Recycling of nitrogen through land application of agricultural, municipal, and industrial by-products

Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 759-821

  Sims, J T ^a   Stehouwer, R C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Agricultural systems; By product properties; Industrial wastes; Land application program; Municipal by product; N mineralization approach

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103047604     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr49.c20     Document Type: Chapter

References (243)

1. Allen, A.G., S.C. Jarvis, and D.M. Headon. 1996. Nitrous oxide emissions from soils due to inputs of nitrogen from excreta return by livestock on grazed grassland in the U.K. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28:597-607.
2. Angle, J.S., G.M. Madariaga, and E.A. Heger. 1992. Sewage sludge effects on growth and nitrogen fixation of soybean. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 41:231-241.
3. Angle, J.S., S.P. McGrath, A.M. Chaudri, R.L. Chaney, and K.E. Giller. 1993. Inoculation effects on legumes grown in soil previously treated with sewage sludge. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25:575-580.
4. ApSimon, H.M., M. Kruse, and J.N.B. Bell. 1987. Ammonia emissions and their role in acid deposition. Atmos. Environ. 21:1939-1946.
5. Artiola, J.F. 1997. Denitrification activity in the vadose zone beneath a sludge-amended semiarid soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 28:797-812.
6. Aulakh, M.S., and D.A. Rennie. 1987. Effect of wheat straw incorporation on denitrification of N under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67:825-834.
7. Barbarick, K.A.R., N. Lerch, J.M. Utschig, D.G. Westfall, R.H. Follett, J. Ippolito, R. Jepson, and T.M. McBride. 1992. Eight years of application of sewage sludge to dryland winter wheat. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., TR92-1.
8. Barbarika, A., D. Colacicco, and W.J. Bellows. 1980. The value and use of organic wastes. Maryland Agri-Economics Coop. Ext. Serv., Univ. of Maryland, College Park.
9. Barbarika, A., Jr., L.J. Sikora, and D. Colacicco. 1985. Factors affecting the mineralization of nitrogen in sewage sludge applied to soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1403-1406.
10. Barideau, L., and A. Falisse. 1982. La disponibilite de l’azote dans les boues residuaires. Bull. Rech. Agron. Gembloux. 17:227-236.
11. Barker, A.V., T.A. O’Brien, and M.L. Stratton. 2000a. Description of food processing by-products. p. 63-106. In J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (ed.) Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI.
12. Barker, A.V., M.L. Stratton, and J.E. Rechcigl. 2000b. Soil and by-product characteristics that impact the beneficial use of by-products. p. 169-214. In J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (ed.) Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI.
13. Beauchamp, E.G., G.E. Kidd, and G. Thurtell. 1982. Ammonia volatilization from liquid dairy cattle manure in the field. Can. J. Soil Sci. 62:11-19.
14. Bellamy, K.L., C. Chong, and R.A. Cline. 1995. Paper sludge utilization in agriculture and container nursery culture. J. Environ. Qual. 24:1074-1082.
15. Ben Rebah, F., D. Prevost, and R.D. Tyagi. 2002. Growth of alfalfa in sludge-amended soils and inoculated with Rhizobia produced in sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1339-1348.
16. Berjón, M.A., M.D. Climent Morato, P.A. Revuelta, and A.C. Simon. 1997. The influence of solid urban waste compost and nitrogen-mineral fertilizer on growth and productivity in potatoes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 28:1653-1661.
17. Bernal, M.P., and H. Kirchmann. 1992. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from fresh, aerobically and anaerobically treated pig manure during incubation with soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 13:135-141.
18. Binder, D.L., A. Dobermann, D.H. Sander, and K.G. Cassman. 2002. Biosolids as a nitrogen source for irrigated maize and rainfed sorghum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:531-543.
19. Bitzer, C.C., and J.T. Sims. 1988. Estimating the availability of nitrogen in poultry manure through laboratory and field studies. J. Environ. Qual. 17:47-54.
20. Bouldin, D.R., S.D. Klausner, and W.S. Reid. 1984. Use of Nitrogen from manure. p. 221-248. In R.E. Hauck (ed.) Nitrogen in crop production. ASA, Madison, WI.
21. Bouwman, A.F. 1990. Exchange of greenhouse gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. p. 61-127. In A.F. Bouwman (ed.) Soils and the greenhouse effect. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto.
22. Boyle, M. 1990. Biodegradation of land-applied sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 19:640-644.
23. Boyle, M., and E.A. Paul. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil previously amended with sewage sludge. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:99-103.
24. Brady, N.C., and R.R. Weil. 2002. Soil organic matter. p. 498-540. In The nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
25. Brinson, S.E., Jr., M.L. Cabrera, and S.C. Tyson. 1994. Ammonia volatilization from surfaceapplied, fresh and composted poultry litter. Plant Soil 167:213-218.
26. Broadbent, F.E. 1986. Empirical modeling of soil nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci. 141:208-213.
27. Busscher, W., P. Bauer, J. Edwards, and J. Sadler. 1999. Nitrogen leaching in paper-amended soil columns. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 30:293-306.
28. Cabrera, M.L., and S.C. Chiang. 1994. Water content effect on denitrification and ammonia volatilization in poultry litter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:811-816.
29. Cabrera, M.L., S.C. Chiang, W.C. Merka, O.C. Pancorbo, and S.A. Thompson. 1994a. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from pelletized and nonpelletized poultry litter incorporated into soil. Plant Soil 163:189-196.
30. Cabrera, M.L., S.C. Chiang, W.C. Merka, S.A. Thompson, and O.C. Pancorbo. 1993. Nitrogen transformations in surface-applied poultry litter: Effect of litter physical characteristics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57:1519-1525.
31. Cabrera, M.L., and R.M. Gordillo. 1995. Nitrogen release from land-applied animal manures. p. 393-403. In K. Steele (ed.) Animal waste and the land-water interface. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
32. Cabrera, M.L., S.C. Tyson, T.R. Kelley, O.C. Pancorbo, W.C. Merka, and S.A. Thompson. 1994b. Nitrogen mineralization and ammonia volatilization from fractionated poultry litter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:367-372.
33. Cassman, K.G., and D.N. Munns. 1980. Nitrogen mineralization as affected by soil moisture, temperature, and depth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:1233-1237.
34. Castellanos, J.Z., and P.F. Pratt. 1981. Mineralization of manure nitrogen: Correlation with laboratory indexes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:354-357.
35. Cates, R.L., Jr., and D.R. Keeney. 1987. Nitrous oxide production throughout the year from fertilized and manured maize fields. J. Environ. Qual. 16:443-447.
36. Chae, Y.M., and M.A. Tabatabai. 1986. Mineralization of nitrogen in soils amended with organic wastes. J. Environ. Qual. 15:193-198.
37. Chang, C., C.M. Cho, and H.H. Janzen. 1998. Nitrous oxide emission from long-term manured soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:677-692.
38. Chang, F.H., and F.E. Broadbent. 1982. Influences of trace metals on some soil nitrogen transformations. J. Environ. Qual. 11:1-4.
39. Cheneby, D., B. Nicolardot, B. Godden, and M. Penninck. 1994. Mineralization of composted15 N-labeled farmyard manure during soil incubations. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 10:255-264.
40. Chescheir, G.M., III, P.W. Westerman, and L.M. Safley, Jr. 1986. Laboratory methods for estimating available nitrogen in manures and sludges. Agric. Wastes 18:175-195.
41. Christensen, S. 1983. Nitrous oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass: Seasonal and diurnal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:531-536.
42. Cicerone, R.J. 1987. Changes in stratospheric ozone. Science 237:35-42.
43. Clark, M.D., and J.T. Gilmour. 1983. The effect of temperature on decomposition at optimum and saturated soil water contents. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:927-929.
44. Cogger, C.G., D.M. Sullivan, A.I. Bary, and S.C. Fransen. 1999. Nitrogen recovery from heatdried and dewatered biosolids applied to forage grasses. J. Environ. Qual. 28:754-759.
45. Comfort, S.D., K.A. Kelling, D.R. Keeney, and J.C. Converse. 1990. Nitrous oxide production from injected liquid dairy manure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:421-427.
46. CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology). 1995. Waste management and utilization in food production and processing. Task Force Rep. 124. CAST, Ames, IA.
47. Coyne, M.S., R.A. Gilfillen, and R.L. Blevins. 1994. Nitrous oxide flux from poultry-manured erosion plots and grass filters aft er simulated rain. J. Environ. Qual. 23:831-834.
48. Coyne, M.S., A. Villalba, and R.L. Blevins. 1995. Nitrous oxide loss from poultry manureamended soil aft er rain. J. Environ. Qual. 24:1091-1096.
49. Decker, A.M., R.L. Chaney, and D.W. Wolf. 1977. Effects of sewage sludge and fertilizer application on the yields and chemical composition of corn and soybeans. Crops Soils Res. Rep. 10:76-85
50. De Silva, A.P., and G.A. Breitenbeck. 1997. Nitrogen enrichment of organic wastes by ammoniation. J. Environ. Qual. 26:688-694.
51. Doel, D.S., C.W. Honeycutt, and W.A. Halteman. 1990. Soil water effects on the use of heat units to predict crop residue carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Biol. Fert. Soils. 10:102-106.
52. Donovan, W.C., and T.J. Logan. 1983. Factors affecting ammonia volatilization from sewage sludge applied to soil in a laboratory study. J. Environ. Qual. 12:584-590.
53. Douglas, B.F., and F.R. Magdoff. 1991. An evaluation of nitrogen mineralization indices for organic residues. J. Environ. Qual. 20:368-372.
54. Dumontet, S., H. Dinel, and S.B. Baloda. 1999. Pathogen reduction in sewage sludge by composting and other biological treatments: A review. Biol. Agric. Hortic. 16:409-430.
55. Edwards, J.H., E.C. Burt, and R.L. Raper. 1995. Issues affecting application of noncomposted organic waste to agricultural land. p. 225-249 In D.L. Karlen et al. (ed.) Agricultural utilization of urban and industrial by-products. ASA Spec. Pub. 58. ASA, Madison, WI.
56. Edwards, J.H., E.C. Burt, R.L. Raper, and D.T. Hill. 1992a. Effects of deep placement of nutrients, broiler litter, and newsprint on cotton yield and rooting depth. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. 3:1143-1146.
57. Edwards, J.H., E.C. Burt, R.L. Raper, and D.T. Hill. 1992b. Recycling paper and poultry byproducts in agriculture. Highlights Agric. Res. 39:7.
58. Edwards, J.H., and A.V. Someshwar. 2000. Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of agricultural and forest by-products for land application. p. 1-62. In J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (ed.) Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI.
59. Edwards, J.H., R.H. Walker, and J.S. Bannon. 1994. Effects of repeated application of noncomposted organic wastes on cotton yield. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. 3:1564-1567.
60. Egelkraut, T.M., D.E. Kissel, and M.L. Cabrera. 2000. Effect of soil texture on nitrogen mineralized from cotton residues and compost. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1518-1522.
61. Eghball, B. 2000. Nitrogen mineralization from field-applied beef cattle feedlot manure or compost. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:2024-2030.
62. Eghball, B., and J.E. Gilley. 1999. Phosphorus and nitrogen in runofffollowing beef cattle manure or compost application. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1201-1210.
63. Eghball, B., and J.F. Power. 1999. Phosphorus and nitrogen-based manure and compost applications: Corn production and soil phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:895-901.
64. Eghball, B., J.F. Rower, J.E. Gilley, and J.W. Doran. 1997. Nutrient, carbon, and mass loss of beef cattle feedlot manure during composting. J. Environ. Qual. 26:189-193.
65. Eichner, M.J. 1990. Nitrous oxide from fertilized soils: Summary of available data. J. Environ. Qual. 19:272-280.
66. Epstein, E., D.B. Keane, J.J. Meisinger, and J.O. Legg. 1978. Mineralization of nitrogen from sewage sludge and sludge compost. J. Environ. Qual. 7:217-221.
67. Eriksen, G.N., F.J. Coale, and G.A. Bollero. 1999. Soil nitrogen dynamics and maize production in municipal solid waste amended soil. Agron. J. 91:1009-1016.
68. Evanylo, G.K., and W.L. Daniels. 1999. Paper mill sludge composting and compost utilization. Compost Sci. Util. 7:30-39.
69. Fenn, L.B., and L.R. Hossner. 1985. Ammonia volatilization from ammonium or ammoniumforming nitrogen fertilizers. Adv. Soil Sci. 1:124-169.
70. Fine, P., U. Mingelgrin, and A. Feigin. 1989. Incubation studies of the fate of organic nitrogen in soils amended with activated sludge. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:444-450.
71. Flowers, T.H., and P.W. Arnold. 1983. Immobilization and mineralization of nitrogen in soils incubated with pig slurry or ammonium sulphate. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:329-335.
72. Foy, R.H., and P.J.A. Withers. 1995. The contribution of agricultural phosphorus to eutrophication. The Fertilizer Soc. Proc. 365. Greenhill House, Thorpe Wood, Petersborough, UK.
73. Gale, P.M., and J.T. Gilmour. 1986. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics of poultry litter. J. Environ. Qual. 15:423-426.
74. Gale, P.M., and J.T. Gilmour. 1988. Net mineralization of carbon and nitrogen under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1006-1010.
75. Garau, M.A., M.T. Felipo, and M.C. Ruiz de Villa. 1986. Nitrogen mineralization of sewage sludges in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 15:225-229.
76. Garcia, C., T. Hernanadez, and F. Costa. 1991. Agronomic value of urban waste and the growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in a calciorthid soil amended with this waste. J. Sci. Food Agric. 56:457-467.
77. Gerba, C.P. 1996. Municipal waste and drinking water treatment. p. 301-322. In I.L. Pepper et al. (ed.) Pollution science. Academic Press, New York.
78. Giller, K.E., S.P. McGrath, and P.R. Hirsch. 1989. Absence of nitrogen fixation in clover grown on soil subject to long-term contamination with heavy metals is due to survival of only ineffective Rhizobium. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21:841-848.
79. Gilmour, J.T. 1998. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization during co-utilization of biosolids and composts. p. 89-112. In S. Brown et al. (ed.) Beneficial co-utilization of agricultural, municipal and industrial by-products. Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
80. Gilmour, J.T., and M.D. Clark. 1988. Nitrogen release from wastewater sludge: A site specific approach. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 60:494-498.
81. Gilmour, J.T., M.D. Clark, and S.M. Daniel. 1996a. Predicting long-term decomposition of biosolids with a seven-day test. J. Environ. Qual. 25:766-770.
82. Gilmour, J.T., and C.M. Gilmour. 1980. A simulation model for sludge decomposition in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 9:194-199.
83. Gilmour, J.T., F. Roman, and M.D. Clark. 1996b. Decomposition of biosolids in a disposal site soil. J. Environ. Qual. 25:1083-1086.
84. Gilmour, J.T., and V. Skinner. 1999. Predicting plant available nitrogen in land-applied biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1122-1126.
85. Goodroad, L.L., D.R. Keeney, and L.A. Peterson. 1984. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils in Wisconsin. J. Environ. Qual. 13:557-561.
86. Gordillo, R.M., and M.L. Cabrera. 1997a. Mineralizable nitrogen in broiler litter. I. Effect of selected litter chemical characteristics. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1672-1679.
87. Gordillo, R.M., and M.L. Cabrera. 1997b. Mineralizable nitrogen in broiler litter. II. Effect of selected soil characteristics. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1679-1686.
88. Griffin, G.F., and A.F. Laine. 1983. Nitrogen mineralization in soils previously amended with organic wastes. Agron. J. 75:124-129.
89. Hadas, A., B. Bar-Yosef, S. Davidov, and M. Sofer. 1983. Effect of pelleting, temperature, and soil type on mineral nitrogen release from poultry and dairy manures. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:1129-1133.
90. Hadas, A., and R. Portnoy. 1994. Nitrogen and carbon mineralization rates of composted manures incubated in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 23:1184-1189.
91. Hadas, A., and R. Portnoy. 1997. Rates of decomposition in soil and release of available nitrogen from cattle manure and municipal waste composts. Compost Sci. Util. 5:48-54.
92. Hamilton, C.M., and J.T. Sims. 1995. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in enriched, pelletized poultry litters. J. Sustain. Agric. 5:115-132.
93. Harmel, R.D., R.E. Zartman, C. Mouron, D.B. Wester, and R.E. Sosebee. 1997. Modeling ammonia volatilization from biosolids applied to semiarid rangeland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61:1794-1798.
94. Hattori, H., and S. Mukai. 1986. Decomposition of sewage sludges in soil as affected by their organic matter composition. Jpn. Soc. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 32:421-432.
95. Haynes, R.J. 1986. The decomposition process: Mineralization, immobilization, humus formation, and degradation. p. 52-126. In R.J. Haynes (ed.) Mineral nitrogen in the plantsoil systems. Academic Press, New York.
96. He, Z.L., A.K. Alva, P. Yan, Y.C. Li, D.V. Calvert, P.J. Stoffella, and D.J. Banks. 2000. Nitrogen mineralization and transformation from composts and biosolids during field incubation in a sandy soil. Soil Sci. 165:161-169.
97. Heckman, J.R., J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. 1986. Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil previously amended with sewage sludge. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2:181-185.
98. Heckman, J.R., J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. 1987a. Residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean. I. Accumulation of heavy metals. J. Environ. Qual. 16:113-117.
99. Heckman, J.R., J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. 1987b. Residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean. II. Accumulation of soil and symbiotically fixed nitrogen. J. Environ. Qual. 16:118-124.
100. Hemphill, D.D., Jr., V.V. Volk, P.J. Sheets, and C. Wickliff. 1985. Lettuce and broccoli response and soil properties resulting from tannery waste applications. J. Environ. Qual. 14:159-163.
101. Honeycutt, C.W. 1994. Linking nitrogen mineralization and plant nitrogen demand with thermal units. p. 49-79. In J.L. Havlin and J.S. Jacobsen (ed.) Soil testing: Prospects for improving nutrient recommendations. SSSA Spec. Pub. 40. SSSA, ASA, Madison, WI.
102. Honeycutt, C.W. 1999. Nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and crop residues: Field validation of laboratory predictions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:134-141.
103. Honeycutt, C.W., and L.J. Potaro. 1990. Field evaluation of heat units for predicting crop residue carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Plant Soil 125:213-220.
104. Honeycutt, C.W., L.J. Potaro, and W.A. Halteman. 1991. Predicting nitrate formation from soil, fertilizer, crop residue, and sludge with thermal units. J. Environ. Qual. 20:850-856.
105. Honeycutt, C.W., L.M. Zibilskie, and W.M. Clapham. 1988. Heat units for describing carbon mineralization and predicting net nitrogen mineralization in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1346-1350.
106. Hue, N.V., and B.A. Sobieszczyk. 1999. Nutitional values of some biowastes as soil amendments. Compost Sci. Util. 7:34-41.
107. Ibekwe, A.M., J.S. Angle, R.L. Chaney, and P. van Berkum. 1995. Sewage sludge and heavy metal effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes. J. Environ. Qual. 24:1199-1204.
108. Ippolito, J.A., K.A. Barbarick, and R. Jepson. 2000. Application of anaerobically digested biosolids to dryland winter wheat. Colo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. TR00-5.
109. Jansson, S.L., and J. Persson. 1982. Mineralization and immobilzation of soil nitrogen. p. 229-253. In F.J. Stevenson (ed.) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. ASA, Madison, WI.
110. Jellum, E.J., S. Kuo, and U. Sainju. 1995. Mineralization and plant availability of nitrogen in seafood waste composts in soil. Soil Sci. 160:125-135.
111. Johnston, A.E., S.P. McGrath, P.R. Poulton, and P.W. Lane. 1989. Accumulation and loss of nitrogen from manure, sludge and compost: Long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn. p. 126-139. In J.A. Hansen and K. Hendrisen (ed.) Nitrogen in organic wastes applied to soils. Academic Press, London.
112. Kashmanian, R.M., D. Kluchinski, T.L. Richard, and J.M. Walker. 2000. Quantities, characteristics, barriers, and incentives for use of organic municipal by-products. p. 127-168. In J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (ed.) Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI.
113. Kellogg, R.L., C.H. Lander, D.C. Moffitt, and N. Gollehon. 2000. Manure nutrients relative to the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients: Spatial and temporal trends in the United States. USDA Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. and Econ. Res. Serv., Washington, DC.
114. Kiemnec, G.L., T.L. Jackson, D.D. Hemphill, and V. V. Volk. 1987. Relative effectiveness of sewage sludge as a nitrogen fertilizer for tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual. 16:353-356.
115. King, L.D. 1984. Availability of nitrogen in municipal, industrial and animal wastes. J. Environ. Qual. 13:609-612.
116. Kinkle, B.K., J.S. Angle, and H.H. Keyser. 1987. Long-term effects of metal-rich sewage sludge application soil populations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:315-318.
117. Kirchmann, H. 1989. A 3-year N balance study with aerobic, anaerobic and fresh 15 N-labelled poultry manure. p. 113-125. In J.A. Hansen and K. Henriksen (ed.) Nitrogen in organic wastes applied to soils. Academic Press, London.
118. Kirchmann, H. 1990. Nitrogen interactions and crop uptake from fresh and composted 15 N-labeled poultry manure. J. Soil Sci. 41:379-385.
119. Kirchmann, H., and E. Witter. 1989. Ammonia volatilization during aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition. Plant Soil 115:35-41.
120. Larson, W.E., R.F. Holt, and C.W. Carlson. 1978. Residue for soil conservation. In Proc. Symp. Crop Residue Management. I. Effect on soil. ASA, Madison, WI.
121. Lauer, D.A., D.R. Bouldin, and S.D. Klausner. 1976. Ammonia volatilization from dairy manure spread on the soil surface. J. Environ. Qual. 5:134-141.
122. Liang, C.N., and M.A. Tabatabai. 1978. Effects of trace elements on nitrification in soils. J. Environ. Qual. 7:291-293.
123. Lindemann, W.C., and M. Cardenas. 1984. Nitrogen mineralization potential and nitrogen transformations of sludge-amended soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48:1072-1077.
124. Lindemann, W.C., G. Connell, and N.S. Urquhart. 1988. Previous sludge addition effects on nitrogen mineralization in freshly amended soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:109-112.
125. Linden, D.R., W.E. Larson, R.H. Dowdy, and C.E. Clapp. 1995. Agricultural utilization of sewage sludge. Sta. Bull. 606. Minnesota Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul.
126. Logan, T.J., C.L. Henry, J.L. Schnoor, M. Overcash, and D.C. McAvoy. 1999. An assessment of health and environmental risks of trace elements and toxic organics in land-applied municipal solid waste compost. Compost Sci. Util. 7:38-53.
127. Lowrance, R., J.C. Johnson, Jr., G.L. Newton, and R.G. Williams. 1998. Denitrification from soils of a year-round forage production system fertilized with liquid dairy manure. J. Environ. Qual. 27:1504-1511.
128. Madariaga, G.M., and J.S. Angle. 1992. Sludge-borne salt effects on survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J. Environ. Qual. 21:276-280.
129. Madrid, F., J.M. Murillo, R. Lopez, and F. Cabrera. 2000. Use of urea to correct immature urban composts for agricultural purposes. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 31:2635-2649.
130. Magdoff, F.R., and J.F. Amadon. 1980. Nitrogen availability from sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 9:451-455.
131. Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, and F.J. Coale. 2000a. Phosphorus solubility in biosolids-amended farm soils in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1225-1233.
132. Maguire, R.O., J.T. Sims, and F.J. Coale. 2000b. Phosphorus fractionation in biosolidsamended soils: Relationship to soluble and desorbable phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:2018-2024.
133. Mamo, M., C.J. Rosen, and T.R. Halbach. 1999. Nitrogen availability and leaching from soil amended with municipal solid waste compost. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1074-1082.
134. Marshall, S.B., M.L. Cabrera, L.C. Braun, C.W. Wood, M.D. Mullen, and E.A. Guertal. 1999. Denitrification from fescue pastures in the southeastern USA fertilized with broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1978-1983.
135. Marshall, S.B., C.W. Wood, L.C. Braun, M.L. Cabrera, M.D. Mullen, and E.A. Guertal. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from tall fescue pastures fertilized with broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual. 27:1125-1129.
136. Martensson, A.M., and E. Witter. 1990. Influence of various soil amendments on nitrogen-fixing soil microorganisms in a long-term field experiment with special reference to sewage sludge. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:977-982.
137. McClung, G., D.C. Wolf, and J.E. Foss. 1983. Nitrification inhibition by nitrapyrin and etridiazol in soilks amended with sewage sludge compost. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:75-80.
138. McGrath, S.P., P.C. Brookes, and K.E. Giller. 1988. Effects of potentially toxic metals in soil derived from past applications of sewage sludge on nitrogen fixation by Trifolium repens L. Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:415-424.
139. Menelik, G., R.B. Reneau, Jr., D.C. Martens, and T.W. Simpson. 1991. Yield and elemental composition of wheat grain as influenced by source and rate of nitrogen. J. Plant Nutr. 14:205-217.
140. Metcalfe and Eddy, Inc. 1991. Wastewater engineering: Treatment, disposal, and reuse. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
141. Midwest Plan Service. 2000. Manure characteristics (MWPS-18). Midwest Plan Service, Iowa State Univ., Ames.
142. Miller, R.H. 1974. Factors affecting the decomposition of an anaerobically digested sewage sludge in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 3:376-380.
143. Millner, P.D., L.J. Sikora, D.D. Kaufman, and M.E. Simpson. 1998. Agricultural use of biosolids and other recyclable municipal residues. p. 9-38. In R.J. Wright et al. (ed.) Agricultural uses of municipal, animal, and industrial by-products. Cons. Res. Rep. 44. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
144. Moal, J.F., J. Martinez, F. Guiziou, and C.M. Coste. 1995. Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 125:245-252.
145. Molina, J.A.E., C.E. Clapp, and W.E. Larson. 1980. Potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil: The simple exponential model does not apply for the first 12 weeks of incubation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:442-443.
146. Molina, J.A.E., C.E. Clapp, M.J. Shaffer, F.W. Chinchester, and W.E. Larson. 1983. NCSOIL, a model of nitrogen and carbon transformation in soil: Description, calibration and behavior. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:85-91.
147. Molina, J.A.E., A. Hadas, and C.E. Clapp. 1990. Computer simulation of nitrogen turnover in soil and priming effect. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22:349-353.
148. Moore, P.A., Jr., T.C. Daniel, and D.R. Edwards. 2000. Reducing phosphorus runoffand inhibiting ammonia loss from poultry manure with aluminum sulfate. J. Environ. Qual. 29:37-49.
149. Moorhead, K.K., D.A. Graetz, and K.R. Reddy. 1987. Decomposition of fresh and anaerobically digested plant biomass in soil. J. Environ. Qual. 16:25-28.
150. Meyer, R.L., T. Kjaer, and N.P. Revsbech. 2002. Nitrification and denitrification near a soilmanure interface studied with a nitrate-nitrite biosensor. J. Environ. Qual. 66:498-506.
151. Nathan, M.V., and G.L. Malzer. 1994. Dynamics of ammonia volatilization from turkey manure and urea applied to soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:985-990.
152. Obbard, J.P., and K.C. Jones. 1993. The effect of heavy metals on dinitrogen fixation by Rhizobium-white clover in a range of long-term sewage sludge amended and metal-contaminated soils. Environ. Pollut. 79:105-112.
153. O’Brien, T.A., and A.V. Barker. 1996. Evaluation of ammonium and soluble salts on grass sod production in compost. II. Delaying seeing until aft er compost application. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 27:77-85.
154. O’Keefe, B.E., J. Axley, and J.J. Meisinger. 1986. Evaluation of nitrogen availability indexes for a sludge compost amended soil. J. Environ. Qual. 15:121-128.
155. O’Riordan, E.G., V.A. Dodd, H. Tunney, and G.A. Fleming. 1987. The fertilizer nutrient value of activated sewage sludge under grassland field conditions. Ir. J. Agric. Res. 26:213-229.
156. Paré, T., H. Dinel, M. Schnitzer, and S. Dumontet. 1998. Transformations of carbon and nitrogen during composting of animal manure and shredded paper. Biol. Fertil. Soils 26:173-178.
157. Parker, C.F., and L.E. Sommers. 1983. Mineralization of nitrogen in sewage sludges. J. Environ. Qual. 12:150-156.
158. Parr, J.F., and S.B. Hornick. 1992. Utilization of municipal wastes. p. 545-559. In F.B. Metting (ed.) Soil microbial ecology: Applications in agricultural and environmental management. Marcel Dekkar, New York.
159. Pascual, J.A., M. Ayuso, C. Garcia, and T. Hernandez. 1997a. Characterization of urban wastes according to fertility and phytotoxicity parameters. Waste Manage. Res. 15:103-112.
160. Pascual, J.A., C. Garcia, and T. Hernandez. 1999. Lasting microbiological and biochemical effects of the addition of municipal solid waste to an arid soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 30:1-6.
161. Pascual, J.A., C. Garcia, T. Hernandez, and M. Ayuso. 1997b. Changes in the microbial activity of an arid soil amended with urban organic wastes. Biol. Fertil. Soils 24:429-434.
162. Pascual, J.A., T. Hernandez, C. Garcia, and M. Ayuso. 1998a. Carbon mineralization in an arid soil amended with organic wastes of varying degrees of stability. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 29:835-846.
163. Pascual, J.A., T. Hernandez, C. Garcia, and A. Garcia. 1998b. Changes in the organic matter mineralization rates of an arid soil aft er amendment with organic wastes. Arid Soil Res. Rehab.. 12:63-72.
164. Paul, E.A., and F.E. Clark. 1996. Soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
165. Paul, J.W., and E.G. Beauchamp. 1989. Effect of carbon constituents in manure on denitrification in soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69:49-61.
166. Power, J.F., and W.A. Dick. 2000. Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI.
167. Powlson, D.S., P.R. Poulton, T.M. Addiscott, and D.S. McCann. 1989. Leaching of nitrate from soils receiving organic or inorganic fertilizers continuously for 135 years. p. 334-345. In J.A. Hansen and K. Henriksen (ed.) Nitrogen in organic wastes applied to soils. Academic Press, London.
168. Pratt, P.F., F.E. Broadbent, and J.P. Martin. 1973. Organic wastes as N-fertilizers. Calif. Agric. 27:10-13.
169. Qafoku, O.S., M.L. Cabrera, W.R. Windham, and N.S. Hill. 2001. Rapid methods to determine potentially mineralizable nitrogen in broiler litter. J. Environ. Qual. 30:217-221.
170. Quemada, M., and M.L. Cabrera. 1995. Carbon and nitrogen mineralized from leaves and stems of four cover crops. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59:471-477.
171. Reddy, G.B., C.N. Cheng, and S.J. Dunn. 1983. Survival of Rhizobium japonicum in soil-sludge environment. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15:343-345.
172. Rice, C.W., P.E. Sierzega, J.M. Tiedje, and L.W. Jacobs. 1988. Stimulated denitrification in the microenvironment of a biodegradable organic waste injected into soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:102-108.
173. Robinson, M.B., and P.J. Polglase. 2000. Volatilization of nitrogen from dewatered biosolids. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1351-1355.
174. Rother, J.A., J.W. Millbank, and I. Thornton. 1983. Nitrogen fixation by white cover (Trifolium repens) in grasslands on soils contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. J. Soil Sci. 34:127-136.
175. Rowell, D. M., C.E. Prescott, and C.M. Preston. 2001. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization from biosolids and other organic materials: Relationship with initial chemistry. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1401-1410.
176. Rydin, E., and E. Otabbong. 1997. Potential release of phosphorus from soil mixed with sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 26:529-534.
177. Sallade, Y., and J.T. Sims. 1992. Evaluation of thiosulfate as a nitrification inhibitor for manures and fertilizers. Plant Soil 147:283-291.
178. Schilke-Gartley, K.L., and J.T. Sims. 1993. Ammonia volatilization from poultry manureamended soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 16:5-10.
179. Schomberg, H.H., J.L. Steiner, and P.W. Unger. 1994. Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of crop residues: Residue quality and water effects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:372-381.
180. Schulze, E.D., W. De Vries, M. Hauhs, K. Rosen, L. Rasmussen, C.O. Tamm, and J. Nilsson. 1989. Critical loads for nitrogen deposition on forest ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 48:451-456.
181. Serna, M.D., and F. Pomares. 1991. Comparison of biological and chemical methods to predict nitrogen mineralization in animal wastes. Biol. Fertil. Soils 12:89-94.
182. Serna, M.D., and F. Pomares. 1992. Indexes of assessing N availability in sewage sludges. Plant Soil 139:15-21.
183. Sharpe, R.R., and L.A. Harper. 2002. Nitrous oxide and ammonia fluxes in a soybean field irrigated with swine effluent. J. Environ. Qual. 31:524-532.
184. Sharpley, A.N. 2000. Agriculture and phosphorus management: The Chesapeake Bay. Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL.
185. Sherlock, R.R., S.G. Sommer, R.Z. Khan, C.W. Wood, E.A. Guertal, J.R. Freney, C.O. Dawson, and K.C. Cameron. 2002. Ammonia, methane, and nitrous oxide emission from pig slurry applied to a pasture in New Zealand. J. Environ. Qual. 31:1491-1501.
186. Sikora, L.J., and N.K. Enkiri. 1999a. Growth of tall fescue in compost/fertilizer blends. Soil Sci. 164:62-69.
187. Sikora, L.J., and N.K. Enkiri. 1999b. Fescue Growth as affected by municipal compost fertilizer blends. Compost Sci. Util. 7:63-69.
188. Sikora, L.J., and N.K. Enkiri. 2000. Efficiency of compost-fertilizer blends compared with fertilizer alone. Soil Sci. 165:444-451.
189. Sims, J.T. 1990. Nitrogen mineralization and elemental availability in soils amended with cocomposted sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 19:669-675.
190. Sims, J.T. 1986. Nitrogen transformations in a poultry manure amended soil: Temperature and moisture effects. J. Environ. Qual. 15:59-63.
191. Sims, J.T. 1995. Organic wastes as alternative nitrogen sources. p. 487-535. In P.E. Bacon (ed.) Nitrogen fertilization in the environment. Marcel Dekkar, New York.
192. Sims, J.T., and F.C. Boswell. 1980. The influence of organic wastes and inorganic nitrogen sources on soil nitrogen, yield, and elemental composition of corn. J. Environ. Qual. 9:512-518.
193. Sims, J.T., and F.J. Coale. 2002. Solutions to nutrient management problems in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA. p. 345-372. In P.M. Haygarth and S.C. Jarvis (ed.) Agriculture, hydrology, and water quality. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK.
194. Smith, J.H., and J.R. Peterson. 1982. Recycling of nitrogen through land application of agricultural, food processing, and municipal wastes. p. 791-832. In F.J. Stevenson (ed.) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI.
195. Smith, J.L., R.R. Schnabel, B.L. McNeal, and G.S. Campbell. 1980. Potential errors in the firstorder model for estimating soil nitrogen mineralization potentials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:996-1000.
196. Smith, S.R. 1996. Agricultural recycling of sewage sludge and the environment. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK.
197. Smith, S.R., T.D. Evans, and V. Woods. 1998a. Nitrate dynamics in biosolids-treated soils. I. Influence of biosolids type and soil type. Bioresour. Technol. 66:139-149.
198. Smith, S.R., and K.E. Giller. 1992. Effective Rhizobium leguminosarium bv. trifolii present in five soils contaminated with heavy metals from long-term application of sewage sludge or metal mine soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24(8):781-788.
199. Smith, S.R., V. Woods, and T.D. Evans. 1998b. Nitrate dynamics in biosolids-treated soils. II. Thermal-time models of the different nitrogen pools. Bioresour. Technol. 66:151-160.
200. Smith, S.R., V. Woods, et al. 1998c. Nitrate dynamics in biosolids-treated soils. III. Signifi-cance of the organic nitrogen, a twin-pool exponential model for nitrogen management and comparison with the nitrate production from animal wastes. Bioresour. Technol. 66:161-174.
201. Someshwar, A.V. 1998. A summary of available data on the chemical composition of forest products industry solid waste. NCASI Tech. Bull. 766. NCASI, Research Triangle Park, NC.
202. Sommer, S.G., and J.E. Olesen. 1991. Effects of dry matter content and temperature on ammonia loss from surface-applied cattle slurry. J. Environ. Qual. 20:679-683.
203. Sommer, S.G., J.E. Olesen, and B.T. Christensen. 1991. Effects of temperature, wind speed and air humidity on ammonia volatilization from surface applied cattle slurry. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 117:91-100.
204. Sommerfeldt, T.G., C. Chang, and T. Entz. 1988. Long-term annual manure applications increase soil organic matter and nitrogen, and decrease carbon to nitrogen ratio. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1668-1672.
205. Sommers, L.E. 1977. Chemical composition of sewage sludge and analysis of their potential use as fertilizer. J. Environ. Qual. 6:225-232.
206. Sommers, L.E., and P.M. Giordano. 1984. Use of nitrogen from agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastes. p. 207-220. In R.E. Hauck (ed.) Nitrogen in crop production. ASA, Madison, WI.
207. Sommers, L.E., D.W. Nelson, and D.J. Silviera. 1979. Transformations of carbon, nitrogen, and metals in soils treated with waste materials. J. Environ. Qual. 8:287-294.
208. Sorensen, P., and E.S. Jensen. 1995a. Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture. Biol. Fertil. Soils 19:29-35.
209. Sorensen, P., and E.S. Jensen. 1995b. Mineralization-immobilization and plant uptake of nitrogen as influenced by the spatial distribution of cattle slurry in soils of different texture. Plant Soil 173:283-291.
210. Stanford, G.J., and E. Epstein. 1974. Nitrogen mineralization-water relations in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:103-107.
211. Stanford, G., M.H. Frere, and D.H. Schwanunger. 1973. Temperature coefficient of soil nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci. 115:321-323.
212. Stanford, G., and S.J. Smith. 1972. Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36:465-472.
213. Stehouwer, R.C. 1999. Land application of sewage sludge in Pennsylvania: Use of biosolids in crop production. Coop. Ext. Fact Sheet. Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park.
214. Stehouwer, R.C., A.M. Wolf, and W.T. Doty. 2000. Chemical monitoring of sewage sludge in Pennsylvania: Variability and application uncertainty. J. Environ. Qual. 29:1686-1695.
215. Sui, Y., M.L. Thompson, and C.W. Mize. 1999a. Redistribution of biosolids-derived total phosphorus applied to a mollisol. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1068-1074.
216. Sui, Y., M.L. Thompson, and C. Shang. 1999b. Fractionation of phosphorus in a mollisol amended with biosolids. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63:1174-1180.
217. Sullivan, D.M., A.I. Bary, D.R. Thomas, S.C. Fransen, and C.G. Cogger. 2002. Food waste compost effects on fertilizer nitrogen efficiency, available nitrogen, and tall fescue yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:154-161.
218. Sullivan, D.M., S.C. Fransen, A.I. Bary, and C.G. Cogger. 1998. Fertilizer nitrogen replacement value of food residuals composted with yard trimmings, paper or wood wastes. Compost Sci. Util. 6:6-18.
219. Sullivan, D.M., S.C. Fransen, C.G. Cogger, and A.I. Bary. 1997. Biosolids and dairy manure as nitrogen sources for prairiegrass on a poorly-drained soil. J. Prod. Agric. 10:589-595.
220. Terman, G.L. 1979. Volatilization losses of nitrogen as ammonia from surface-applied fertilizers, organic amendments, and crop residues. Adv. Agron. 31:189-223.
221. Terry, R.E., D.W. Nelson, and L.E. Sommers. 1979. Decomposition of anaerobically digested sewage sludge as affected by soil environmental conditions. J. Environ. Qual. 8:342-347.
222. Terry, R.E., D.W. Nelson, and L.E. Sommers. 1981. Nitrogen transformations in sewage sludge-amended soils as affected by soil environmental factors. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:506-513.
223. 2O and NO emissions from poultry litter and urea applications to Bermuda grass. Atmos. Environ. 32:1623-1630.
224. Thornton, F.C., and R.J. Valente. 1996. Soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from no-till corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60:1127-1133.
225. Tiedje, J.M., S. Simpkins, and P.M. Groffman. 1989. Perspectives on measurement of denitrification in the field including recommended protocols for acetylene based methods. p. 217-241. In M. Clarholm and L. Bergstrom (ed.) Ecology of arable land. Kluwer Academic Pub., Boston.
226. Tunney, H., O.T. Carton, P.C. Brookes, and A.E. Johnson. 1997. Phosphorus loss from soil to water. CAB International, Harpenden, UK.
227. Tyson, S.C., and M.L. Cabrera. 1993. Nitrogen mineralization in soils amended with composted and uncomposted poultry litter. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24:2361-2374.
228. USDA-ARS. 1998. Agricultural uses of municipal, animal, and industrial by-products. R. J. Wright et al. (ed.) Cons. Res. Rep. 44. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
229. USDA-SCS. 1992. Agricultural waste management field handbook 651 of the National Engineering Handbook Series. USDA, Landover, MD.
230. USEPA. 1993. Standards for use and disposal of sewage sludge. Final rules. 40 CFR Part 257, 403 and 503, 58:9248-9415, 19 Feb. 1993.
231. USEPA. 1994. Biosolids generation, use, and disposal in the United States. EPA 530-R-99-009. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
232. USEPA. 1999. Land application of sewage sludge: A guide for land appliers on the requirements of the federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge. 40 CFR Part 503. EPA 831-B-j93-002b. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, DC.
233. van Breemen, N., and N.F.G. van Dijk. 1988. Ecosystem effects of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in The Netherlands. Environ. Pollut. 54:249-274.
234. Van Kessel, J.S., J.B. Reeves, III, and J.J. Meisinger. 1999. Storage and handling can alter the mineralization characteristics of manure. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1984-1990.
235. van Veen, J.A., W.B. McGill, H.W. Hunt, M.J. Frissel, and C.V. Cole. 1981. Simulation models of the terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Processes, ecosystem strategies and management impacts. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 33:25-48.
236. Vigil, M.F., and D.E. Kissel. 1991. Equations for estimating the amount of nitrogen mineralized from crop residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:757-761.
237. Voos, G., and B.R. Sabey. 1987. Nitrogen mineralization in sewage-sludge-amended coal mine spoil and topsoils. J. Environ. Qual. 16:231-237.
238. WEF (Water Environment Federation). 1997. National outlook: State beneficial use of biosolids activities. Water Environ. Fed., Alexandria, VA.
239. Wen, G., T.E. Bates, and R.P. Voroney. 1995. Evaluation of nitrogen availability in irradiated sewage sludge, sludge compost and manure compost. J. Environ. Qual. 24:527-534.
240. Westerman, P.W., L.M. Safley, Jr., and J.C. Barker. 1987. Available nitrogen in broiler and turkey litter. ASAE Paper 87-4053. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
241. Williams, J.H., and J.E. Hall. 1986. Efficiency of utilization of nitrogen in sludges and slurries. p. 258-289. In P. l’Hermite (ed.) Processing and use of organic sludge and liquid agricultural wastes. D. Reidel Pub. Co., Dordrecht.
242. Witter, E. 1995. Towards zero accumulation of heavy metals in soils: An imperative or a fad? Fert. Res. 43:225-233.
243. Wright, R.J., W.D. Kemper, P.D. Millner, J.F. Power, and R.F. Korcak. 1998. Agricultural uses of municipal, animal, and industrial by-products. Cons. Res. Rep. 44, USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.