GIS applications of deterministic solute transport models for regional-scale assessment of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone

Applications of GIS to the Modeling of Non-Point Source Pollutants in the Vadose Zone

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 69-100

  Corwin, Dennis L ^a  

^a U S SALINITY LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coupling; Deterministic models; Deterministic solute transport models; Geographic information system; Non point source pollutants; Regional scale assessment; Vadose zone

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103038006     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2136/sssaspecpub48.c5     Document Type: Chapter

References (216)

1. Agbu, P.A., D.J. Fehrenbacher, and I.J. Jansen. 1990a. Soil property relationships with SPOT satellite digital data in east central Illinois. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:807-812.
2. Agbu, P.A., D.J. Fehrenbacher, and I.J. Jansen. 1990b. Statistical comparison of SPOT spectral maps with field soil maps. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:807-812.
3. American Society for Testing Materials. 1984. Standard practice for evaluating environmental fate models of chemicals. Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
4. Amorocho, J. 1961. Discussion on “Predicting storm runoff on small experimental watershed,” by N.E. Minshall. J. Hydraulic Div., Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 87(HY2):185-191.
5. Argantesi, F., and L. Olivi. 1976. Statistical sensitivity analysis of a simulation model for biomass-nutrient dynamics in aquatic ecosystems, p. 389-393. In Proc. 4th Summer Computer Simulation Conf. Simulation Council, LaJolla, CA.
6. Baker, CP., and E.C. Panciera. 1990. A geographic information system for groundwater system planning. J. Soil Water Conserv. 45:246-248.
7. Banton, O., and J.-P. Villeneuve. 1989. Evaluation of groundwater vulnerability to pesticides: A Comparison between the pesticide DRASTIC index and the PRZM leaching quantiles. J. Contam. Hydrol. 4:285-296.
8. Beck, M.B. 1987. Water quality modeling: A review of the analysis of certainty. Water Resour. Res. 23:1393-1442.
9. Beven, K.J. 1989a. Changing ideas in hydrology: The case of physically-based models. J. Hydrol. 105:157-172.
10. Beven, K.J. 1989b. Interflow. In H.J. Morel-Seytoux (ed.) Unsaturated flow in hydrological modelling. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
11. Bhaskar, N.R., W.P. James, and R.S. Devulapalli. 1992. Hydrologic parameter estimation using geographic information system. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 118(5):492-512.
12. Biggar, J.W., and D.R. Nielsen. 1976. Spatial variability of the leaching characteristics of a field soil. Water Resour. Res. 12:78-84.
13. Binley, A.M., and K.J. Beven. 1991. Physically-based modelling of catchment hydrology: A likelihood approach to reducing uncertainty, p. 75-88. In D.G. Farmer and M.J. Rycroft (ed.) Computer modelling in environmental sciences. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
14. Bleecker, M., S.D. DeGloria, J.L. Hutson, R.B. Bryant, and R.J. Wagenet. 1995. Mapping atrazine leaching potential with integrated environmental databases and simulation models. J. Soil Water Conserv. 50(4):388-394.
15. Bleecker, M., J.L. Hutson, and S.W. Waltman. 1990. Mapping groundwater contamination potential using integrated simulation modeling and GIS. p. 319-328. In Proc. of the Application of Geographic Systems, Simulation Models, and Knowledge-Based Systems for Landuse Management. Virginia Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA. 12-14 Nov. 1990.
16. Bobba, A.G., R.P. Bukata, and J.H. Jerome. 1992. Digitally processed satellite data as a tool in detecting potential groundwater flow systems. J. Hydrol. 131:25-62.
17. Bobba, A.G., VP. Singh, and L. Bengtsson. 1995. Application of uncertainty analysis to groundwater pollution modeling. Environ. Geol. 26:89-96.
18. Boniol, D., D. Munch, and M. Williams. 1993. Mapping recharge to the Floridan aquifer using a geographic information system, p. 115-126. In Proc. of the 13th Annual Environmental Systems Research Inst. User Conf., Palm Springs, CA. 24-28 May 1993. Environ. Syst. Res. Inst., Redlands, CA.
19. Bouma, J. 1989. Using soil survey data for quantitative land evaluation. Adv. Soil Sci. 9:177-213.
20. Bouma, J., and H.A.J, van Lanen. 1987. Transfer functions and threshold values: From soil characteristics to land qualities, p. 106-110. In K.J. Beck et al. (ed.) Proc. of the Int. Workshop on Quantified Land Evaluation Procedures, Washington, DC. 27 Apr.-2 May 1986. Int. Inst, for Aerospace Surv. and Earth Sci., Ensehede, the Netherlands
21. Burges, S.J., and D.P. Lettenmaier. 1975. Probabilistic methods in stream quality management. Water Resour. Bull. 11:115-130.
22. Burrough, P.A. 1996. Opportunities and limitations of GIS-based modeling of solute transport at the regional scale, p. 19-38. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
23. Butters, G.L., W.A. Jury, and EE Ernst. 1989. Field scale transport of bromide in an unsaturated soil: 1. Experimental methodology and results. Water Resour. Res. 25:1575-1581.
24. Carlson, T.N. 1985. Regional scale estimates of surface moisture availability and thermal inertia using remote thermal measurements. Remote Sens. Rev. 1:197-247.
25. Carlson, T.N., E.M. Perry, and T.J. Schmugge. 1990. Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agric. For. MeteoroL 52:45-69.
26. Carsel, R.F., L.A. Mulkey, M.N. Lorber, and L.B. Baskin. 1985. The pesticide root zone model (PRZM): A procedure for evaluating pesticide leaching threats to groundwater. Ecol. Model. 30:49-69.
27. Chaturvedi, L., K.R. Carver, J.C. Harlan, G.D. Hancock, F.V Small, and K.J. Dalstead. 1983. Mulit-spectral remote sensing of saline seeps. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GE-21(3):239-251.
28. Corwin, D.L., and J.D. Rhoades. 1988. The use of computer-assisted mapping techniques to delineate potential areas of salinity development in soils: II. Field verification of the threshold model approach. Hilgardia 56(2):8-32.
29. Corwin, D.L., and J.D. Rhoades. 1990. Establishing soil electrical conductivity - depth relations from electromagnetic induction measurements. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 21(11&12):861-901.
30. Corwin, D.L., M. Sorensen, and J.D. Rhoades. 1989. Field-testing of models which identify soils susceptible to salinity development. Geoderma 45:31-64.
31. Corwin, D.L., P.J. Vaughan, H. Wang, J.D. Rhoades, and D.G. Cone. 1993a. Coupling a solute transport model to a GIS to predict solute loading to the groundwater for a non-point source pollutant, p. 485-492. In Proc. of the ASAE Application of Advanced Information Technologies: Effective Management of Natural Resources, Spokane, WA. 18-19 June 1993. Am. Soc. of Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
32. Corwin, D.L., P.J. Vaughan, H. Wang, J.D. Rhoades, and D.G. Cone. 1993b. Predicting areal distributions of salt-loading to the groundwater. Pap. 932566. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
33. Corwin, D.L., and B.L. Waggoner. 1991a. TETrans: A user-friendly functional model of solute transport. Water Sci. Tech. 24(6):57-65.
34. Corwin, D.L., and B.L. Waggoner. 1991b. TETrans: Solute transport modeling software user’s guide (IBM and Macintosh versions). U.S. Salinity Lab. Publ. 121 and 123. USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA.
35. Corwin, D.L., B.L. Waggoner, and J.D. Rhoades. 1991. A functional model of solute transport that accounts for bypass. J. Environ. Qual. 20(3):647-658.
36. Corwin, D.L., J.W. Werle, and J.D. Rhoades. 1988. The use of computer-assisted mapping techniques to delineate potential areas of salinity development in soils: I. A conceptual introduction. Hilgardia 56(2):1-17.
37. Cressie, N.A.C. 1991. Statistics for spatial data. Wiley Interscience, New York.
38. Csillag, F., L. Pasztor, and L.L. Biel. 1993. Spectral band selection for the characterization of salinity status of soils. Remote Sens. Environ. 43:231-242.
39. Dagan, G., and E. Bressler. 1979. Solute dispersion in unsaturated heterogeneous soil at the field scale: I. Theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:461-467.
40. Daily, W., A. Ramirez, D. LaBreque, and J. Nitao. 1992. Electrical resistivity tomography of vadose water movement. Water Resour. Res. 28(5): 1429-1442.
41. Dane, J.H., and F.J. Molz. 1991. Physical measurements in subsurface hydrology, p. 270-279. In Reviews of geophysics. Supplement. U.S. Natl. Rep. to Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 1987-1990. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC.
42. Darling, M.E., and L.E. Hubbard. 1994. Application of a geographic information system for regrid-ding a ground-water flow model of the Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system, Walla Walla River basin, Oregon-Washington. In USGS Water-Resour. Invest. Rep. 89-4179. U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO.
43. DeJong, E., A.K. Ballantyne, D.R. Cameron, and D.W.L. Read. 1979. Measurement of apparent electrical conductivity of soils by an electromagnetic induction probe to aid salinity surveys. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:810-812.
44. DeRoo, A.P.J., L. Hazelhoff, and P.A. Burrough. 1989. Soil erosion modelling using ‘ANSWERS’ and geographical information systems. Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 14:517-532.
45. DeRoo, A.P.J., L. Hazelhoff, and G.B.M. Heuvelink. 1992. Estimating the effects of spatial variability of infiltration on the output of a distributed runoff and erosion model using Monte Carlo methods. Hydrol. Processes 6:127-143.
46. Dettinger, M.D., and J.L. Wilson. 1981. First order analysis of uncertainty in numerical methods of groundwater flow: 1. Mathematical development. Water Resour. Res. 17(1):149-61.
47. Diaz, L., and J. Herrero. 1992. Salinity estimates in irrigated soils using electromagnetic induction. Soil Sci. 154(2): 151-157.
48. Donigan, A.S., Jr, and P.S.C. Rao. 1986. Overview of terrestrial processes and modeling, p. 3-35. In S.C. Hern and S.M. Melancon (ed.) Vadose zone modeling of organic pollutants. Lewis Publ., Chelsea, MI.
49. Doolittle, J.A. 1987. Using ground-penetrating radar to increase the quality and efficiency of soil surveys, p. 11-32. In W.U. Reybold and G.W. Petersen (ed.) Soil survey techniques. SSSA Spec. Publ. 20. SSSA, Madison, WI.
50. Doolittle, J.A., K.A. Sudduth, N.R. Kitchen, and S.J. Indorante. 1994. Estimating depths to claypans using electromagnetic induction methods. J. Soil Water Conserv. 49(6):572-575.
51. Drayton, R.S., B.M. Wilde, and J.H.K. Harris. 1992. Geographic information system approach to distributed modelling. Hydrol. Processes 6:361-368.
52. Duda, A.M. 1993. Addressing nonpoint sources of water pollution must become an international priority. Water Sci. Technol. 28(3-5):1-11.
53. El-Kadi, A.I., A.A. Oloufa, A.A. Eltahan, and H.U. Malik. 1994. Use of a geographic information system in site-specific ground-water modeling. Ground Water. 32:617-625.
54. Ellsworth, T.R. 1996. Influence of transport variability structure on parameter estimation and model discrimination, p. 101-130. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
55. Engman, E.T. 1986. Hydrologic research before and after AgRISTARS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. GE-24. 1:5-11.
56. Evans, B.M., and W.L. Myers. 1990. A GIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC. J. Soil Water Conserv. 45(2):242-245.
57. Everitt, J H., A.H. Gerbermann, and J.A. Cuellar. 1977. Distinguishing saline from nonsaline range-lands with Skylab imagery. Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens. 43:1041-1047.
58. Feddes, R A., M. Menenti, P. Kabat, and W.G.M. Bastiaanssen. 1993. Is large-scale inverse modelling of unsaturated flow with areal average evaporation and surface soil moisture as estimated from remote sensing feasible? J. Hydrol. 143:125-152.
59. Geleta, S., G.J. Sabbagh, J.F. Stone, R.L. Elliott, H.P. Mapp, J. Bernardo, and K.B. Watkins. 1994. Importance of soil and cropping systems in the development of regional water quality policies. J. Environ. Qual. 23:36-32.
60. Gilliland, M.W., and W. Baxter-Potter. 1987. A geographic information system to predict non-point source pollution potential. Water Resour. Bull. 23(2):281-291.
61. Goodchild, M.F. 1993. The state of GIS for environmental problem-solving, p. 8-15. In M.F. Good-child et al. (ed.) Environmental modeling with GIS. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
62. Grayson, R.B., G. Bloschl, R.D. Barling, and I.D. Moore. 1993. Process, scale and constraints to hydrologic modelling in GIS. p. 83-92. In K. Kovar and H. P. Nachtnebel (ed.) Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources. Int. Assoc. of Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 211. HydroGIS 93. Vienna, Austria. 19-22 Apr. 1993. IAHS Press, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England.
63. Grayson, R.B., I.D. Moore, and T.A. McMahon. 1992. Physically-based hydrologic modeling: II. Is the concept realistic? Water Resour. Res. 26:2659-2666.
64. Greenhouse, J.P., and D.D. Slaine. 1983. The use of reconnaissance electromagnetic methods to map contaminant migration. Ground Water Monit. Rev. 3(2):47-59.
65. Halliday, S.L., and M.L. Wolfe. 1991. Assessing ground water pollution potential from nitrogen fertilizer using a geographic information system. Water Resour. Bull. 27(2):237-245.
66. Hamlett, J.M., D.A. Miller, R.L. Day, G.W. Peterson, G.M. Baumer, and J. Russo. 1992. Statewide GIS-based ranking of watersheds for agricultural pollution prevention. J. Soil Water Conserv. 47(5):399-404.
67. Hammen, J.L., and P.J. Gerla. 1994. A geographic information systems approach to wellhead protection. Water Resour. Bull. 30(5):833-840.
68. He, C, J.F. Riggs, and Y.T. Kang. 1993. Integration of geographic information systems and a computer model to evaluate impacts of agricultural runoff on water quality. Water Resour. Bull. 29:891-900.
69. Heatwole, CD., and V.O. Shanholtz. 1991. Targeting animal waste pollution potential using a geographic information system. Appl. Eng. Agric. 7:692-698.
70. Heidtke, T.M., and M.T. Auer. 1993. Application of a GIS-based nonpoint source nutrient loading model for assessment of land development scenarios and water quality in Owasco Lake, New York. Water Sci. Technol. 28(3-5):595-604.
71. Hendrix, W.G., and D.J.A. Buckley. 1992. Use of a geographic information system for selection of sites for land application of sewage waste. J. Soil Water Conserv. 3:271-275.
72. Hession, W.C, and V.O. Shanholtz. 1988. A geographic information system for targeting non-point source agricultural pollution. J. Soil Water Conserv. 43(3):264-266.
73. Hick, P.T., and W.R.G. Russell. 1990. Some spectral considerations for remote sensing of soil salinity. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28:417-431.
74. Hillel, D. 1986. Modeling in soil physics: A critical review, p. 35-42. In Future developments in soil science research. SSSA Misc. Publ. SSSA, Madison WI.
75. Hinaman, K.C. 1993. Use of a geographic information system to assemble input-data sets for a finite-difference model of ground-water flow. Water Resour. Bull. 29(3):401-405.
76. Hobbs, R.J., and H.A. Mooney (ed.). 1990. Remote sensing of biosphere functioning. Ecol. Stud. 79. Springer-Verlag, New York.
77. Hopkins, R.B., Jr., and J.C Clausen. 1985. Land use monitoring and assessment for nonpoint source pollution control, p. 25-29. In Perspective on nonpoint source pollution. USEPA, Kansas City, MO.
78. Huang, X., T.J. Lyons, R.C.G. Smith, and J.M. Hacker. 1995. Estimation of land surface parameters using satellite data. Hydrol. Processes 9:631-643.
79. Humenik, F.J., M.D. Smolen, and S.A. Dressing. 1987. Pollution from nonpoint sources: Where we are and where we should go. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21(8):737-742.
80. Hutson, J.L. 1993. Applying one-dimensional deterministic chemical fate models on a regional scale. Geoderma. 60:201-212.
81. Hutson, J.L., and R.J. Wagenet. 1993. A pragmatic field-scale approach for modeling pesticides. J. Environ. Qual. 22:494-499.
82. Jackson, T.J., and T.J. Schmugge. 1986. Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture. Adv. Hydrosci. 14:123-159.
83. Jakubauskas, M.E., J.L. Whistler, M.E. Dillworth, and E.A. Martinko. 1992. Classifying remotely sensed data for use in an agricultural non-point source pollution model. J. Soil Water Conserv. 47(2): 179-183.
84. Jaynes, D.B., J.M. Novak, T.B. Moorman, and CA. Cambardella. 1995. Estimating herbicide partition coefficients from electromagnetic induction measurements. J. Environ. Qual. 24:36-41.
85. Joao, E.M., and S.J. Walsh. 1992. GIS implications for hydrologic modeling: Simulation of nonpoint pollution generated as a consequence of watershed development scenarios. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 16:43-63.
86. Johannsen, C.J., and J.L. Sanders (ed.). 1982. Remote sensing for resource management. Soil Water Conserv. Soc, Ankeny, LA.
87. Journel, A.G. 1996. Geostatistics: Tools for advanced spatial modeling in GIS. p. 39-55. In D. L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
88. Jupp, D.L.B., J. Walker, J.D. Kalma, and T. McVicar. 1990. Using thermal remote sensing to monitor land degradation and salinization in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia. In Proc. of the 23rd Int. Symp. on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Bangkok, Thailand. 18-25 Apr. 1990. ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI.
89. Jury, W.A. 1982. Simulation of solute transport using a transfer function model. Water Resour. Res. 18:363-368.
90. Jury, W.A. 1986. Spatial variability of soil properties, p. 245-269. In S.C. Hern and S.M. Melancon (ed.) Vadose zone modeling of organic pollutants. Lewis Publ., Chelsea, MI.
91. Kachanoski, R.G., E.G. Gregorich, and I.J. Van Wesenbeeck. 1988. Estimating spatial variations of soil water content using noncontacting electromagnetic inductive methods. Can. J. Soil Sci. 68:715-722.
92. Kellogg, R.L., M.S. Maizel, and D.W. Goss. 1994. The potential for leaching of agrichemicals used in crop production: A national perspective. J. Soil Water Conserv. 49(3):294-298.
93. Kernodle, J.M., and R.D. Philip. 1989. Using a geographic information system to develop a groundwater model, p. 191-202. In Proc. of the 23rd Annual AWRA Conf. and Symp. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Bethesda, MD.
94. Khakural, B.R., and PC. Robert. Soil nitrate leaching potential indices: Using a simulation model as a screening system. J. Environ. Qual. 22:839-845.
95. Khan, M.A., and T. Liang. 1989. Mapping pesticide contamination potential. Environ. Manage. 13(2):233-242.
96. King, A.W. 1991. Translating models across scales in the landscape, p. 479-517. In M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner (ed.) Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York.
97. Klemes, V. 1986. Dilettantism in hydrology: Transition or destiny? Water Resour. Res. 22:177S-188S.
98. Kung, K.-J.S., and S.V Donohue. 1991. Improved solute-sampling protocol in a sandy vadose zone using ground-penetrating radar. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:1543-1545.
99. Kung, K.-J.S., and Z.-B. Lu. 1993. Using ground-penetrating radar to detect layers of discontinuous dielectric constant. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57:335-340.
100. Lam, D. C.L., and D.A. Swayne. 1991. Integrating database, spreadsheet, graphics, GIS, statistics, simulation models and expert systems: Experiences with the raison system on microcomputers, p. 429-459. In D.P. Loucks and J.R. da Costa (ed.) Decision support systems: Water resources planning. NATO ASI Ser. Vol. G26. NATO Adv. Res. Workshop on Computer Support Systems for Water Resources Planning and Management, Eiriceiria, Portugal. 24-28 Sept. 1990. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
101. Lee, M.T., and D.C. White. 1992. Applications of GIS databases and water quality modeling for agricultural nonpoint source pollution control. Water Resources Center Rep. 214. Water Resour. Ctr., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana.
102. Lesch, S.M., J.D. Rhoades, L.J. Lund, and D.L. Corwin. 1992. Mapping soil salinity using calibrated electromagnetic measurements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:540-548.
103. Lesch, S.M., D.J. Strauss, and J.D. Rhoades. 1995. Spatial prediction of soil salinity using electromagnetic induction techniques: 1. Statistical prediction models: A comparison of multiple linear regression and cokriging. Water Resour. Res. 31(2):373-386.
104. Levine, D.A., C.T. Hunsaker, S.P. Timmins, and J.J. Beauchamp. 1993. A geographic information system approach to modeling nutrient and sediment transport. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Publ. 3993. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge, TN.
105. Loague, K. 1991. The impact of land use on estimates of pesticide leaching potential: Assessments and uncertainties. J. Contam. Hydrol. 8:157-175.
106. Loague, K. 1993. Simulation of organic chemical movement in Hawaii soils with PRZM: 3. Calibration. Pacific Sci. 46(3):353-373.
107. Loague, K. 1994. Regional scale ground-water vulnerability estimates: Impact of reducing data uncertainties for assessments in Hawaii. Ground Water. 32(4):605-616.
108. Loague, K., and R.E. Green. 1990. Uncertainty in areal estimates of pesticide leaching potential, p. 162-167. In Trans, of the 14th Int. Congress of Soil Science. Int. Soc. of Soil Sci., Kyoto, Japan, 13-17 Aug. 1990. ISSS, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
109. Loague, K., R.E. Green, T.W. Giambelluca, T.C. Liang, and R.S. Yost. 1990. Impact of uncertainty in soil, climatic, and chemical information in a pesticide leaching assessment. J. Contam. Hydrol. 5:171-194.
110. Loague, K.M., R.S. Yost, R.E. Green, and T.C. Liang. 1989. Uncertainty in a pesticide leaching assessment for Hawaii. J. Contam. Hydrol. 4:139-161.
111. Lytle, D.J. 1993. Digital soils databases in the United States, p. 386-391. In M.F.Goodchild et al. (ed.) Environmental modeling with GIS. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
112. Maidment, D.R. 1993. GIS and hydrologic modeling, p. 147-167. In M.F. Goodchild et al. (ed.) Environmental modeling with GIS. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
113. Mazac, O., M. Cislerova, and T. Vogel. 1988. Application of geophysical methods in describing spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the zone of aeration. J. Hydrol. 103:117-126.
114. McBride, R.A., A.M. Gordon, and S.C. Shrive. 1990. Estimating forest soil quality from terrain measurements of apparent electrical conductivity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:290-293.
115. Meeks, Y.J., and J.D. Dean. 1990. Evaluating ground-water vulnerability to pesticides. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 116(5):693-707.
116. Merchant, J.W., D.O. Whittemore, J.L. Whistler, CD. McElwee, and J.J. Woods. 1987. Groundwater pollution hazard assessment: A GIS approach, p. 103-115. In Proc. of the Int. GIS Symp. Vol. III. Arlington, VA. 15-18 Nov. 1987. Assoc. of Am. Geographers, Washington, DC.
117. Minshall, N.E. 1960. Predicting storm runoff on small experimental watersheds. J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 86(HY8): 17-38.
118. Mitchell, J.K., B.A. Engel, R. Srinivasan, and S.S.Y. Wang. 1993. Validation of AGNPS for small watersheds using an integrated AGNPS/GIS system. Water Resour. Bull. 29:833-842.
119. Moore, I.D., and J.C Gallant. 1991. Overview of hydrologic and water quality modeling, p. 1-8. In I.D. Moore (ed.) Modeling the fate of chemicals in the environment. Ctr. for Resour. and Environ. Stud., the Australian Natl. Univ., Canberra.
120. Moran, M.S., T.R. Clarke, W.P. Kustas, M. Weltz, and S.A. Amer. 1994a. Evaluation of hydrologic parameters in a semiarid rangeland using remotely sensed spectral data. Water Resour. Res. 30(5):1287-1297.
121. Moran, M.S., W.P. Kustas, A. Vidal, D.I. Stannard, J.H. Blanford, and W.D. Nichols. 1994b. Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid range-land. Water Resour. Res. 30(5): 1339-1349.
122. Munnink, J.M. E.O., and W. Geirnaert. 1991. GIS assisted design of a monitoring network for non-point groundwater pollution in the province of North-Holland, the Netherlands. Hydrogeologie 1:91-104.
123. Myhre, B.E., and S.F. Shih. 1993. Using SPOT satellite data and geographic information systems for agriculture and silviculture land-use inventories. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 52:121-126.
124. Myhre, B.E., S.F. Shih, and D.A. Still. 1992. Using remote sensing and geographical information system in water-quality assessment. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 51:34-38.
125. Nielsen, D.R., J.W. Biggar, and K.T. Erh. 1973. Spatial variability of field-measured soil-water properties. Hilgardia 42(7):215-259.
126. Nielsen, R., T. Sobecki, R. Bigler, and D. Lytic 1996. Application of soil survey attribute data to GIS pollution assessment models, p. 175-183. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
127. Nofziger, D.L., and A.G. Hornsby. 1986. A microcomputer-based management tool for chemical movement in soil. Appl. Agric. Res. 1(1):50-56.
128. Nyerges, T.L. 1993. Understanding the scope of GIS: Its relationship to environmental modeling, p. 75-93. In M.F. Goodchild et al. (ed.) Environmental modeling with GIS. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
129. Obyedkov, Y.L., and I.S. Zektser. 1993. Application of GIS for study of groundwater flow in arid regions using remote sensing data. p. 117-1126. In K. Kovar and H. P. Nachtnebel (ed.) Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources. Int. Assoc. of Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 211. HydroGIS 93. Vienna, Austria. 19-22 Apr. 1993. IAHS Press, Wallinford, Oxfordshire, England.
130. Oluic, M., and S. Kovacevic. 1983. Remote sensing and geophysical methods in groundwater investigations. Nat. Resour. Forum 7(4):363-371.
131. Opaluch, J.J., and K. Segerson. 1991. Aggregate analysis of site specific pollution problems: The case of groundwater contamination from agriculture. Northeastern J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 20(1):83-97.
132. Oslin, A.J., R.A. Westsmith, and D.S. Morgan. 1988. STREAMS: A basin and soil erosion model using CADD, remote sensing and GIS to facilitate watershed management, p. 470-477. In Proc. of the ASAE Int. Symp. on Modeling Agriculture, Forest, and Rangeland Hydrology, Chicago, IL. 12-13 Dec. 1988. Am. Soc. of Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
133. Ottle, C, D. Vidal-Madjar, and G. Girard. 1989. Remote sensing applications to hydrological modeling. J. Hydrol. 105:369-384.
134. Palacky, G.J. 1987. Clay mapping using electromagnetic methods. First Break. 5(8):295-306.
135. Panuska, J.C., and I.D. Moore. 1991. Water quality modeling: Terrain analysis and the agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNPS) model. Water Resour. Res. Ctr. Tech. Rep. 132. Water Resour. Res. Ctr., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul.
136. Pelletier, R.E. 1985. Evaluating nonpoint pollution using remotely sensed data in soil erosion models. J. Soil Water Conserv. 40(4):332-335.
137. Petach, M.C., R.J. Wagenet, and S.D. DeGloria. 1991. Regional water flow and pesticide leaching using simulations with spatially distributed data. Geoderma 48:245-269.
138. Philip, J.R. 1991. Soils, natural science and models. Soil Sci. 161:91-98.
139. Pickus, J., M. Hewitt, D. Maidment, D. Song, and M. Burkart. 1993. A GIS framework to assess the impacts of agricultural management systems on the environment, p. 139-148. In Proc. of the 13th Annual Environ. Syst. Res. Inst. User Conf. Vol. 3. Palm Springs, CA. 24-28 May 1993. Environ. Syst. Res. Inst., Redlands, CA.
140. Pimental, D. (ed.). 1993. World soil erosion and conservation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
141. Poiani, K.A., and B.L. Bedford. 1995. GIS-based nonpoint source pollution modeling: Considerations for wetlands. J. Soil Water Conserv. 50(6):613-619.
142. Potter, W.B., M.W. Gilliland, and M.D. Long, 1986. A geographic information system for prediction of runoff and non-point source pollution potential, p. 437-446. In Hydrologic applications of space technology. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 160. IAHS Press, Wallinford, Oxfordshire, England.
143. Powers, R.M., PR. Davis, and M.A. Ross. 1989. Modeling the hydrologic impacts of phosphate mining and reclamation in central Florida. In F. Davis (ed.) Proc. of ASCE Conference on Water Laws and Management. Am. Soc. of Civil Eng., New York.
144. Preti, F., and C. Lubello. 1993. The distributed modelling of agricultural nonpoint pollution at basin scale: Experimental research and model validation. Water Sci. Technol. 28(3-5):669-674.
145. Rahman, S., G.F. Vance, and L.C. Munn. 1994. Detecting salinity and soil nutrient deficiencies using SPOT satellite data. Soil Sci. 158(1):31-38.
146. Rango, A. 1994. Application of remote sensing methods to hydrology and water resources. Hydrol. Sci. J. 39(4):309-320.
147. Rao, P.S.C., A.G. Hornsby, and R.E. Jessup. 1985. Indices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 44:1-8.
148. Raper, R.L., L.E. Asmussen, and J.B. Powell. 1990. Sensing hard pan with ground-penetrating radar. Trans. ASAE 33(1)41-46.
149. Regan, J.J. 1990. DRASTIC: Ground water pollution potential mapping in Arizona counties using a PC-based GIS. p. 232-240. In Protecting natural resources with remote sensing: The third Forest Service Remote Sensing Applications Conf., Tucson, AZ. 9-13 Apr. 1990. Am. Soc. for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD.
150. Reybold, W.U., and G.W. TeSelle. 1989. Soil geographic data bases. J. Soil Water Conserv. 44(1):28-29.
151. Rhoades, J.D., and D.L. Corwin. 1981. Determining soil electrical conductivity-depth relations using an inductive electromagnetic soil conductivity meter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:255-260.
152. Richert, S.E., S.E. Young, and C. Johnsons. 1992. Seepage: A GIS model for groundwater pollution potential. Pap. 922592. Am Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
153. Ripley, B.D. 1988. Statistical inference for spatial processes. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
154. Roaza, H., R.M. Roaza, and J.R. Wagner. 1993. Integrating geographic information system in the analysis of groundwater flow, contaminant transport and saltwater intrusion using the SWICHA finite element modeling technique, p. 397-404. In Proc. of the Symp. on Geographic Information Systems and Water Resources. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Mobile, AL. 14-17 Mar. 1993. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., Bethesda, MD.
155. Rogowski, A.S. 1993. Using GIS to evaluate non-point source nitrate pollution potential at the farm and watershed scale, p. 201-214. In Proc. from the Int. Workshop on Development of Water-Related Inf. Syst., Washington, DC. 19-20 May 1993.
156. Ross, M.A., and B.E. Ross. 1989. Development of an integrated GIS/hydrologic model on a 386 microcomputer for reclmation design. In Proc. of ASCE Microcomputers in Civil Engineering Conf. Am. Soc. of Civil Eng., New York.
157. Ross, M.A., and P.D. Tara. 1993. Integrated hydrologic modeling with geographic information systems. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 119(2):129-140.
158. Rosswall, T, R.G. Woodmansee, and P.G. Risser. 1988. Scales and global change, SCOPE 35. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
159. Rudra, R.R, W.T. Dickinson, and P. Donaghy. 1991. Watershed management using NPS model and GIS. p. 1201-1209. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Computer Applications in Water Resources, Tamsui, Taiwan. 3-6 July 1991.
160. Rundquist, D.C., D.A. Rodekohr, A.J. Peters, R.L. Ehrman, L. Di, and G. Murray. 1991. Statewide groundwater-vulnerability assessment in Nebraska using the DRASTIC/GIS model. Geocarto Int. 2:51-58.
161. Schanz, R.W, and A. Salhotra. 1992. Evaluation of the Rackwitz-Fiessler uncertainty analysis method for environmental fate and transport models. Water Resour. Res. 28(4):1071-1079.
162. Schmugge, T, T.J. Jackson, W.P. Kustas, R. Roberts, and R. Parry. 1994. Push broom microwave radiometer observations of surface soil moisture in Monsoon '90. Water Resour. Res. 30(5): 1321-1327.
163. Schulin, R., M.Th. van Genuchten, H. Fluhler, and P. Ferlin. 1987. An experimental study of solute transport in a stony field soil. Water Resour. Res. 9:1785-1795.
164. Schultz, G.A. 1993. Application of GIS and remote sensing in hydrology, p. 127-140. In K. Kovar and H.P. Nachtnebel (ed.) Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources. Int. Assoc. of Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 211. HydroGIS 93. Vienna, Austria. 19-22 Apr. 1993. IAHS, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England.
165. Scott, H.D., A.B. Johnson, and PA. Smith. 1994. Use of GIS and two simulation models to estimate the transport of pesticides to ground water in Woodruff County, Arkansas. Arkansas Plant Board. Misc. Rep. 149. Arkansas Water Resour.Ctr., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
166. Shaffer, M.J., M.D. Hall, B.K. Wylie, and D.G. Wagner. 1996. NLEAP/GIS approach for identifying and mitigating regional N03-N leaching, p. 283-294. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
167. Shaffer, M.J., A.D. Halvorson, and F.J. Pierce. 1991. Nitrate leaching and economic analysis package (NLEAP): Model description and application, p. 285-322. In R.F. Follett et al. (ed.) Managing nitrogen for groundwater quality and farm profitability. SSSA, Madison, WI.
168. Sharpley, A., and M. Meyer. 1994. Minimizing agricultural nonpoint-source impacts: A symposium overview. J. Environ. Qual. 23(1): 1-3.
169. Shih, S.F., and J.D. Jordan. 1993. Use of Landsat thermal-IR data and GIS in soil moisture assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 119(5):868-879.
170. Shonk, J.L., L.D. Gaultney, D.G. Schulze, and G.E. Van Scoyoc. 1991. Spectroscopic sensing of soil organic matter content. Trans. ASAE 34(5): 1978-1984.
171. Simmons, C.S. 1982. A stochastic-convective transport representation of dispersion in one-dimensional porous media systems. Water Resour. Res. 18:1193-1214.
172. Sivertun, A., L.E. Reinelt, and R. Castensson. 1988. A GIS method to aid in non-point source critical area analysis. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 2:365-378.
173. Slavich, P.G. and G.H. Petterson. 1990. Estimating average rootzone salinity from electromagnetic induction (EM-38) measurements. Aust. J. Soil Res. 28:453-463.
174. Smith, M.B. 1993. A GIS-based distributed parameter hydrologic model for urban areas. Hydrol. Processes 7:45-61.
175. Smith, M.B., and M. Brilly. 1992. Automated grid element ordering for GIS-based overland flow modeling. Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens. 58(5):579-585.
176. Smith, RA., H.D. Scott, and T. Fugitt. 1994. Influence of geographic database scale on prediction of groundwater vulnerability to pesticides. J. Soil Contam. 3(3):285-298.
177. Steyaert, L.T. 1993. A perspective on the state of environmental simulation modeling, p. 16-30. In M.F. Goodchild et al. (eds.) Environmental modeling with GIS. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
178. Sudduth, K.A., and J.W Hummel. 1993. Soil organic matter and moisture sensing with a portable NIR spectrophotometer. Trans. ASAE 36(6): 1571-1582.
179. Sudduth, K.A., J.W. Hummel, and M.D. Cahn. 1991. Soil organic matter sensing: A developing science, p. 307-316. In Automated agriculture for the 21st century. ASAE Publ. 1191. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
180. Sudduth, K.A., N.R. Kitchen. 1993. Electromagnetic induction sensing of claypan depth. Pap. 931550. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI.
181. Summers, J.K., H.T. Wilson, and J. Kou. 1993. A method for quantifying the prediction uncertainties associated with water quality models. Ecol. Model. 65:161-176.
182. Taconet, O., R. Bernard, and D. Vidal-Madjar. 1986. Evaporation over an agricultural region using a surface flux/temperature model based on NOAA/AVHRR data. J. Climatol. Appl. Meteorol. 25:284-307.
183. Tiktak, A., A.M.A. van der Linden, and I. Leine. 1996. Application of GIS to the modeling of pesticide leaching on a regional scale in the Netherlands, p. 259-281. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 448. SSSA, Madison, WI.
184. Tim, U.S., and R. Jolly. 1994. Evaluating agricultural nonpoint-source pollution using integrated geographic information systems and hydrologic/water quality model. J. Environ. Qual. 23:25-35.
185. Tim, U.S., S. Mostaghimi, and V. O. Shanholtz. 1992. Identification of critical nonpoint pollution source areas using geographic information systems and hydrologic/water quality model. Water Resour. Bull. 28:877-887.
186. Tollner, E.W. 1994. Measurement of density and water content in soils with x-ray linescan and x-ray computed tomography. Trans. ASAE 37(6): 1741-1748.
187. Topp, G.C., J.L. Davis, and A.P. Annan. 1980. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurement in coaxial transmission lines. Water Resour. Res. 16:574-582.
188. Truman, C.C., H.F. Perkins, L.E. Asmussen, H.D. Allison. 1988. Using ground-penetrating radar to investigate variability in selected soil properties. J. Soil Water Conserv. 43(4):341-345.
189. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. National water quality inventory. 1988 Rep. to Congress. Office of Water. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
190. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. National water quality inventory. 1992 Rep. to Congress. Office of Water. U.S. Gov. Print. Office. Washington, DC.
191. Vandenbroucke, D., and J.V. Orshoven. 1991. From soil map to land information system using GIS. p. 1156-1164. In J. Harts et al. (ed.) Proc. of the 2nd European Conf. on Geographical Information Systems, Brussels. April 1991. EGIS Foundation, Utrecht, the Netherlands
192. van der Pol, R.M., P.J. Wierenga, and D.R. Nielsen. 1977. Solute movement in a field soil. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 41(1):10-14.
193. Van Wesenbeeck, I.J., and R.G. Kachanoski. 1991. Spatial scale dependence of in situ solute transport. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55(1):3-7.
194. Van Wesenbeeck, I.J., and R.G. Kachanoski. 1994. Effect of variable horizon thickness on solute transport. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58(5):31307-1316.
195. Vaughan, P.J., J. Simunek, D.L. Suarez, D.L. Corwin, and J.D. Rhoades. 1996. Unsatchemgeo: Modeling water flow and multicomponent solute transport in a GIS context, p. 235-246. In D.L. Corwin and K. Loague (ed.) Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone. SSSA Spec. Publ. 48. SSSA, Madison, WI.
196. Veneziano, D., R.K. Kulkarni, G. Luster, G. Rao, and A. Salhotra. 1987. Improving the efficiency of Monte Carlo simulation for groundwater transport models. In Proc. of the Conf. on Geostatis-tical, Sensitivity, and Uncertainty Methods for Groundwater Flow and Radionuclide Transport Modeling. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
197. Ventura, S.J., and K. Kim. 1993. Modeling urban nonpoint source pollution with a geographic information system. Water Resour. Bull. 29:189-198.
198. Vereecken, H., J. Diels, J. Van Orshoven, J. Feyen, and J. Bouma. 1992. Functional evaluation of pedotransfer functions for the estimation of soil hydraulic properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:1371-1378.
199. Wagenet, R.J. 1993. A review of pesticide leaching models and their application to field and laboratory data. p. 33-62. In A.A.M. DelRe et al. (ed.) Proc. of the 9th Symp. on Pesticide Chemistry: Degradation and Mobility of Xenobiotics, Piacenza, Italy. 11-13 Oct. 1993. Instituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambiéntale, Piacenza, Italy
200. Wagenet, R.J., J. Bouma, and R.B. Grossman. 1991. Minimum data sets for use of soil survey information in soil interpretive models, p. 161-182. In Spatial variabilities of soils and landforms. SSSA Spec. Publ. 28. SSSA, Madison, WI.
201. Wagenet, R.J., and J.L. Hutson. 1989. LEACHM leaching estimation and chemistry model. A process-based model of water and solute movements, transformations, plant uptake and chemical reactions in the unsaturated zone. Continuum Vol. 2. Version 2.0. Water Resour. Inst., Center for Environ. Res., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
202. Wagenet, R.J., and J.L. Hutson. 1995. Consequences of scale-dependency of chemical leaching models: A review of approaches, p. 169-184. In A.L. El-Kadi (ed.) Groundwater models for resources analysis and management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
203. Wagenet, R.J., and J.L. Hutson. 1996. Scale-dependency of solute transport modeling/GIS applications. J. Environ. Qual. 25: 499-510.
204. Walker, M., J. Curatolo, T. Brace, L. Wetherbee, and P. Landre. 1992. Final report: Hydrologic simulation and geographic information system application: Cayuta, Lamoka, and Waneta watersheds; nonpoint source assessment, Schuyler County. New York State Water Resour. Inst., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
205. Walsh, S.J. 1988. Geographic information systems: An instructional tool for earth science educators. J. Geogr. 87(1):17-25.
206. Warwick, J.J., and S.J. Haness. 1994. Efficacy of ARC/INFO GIS application to hydrologic modeling. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage. 120(3):366-381.
207. Wessman, C.A. 1991. Remote sensing of soil processes. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 34:479-493.
208. Williams, B.G., and G.C. Baker. 1982. An electromagnetic induction technique for reconnaissance surveys of soil salinity hazards. Aust. J. Soil Res. 20:107-118.
209. Williams, B.G., and D. Hoey. 1987. The use of electromagnetic induction to detect the spatial variability of the salt and clay contents of soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 25:21-27.
210. Wolfe, M.L. 1992. GIS-assisted input data set development for the finite element storm hydrograph model (FESHM). Appl. Eng. Agric. 8(2):221-227.
211. Wollenhaupt, N.C., J.L. Richardson, J.E. Foss, and E.C. Doll. 1986. A rapid method for estimating weighted soil salinity from apparent soil electrical conductivity measured with an above-ground electromagnetic induction meter. Can. J. Soil Sci. 66:315-321.
212. Wood, E.F., D.S. Lin, P. Troch, M. Mancini, and T. Jackson. 1993. Soil moisture estimation: Comparisons between hydrologic model estimates and remotely sensed estimates. In Proc. of the ESA/NASA Workshop on Passive Microwave Remote Sensing. Saint-Lary, France. 11-15 Jan. 1993.
213. Wösten, J.H.M., P.A. Finke, and M.J.W. Jansen. 1995. Comparison of class and continuous pedotransfer functions to generate soil hydraulic characteristics. Geoderma 66:227-237.
214. Wylie, B.K., M.J. Shaffer, M.K. Brodahl, D. Dubois, and D.G. Wagner. 1994. Predicting spatial distributions of nitrate leaching in northeast Colorado. J. Soil Water Conserv. 49(3):288-293.
215. Zhang, H., CT. Haan, and D.L. Nofziger. 1993a. An approach to estimating uncertainties in modeling transport of solutes through soils. J. Contam. Hydrol. 12:35-50.
216. Zhang, M., S. Geng, and P.W. Grant. 1993b. Using ARC/INFO and a simulation model to assess groundwater pesticide contamination, p. 107-114. In Proc. of the 13th Annual Environmental Systems Res. Inst. User Conf. Vol. 3. Palm Springs, CA. 24-28 May 1993. Environ. Syst. Res. Inst., Redlands, CA.