. Grundf’rbattring 3: 1-54.
2. Bevan, K., and P. Germann. 1982. Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resour. Res. 18: 1311-1325.
3. Blackwell, J., N.S. Jayawardene, and R.K. Butler. 1990. Design, construction and preliminary testing of a slotting implement for gypsum enrichment of soil. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 46:81-92.
4. BlUmel, J. 1956. Bodengefiigeverandenunge durch Maulwurfdranung. Oesterr. Wasserwirtsch. 8:313-319.
5. Bouma, J. 1981. Soil morphology and preferential flow along macropores. Agric. Water Manage. 3:235-250.
6. Bouma, J. 1979. Field measurement of soil hydraulic properties characterizing water movement through swelling clay soils. J. Hydrol. 45: 149-158.
7. Bowler, D.G. 1980. The drainage of wet soils. 1st ed. Hodder and Stoughton, Auckland, NZ
8. Cannell, R.Q., M.J. Goss, G.L. Harris, M.G. Jarvis, J.T. Douglas, K.R. Howse, and S. Le Grice. 1984. A study of mole drainage with simplified cultivation for autumn-sown crops on a clay soil. I. Background, experiment and site detail, drainage systems, measurement of drainflow and summary of results 1978-80. J. Agric. Sci. 102: 539-559.
9. Carter, CE. 1999. Surface drainage. p. 1005-1030. In R.W Skaggs and J. van Schilfgaarde (ed.) Agricultural drainage. Agron. Monogr. 38. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
10. Castle, D.A., G. Spoor, E.O. Onasanya, and A.K. Ormandy. 1992. Mole plow and soil factors influencing the hydraulic connection between mole channels and the permeable backfill placed over pipe drains. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 51: 217-235.
11. Childs, E.C 1942a. Stability of clay soils. Soil Sci. 53: 79-92.
12. Childs, E.C 1942b. The mechanics of mole drainage. Empire J. Exp. Agric. 10: 169-171.
13. Childs, E.C 1943. Studies in mole drainage, interim report on an experimental drainage field. J. Agric. Sci. 33:136-146.
14. de Crecy, J. 1982. Structural behaviour of heavy soils and drainage systems. p. 73-84. In M.J. Gardiner (ed.) Land drainage. Proc. Europ. Commun. Seminar, Cambridge, UK. 27-31 JUly. A Balkema, The Netherlands.
15. Dennis, CW, and S.G. Croote. 1977. The minimum size of permeable fill used with mole drainage. Agric. Water Manage. 1:143-153.
16. Ede, A.N. 1963. New methods of field drainage. Agriculture 70:82-86.
17. Emerson, W.W. 1967. A classification of soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Aust. J. Soil Res. 5:47-58.
18. Eriksson, J., G Berglund, and I. Olavsson. 1987. Drainability and drainage of heavy clay soils: Studies of mole drainage in Sweden. p. C7-C13. In B.H. Nolte (ed.) Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Land Drain., Columbus, OH. 7-11 December. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
19. Ernst, L.F 1956. Calculation of the steady flow of groundwater in vertical cross sections. Netherlands J. Agric. Sci. 4:126-131.
20. Feichtinger, von F, and H. Schleifer. 1962. Maulwurfdranversuch 1951-1960. Oesterr. Wasserwirtsch. 14:117-125.
21. Fitzpatrick, E.A., L.A. Mackie, and CE. Mullins. 1985. The use of Plaster of Paris in the study of soil structure. Soil Usc Manage. 1:70-72.
22. Fouss, J.L., and WW. Donnan. 1962. Plastic-lined mole drains. Agric. Eng. 43:512-515
23. Fouss, J.L. 1965. Plastic drains and their installation. p. 55-57. In Proc. Drain. for Efficient Crop Product. Conf. Chicago. 6-7 December. ASAE, St Joseph, MI.
24. Galvin, L.F. 1983. The drainage of impermeable soils in high rainfall areas. Irish J. Agric. Res. 22:161-187.
25. Galvin, L.F 1987. Comparing the effectiveness of moles and gravel moles in unstable soils. p. CI5-C24. In B.H. Nolte (ed.) Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Land Drain., Columbus, OH. 7-11 December. Ohio State Univ., Columbus. OH.
26. Gish, T.J., and A. Shinnohammadi (ed.). 1991. Proceedings of the national symposium of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. ASAE, St. Joseph, Ml.
27. Godwin, R.J., G. Spoor, and P.B. Leeds-Harrison. 1981. An experimental investigation into the force mechanics and resulting soil disturbance of mole plows. J.Agric. Eng. Res. 477-479.
28. Goss, MJ., G.L. Harris, and K.R. Howse. 1983. Functioning of mole drains in a clay soil. Agric. Water Manage. 6:27-30.
29. Hallard, M., and A.C Armstrong. 1992. Oberservations of water movement to and within mole drainage channels. J. Agrie. Eng. Res. 52:309-315.
30. Hann, M.J. 1994. Soil Implement Interactions Influencing Mole Drainage Channel Stahilty. Cranfield University, Unpublished PhD Thesis.
31. Harris, G.L., M.J. Goss, R.J. Dowdell, K.R. Howse, and P. Morgan. 1984. A study of mole drainage with simplified cultivation for autumn-sown crops on a clay soil. 2. Soil water regimes, water balances and nutrient loss in drain water. J. Agric. Sci. 102:561-581.
32. Harris, G.L. 1984. Effect of mole submergence on the life of mole channels. Agric. Water Manage. 8:361-374.
33. Hartge, K.H. 1987. Assessing patterns of cracks in heavy soils as means of forecasting drainage results. p. C25-C32. In B.H. Nolte (ed.) Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Land Drain. Columbus, OH. 7-11 December. Ohio State Univ. Columbus, OH.
34. Hooghoudt, S.B. 1940. Bijdragen tot de kennis van enige natuurkundige grootheden van de grond. 7. Algeenuene beschowing van het probleem van de detail outwatering en de infiltratie door middle van parallel loopende drains, greppels sloosen en kanalen. Versl. Landbouwk. Zoek. 46:515-707.
35. Hoogmoed, W.B., and L. Bouma. 1980. A simulation model for predicting infiltration into cracked clay soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:458-461.
36. Hopewell, H.G. 1953. Mole drainage investigations in New Zealand. 3. Investigation to determine the effect of increasing the thickness of the mole plow blade or knife. NZ. J. Sci. Technol. 35:237-249.
37. Hudson, A.W., H.G. Hopewell, D.G. Bowler, and M.W. Cross. 1962. The draining of farm lands. 2nd ed. Bull. no. 18. Massey College, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
38. Jarvis, MJ., and P.B. Leeds-Harrison. 1987. Modelling water movement in drained clay soil: I. Description of the model, sample output and sensitivity analysis. J. Soil Sci. 38:487-498.
39. Jayawardene, N.S., and J. Blackwell. 1985. Effect of gypsum enriched slots on moisture movement and aeration in an irrigated swelling clay soil. Aust. 1. Soil Res. 23:481-492.
40. Kneale, W.R., and R.E White. 1984. The movement of water through cores of a dry (cracked) clayloam grassland topsoil. J. Hydrol. 67:361-365.
41. Kuntze, H., and J.A. Wetjen. 1984. Soil hydrological effects of combined drainage in a bottomland soil. Zeitschrift fur Kulturtechnik und Flurbereingigung 25:360-369.
42. Leeds-Harrison, P.B., C.S.P. Shipway, NJ. Jarvis, and E.G. Youngs. 1986. The influence of soil macro-porosity on water retention, transmission and drainage in a clay soil. Soil Use Manage. 2:47-50.
43. Leeds-Harrison, P.B., G. Spoor, and RJ. Godwin. 1982. Water flow to mole drains. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 27:81-91.
44. Leeds-Harrison, P.B., R.K. Fry, CJ. Cronin, and J.E. Gregory. 1983. A technique for the non-destructive monitoring of subsurface drains. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 28: 479-484.
45. McKeague, J.A., C. Wang, and G.C. Topp. 1982. Estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity from soil morphology. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:1239-1244.
46. McQueen, D. 1981. A new method of aggregate stability measurement. NZ. Soil News 29: 127-132.
47. Muller, L., U. Mittelstedt, U. Schindler, and S. Heim. 1989. Construction and durability of mole channels in heavy alluvial soils. Zeitschrift fur Kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung. 30:394-403.
48. Mulqueen, J. 1971. Mole drain failure due to drawing moles downhill. Irish J. Agric. Res. 10:241-244.
49. Mulqueen, J. 1985. The development of gravel mole drainage. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 32: 143-151.
50. Nicholson, H.H. 1934. The durability of mole drains. J. Agric. Sci. 24: 185-191.
51. Nicholson, H.H. 1942. The principles of field drainage. 1st ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
52. Rycroft, D.W., and M. Alcock. 1974. The assessment of suitability of soils for moling. Tech. Bull. no. 7411. Field Drain. Exp. Unit, MAFF, Cambridge, U.K.
53. Schwab, G.O., N.R. Fausey, E.D. Desmond, and 1.R. Holman. 1985. Tile and surface drainage of clay soils. Res. Bull. 1166. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
54. Schwab, G.O. 1955. Plastic tubing for subsurface drainage. Agric. Eng. 36:86-90,92.
55. Schwab, G.O., N.R. Fausey, and D.W. Mitchener. 1974. Comparison of drainage methods in a heavytextured soil. Trans. ASAE 17:424-425,428.
56. Scotter, D.R., L.K. Heng, DJ. Home, and R.E. White. 1990. A simplified analysis of soil water flow to a mole drain. J. Soil Sci. 41:189-198.
57. Smettem, K.RJ., and S.T. Trudgill. 1983. An evaluation of some fluorescent and non-fluorescent dyes in the identification of water transmission routes in soils. J. Soil Sci. 34:499-509.
58. Sommerfeldt, T.G., C. Chang, T. Entz, and BJ. Lamond. 1987. Soil characteristics around mole drains installed at different depths. Can. Agric. Eng. 29: 131-135.
59. Sommerfeldt, J.G. 1984. Performance of unlined and lined mole drains in a saline clay loam field. Can. Agric. Eng. 26: 1-5.
60. Sommerfeldt, J.G. and C. Chang. 1986. Desalinization of an irrigated, mole-drained, saline clay loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:263-269.
61. Soong, S.-T., and Z. Wei. 1985. Subsurface drainage of lowland rice fields in China. p. 351-366. In J. Woodhead (ed.) Soil physics and rice. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.
62. Spoor, G. 1979. Soil disturbance with deep working tined implements in field drainage situations. p. 561-570. In J. Wesseling (ed.) Proc. Int. Drain. Workshop, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 16-20 May 1978. Publ. 25. ILRI,The Netherlands.
63. Spoor, G. 1987. Potential ways of increasing mole channel stability. p. 79-83. In B.H. Nolte (ed.) Proc. 3rd Int. Land Drain. Workshop, Columbus, OH. December. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH.
64. Spoor, G. 1995. Application of mole drainage in the solution of subsoil management problems. p. 67-107. In N.S. Jayawardene and B.A. Stewart (ed.) Subsoil mangement techniques. Adv. Soil Sci. Ser. Publ. Lewis Boca Raton, FL.
65. Spoor, G., and R.L. Godwin. 1978. An experimental investigation into the deep loosening of soil by rigid tines. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 23:243-258.
66. Poor, G., P.B. Leeds-Harrison, and R.L. Godwin. 1982a. Some fundamental aspects of the formation, stability and failure of mole drainage channels. 1. Soil Sci. 33:411-425.
67. Spoor, G., P.B. Leeds-Harrison, and R.L. Godwin. 1982b. Potential role of soil density and clay mineralogy in assessing the suitability of soils for mole drainage. J. Soil Sci. 33:427-441.
68. Spoor, G., and P.B. Leeds-Harrison. 1986. Extension of mole drainage practices. p 443-453. In K.y’H. Smith and D.W. Rycroft (ed.) Proc. 2nd Int. Conf., Hydraulic design in water resource engineering: Land drainage, Southampton, UK. April. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
69. Spoor, G., and R.A. Ford. 1987. Mechanics of mole drainage channell deterioration. J. Soil Sci. 38:369-382.
70. Spoor, G., R.L. Godwin, and S.M. Miller. 1987. Mole plow grade control. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 38:145-166.
71. Spoor, G., M.L. Hann, and A.S. Centeno. 1989. Influence of mole plow leg and expander geometry on soil disturbance. In Proc. 11 th Congr. Agric. Eng., September. CIGR, Dublin, Ireland. Balkema, The Netherlands.
72. Spoor, G., C.J. Cronin, and P.B. Leeds-Harrison. 1990. Mole drain installation for leaching purposes. p. 47-54. In Proc. Symp. Land Drain. Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Cairo, Egypt. 25 February(2 March. Drain. Res. Inst., Water Res. Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
73. Spoor, G., R. Earl, and P.N. Wheeler. 1992, Development of lower cost drainage systems for heavy soils. Home-Grown Cereals Authority Rep. 64. London.
74. van Hoom, J.W. 1974. Drainage of heavy clay soils. p. 297-326. In P.L. Dielman and J. Kessler (ed.) Drainage principles and applications. Publ. 16. ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
75. Weil, c., S. Natho-Jina, R. Chambers, and K. Wires. 1991. Mole drainage in silicate clay soils subject to freezing. Trans. ASAE 34: 1693-1698
76. Yoder, A. 1936. A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion loss. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 28:337-351.
77. Youngs, E.G. 1980. The analysis of groundwater seepage in heterogeneous aquifers. Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 25:155-165.