Sunflower insects

Sunflower Technology and Production

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 183-261

  Charlet, Laurence D ^a   Brewer, Gary J ^b   Franzmann, Bernard A ^c  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Foliage feeding species; Head feeding species; Insect species; Pollination; Root feeding species; Stem feeding species; Stored commodities; Sunflower

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103032033     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780891182276.ch05     Document Type: Chapter

References (367)

1. Adsule, Y.M., and M.Y. Kadam. 1979. Insecticidal control of bihar hairy caterpillar, Diacrisia obliqua Walker on sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. J. Mahar Agric. Univ. 4:80-82.
2. Adams, A.L., and J.C. Gaines. 1950. Sunflower insect control. J. Econ. Entomol. 43:181-184.
3. Allen, w.R., P.H. Westdal, C.F. Barrett, and w.L. Askew. 1954. Control of the sunflower maggot, Strauzia longipennis (Wied.) (Diptera: Trypetidae), with demeton. 85th Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 85:53-56.
4. Allsopp, P.G. 1977. Seedling pests of sunflowers…. cutworms and wireworms. Sunflower 1(5):10.
5. Allsopp, P.G. 1979. False wireworms in southern and central Queensland. Queensl. Agric. J. 105: 276-278.
6. Allsopp, P.G. 1981. Development, longevity and fecundity of the false wireworms Pterohelaeus darlingensis and P. alternatus (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). 1. Effect of constant temperature. Aust. J. Zool. 29:605-619.
7. Allsopp, P.G. 1984. The effect of day length on the rate of development, longevity and fecundity of the Rutherglen bug, Nysius yinitor Bergroth (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). p. 27-34. In Proc. 4th Aust. Appl. Entomol. Res. Conf. 1984. Adelaide, South Australia.
8. Allsopp, P.G., and B.E. Hitchcock. 1987. Soil insect pests in Australia: control alternatives to persistent organochlorine insecticides. p. 1-123. In Stand. Commun. Agric., Tech. Rep. Ser. 21.
9. Anderson, D.M. 1962. The weevil genus Smicronyx in America north of Mexico. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 113:185-372.
10. Anderson, M.D. 1989. Identification and evaluation of varietal resistance in sunflower to the sunflower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagne. M.S. thesis, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
11. Anderson, M.D., and GJ. Brewer. 1991. Mechanisms of hybrid resistance to the sunflower midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 299-303.
12. Archer, T.L., C.S. Manthe, C.E. Rogers, and E.D. Bynum, Jr. 1983. Evaluation of several insecticides for control of the sunflower moth. Southwest. Entomologist 8:54-56.
13. Arkhangelskii, N.N., and Y.P. Romanova. 1930. Pests of sunflower and castor oil plants in North Caucasian territory. Zashch. Rast. 6-7:199-216.
14. Arthur, A.P. 1978. The occurrence, life history, courtship, and mating behavior of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), in the Canadian prairie provinces. Can. Entomol. 110:913-916.
15. Arthur, A.P., and DJ. Bauer. 1981. Evidence of the northerly dispersal of the sunflower moth by warm winds. Environ. Entomol. 10:528-533.
16. Arthur, A.P., and SJ. Campbell. 1979. Pests of sunflower heads. Can. Agric. 24:23-25.
17. Arthur, A.P., and P.G. Mason. 1990. Distribution and abundance of the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Saskatchewan. Can. Entomol. 122:387-388.
18. Arthur, A.P., and Y.M. Powell. 1990. Description of the last-instar of Cochylis arthuri Dang (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) and characters for separating it from last-instar larva of Cochylis hospes Walsingham. Can. Entomol. 122:627-131.
19. Aslam, M., and G.E. Wilde. 1991a. Potential insect pests of sunflower in Kansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 64:109-112.
20. Aslam, M., and G.E. Wilde. 1991b. Sunflower moth control on sunflower planted on different dates in Kansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 64:51-59.
21. Attia, F.I. 1982. Comparative studies on the biology of Nysius yinitor Bergroth and N. cleyelandensis Evans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Gen. Appl. Entomol. 14:15-20.
22. Ayyanna, T., G.y’ Subbaratnam, and E. Dharmaraju. 1978. Pest complex on sunflower, Helianthus annuus Lin. in Andhra Pradesh. Ind. J. Entomol. 40:353-356.
23. Badenhausser, I., J. Lerin, and R. Bournoville. 1988. Studies on yield losses caused by two sucking pests of sunflower in France: Brachycaudus helichrysi (Hom. Aphididae) and Lygus spp. (Het. Miridae). p. 158-163. In Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Vol. 2, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
24. Bagnoli, B. 1975. Contributo alla conoscenza della entomofauna pronuba del girasole. Redia 56:135-145.
25. Balasubramanian, G., and S. Chelliah. 1985. Chemical control of pests of sunflower. Pesticides 19:21-22.
26. Ballanger, Y., R. Bournoville, F. Leclant, and A. Pouzet. 1985. Premieres observations sur la faune associee aux cultures de tournesol en France. p. 473-477. In Proc. 11th Int. Sunflower Conf., Mar Del Plata, Argentina. 10-13 March. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
27. BaneIjee, T.C., and N. Haque. 1983. Biology of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on sunflower. Ind. J. Agric. Soc. 53: 370-375.
28. BaneIjee, T.C., and N. Haque. 1985. Suitability and utilization of sunflower and climbing hemp-weed leaves by Diacrisia casignetum larvae. Zool. J. Syst. 112:1-9.
29. Barker, J.F. 1987. Influence of temperature on egg production in sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 20: 177-179.
30. Barker, I.F. 1991. Sunflower trichome defenses avoided by a sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 1. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 63:638-641.
31. Barker, I.F. 1993. Diapause in laboratory reared banded sunflower moths, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), in relation to temperature and photoperiod. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 65:431-434.
32. Barteneva, RV 1976. The virulence and threshold numbers of click beetles (Elateridae) on sunflower crops. p. 256-259. In Proc. 7th Int. Sunflower Conf., Krasnodar, USSR. 27 June-3 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
33. Beicari, A. 1985. Presenza di Acanthiophilus helianthi su girasole in Toscana. Inform. Fitopatol. 5:23-26.
34. Beregovoy, Y.H. 1985a. Appearance of first generation larvae of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in the central United States. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 58:739-742.
35. Beregovoy, Y.H. 1985b. Parasitism of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the central United States. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 58:732-736.
36. Beregovoy, Y.H., G.L. Hein, and R.B. Hammond. 1989. Variations in flight phenology and new data on the distribution of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae). Environ. Entomol. 18:273-277.
37. Beregovoy, Y.H., and J.G. Riemann. 1987. Infestation phenology of sunflowers by the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Cochylidae: Lepidoptera) in the Northern Plains. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 60:517-527.
38. Bergmarm, O.L., and c.Y. Oseto. 1990. Life tables of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) in the Northern Great Plains. Environ. Entomol. 19:1418-1421.
39. Bhosale, B.B., S.S. Shetgar, G.G. Bilapate, and G.M. Londhe. 1990. Chemical control of capitulum borer on sunflower. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 15: 113-114.
40. Bohlen, E. 1978. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Verlag, Berlin.
41. Boica, A.L., Jr., A.C. Bolonhezi, and J.P. Neto. 1984. Levantamento de insetos-pragas e seus inimigos naturais em girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), cultivado em primeira e segunda epoca, no municipio de selviria-ms. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 13:189-196.
42. Bottrell, D.G., R.D. Brigham, and L.B. Jordan. 1973. Carrot beetle: Pest status and bionomics on cultivated sunflower. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:86-90.
43. Bracken, G.K. 1991. A damage index for estimating yield loss in sunflowers caused by sunflower midge. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 71:81-85.
44. Brar, K.S., and G.S. Sandhu. 1974. Note on the screening of sunflower varieties for resistance against jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and Empoasca sp. Ind. J. Agric. Res. 8:185-186.
45. Brassard, D.W. 1976. Bionomics and rearing of Suleima helianthana (Riley) (Lepidoptera:Olethreutidae). M.S. thesis, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
46. Brewer, GJ. 1991. Oviposition and larval bionomics of two weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on sunflower. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84:67-71.
47. Brewer, GJ., and M.D. Anderson. 1990. Modification of the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by dietary phenols. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:2219-2224.
48. Brewer, GJ., M.D. Anderson, and R.R. Urs. 1994. Screening sunflower for tolerance to sunflower midge using the synthetic auxin 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 245-251.
49. Brewer, GJ., and L.D. Charlet. 1989. Resistance in sunflower to head infesting insects. North Dakota Farm Res. 46(5):23-24.
50. Brewer, GJ., and L.D. Charlet. 1995. Mechanisms of resistance to the red sunflower seed weevil in sunflower accessions. Crop Prot.14:501-503.
51. Brewer, GJ., and G. Schmidt. 1995. Trap cropping to manage the red sunflower seed weevil in oilseed sunflower. Am. J. Altern. Agric. 10: 183-186.
52. Brigham, R.D., C.A. Schaefer, and G.L. Teetes. 1974. Latest developments in biology and control of the carrot beetle, Bothynus gibbosus De Greer, a pest of sunflower in parts of the USA. p. 687-690. In Proc. 6th Int. Sunflower Conf., Bucharest, Romania. 22-24 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
53. Brink, J.E. 1923. The sunflower maggot (Straussia longipennis Wied.). 53rd Ann. Rep. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 51:72-74.
54. Brisley, H. R. 1925. Notes on the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Arizona. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 51:167-182.
55. Broadley, R.H. 1977. Heliothis… serious agricultural pests in Queensland. Queensl. Agric. J. 103:536-545.
56. Broadley, R.H. 1978. Insect pests of sunflower. Queensl. Agric. J. 104:307-314.
57. Broadley, R.H. 1984. Seasonal incidence and parasitism of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in south Queensland sunflowers. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 23: 145-146.
58. Broadley, R.H., and D.A. Ironside. 1980a. Insect pests of sunflower. Part 1. Queensl. Agric. J. 106:25-28.
59. Broadley, R.H., and D.A. Ironside. 1980b. Insect pests of sunflower. Part 2. Queensl. Agric. 1. 106:31-34.
60. Broadley, R.H., and P.D. Rossiter. 1980. Rutherglen bug control in sunflowers. Queensl. Agric. J. 106:408-410.
61. Broadley, R.H., and P.D. Rossiter. 1982. Incidence of Nysius spp. (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae) in south Queensland. Gen. Appl. Entomol. 14:69-71.
62. Broadley, R.H., B.W. Simpson, and C.H.S. Beavis. 1986. Damage by Nysius spp. (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae) in non-stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops. Gen. Appl. Entomol. 18:17-24.
63. Bujaki, G. 1984. Study of aphids damaging on sunflower plants in many regions of Hungary, in the period 1980-1984. Novenyvedelem 20:533-540.
64. Bujaki, G. 1986. The study of meadow bug damage in sunflower stands. Novenyvedelem 22: 113-115.
65. Bujaki, G., and M. Biro. 1986. The role of Heteroptera in transmitting the seedbome diseases of sunflower. Magyar Mikrobiol. Tarsasag Nagygulese Godollo 1-3: 17.
66. Bujaki, G., and Z. Horvath. 1992. Lygaeus (=Spilostethus) equestris L. (Het.: Lygaeidae), a pest of sunflower. p. 886-892. In Proc. 13th Int. Sunflower Conf., Vol. I, Pisa, Italy. 7-11 September. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
67. Bujaki, G., and Z. Manhertz. 1986. Study of insect populations active on the soil surface in sunflower stands in different parts of Hungary. Novenyvedelem 22:252.
68. Byers, M.E. 1987. Factors influencing gray seed weevil, Smicronyx sordidus (LeConte.) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) infestation and survival. M.S. thesis, South Dakota State Univ., Brookings.
69. Bynum, E.D., Jr., C.E. Rogers and T.L. Archer. 1985. Evaluation of new insecticide application strategies for controlling the sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on sunflower. J. Econ. Entomol. 78:933-936.
70. Campbell, w.v., and J.w. Van Duyn. 1977. Cultural and chemical control of Dectes texanus on soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 70:256-258.
71. Camprag, D. 1976. Leaf aphids (Aphidae, Homoptera)-an important problem in sunflower growing in north-east Yugoslavia. p. 261-265. In Proc. 7th Int. Sunflower Conf., Krasnodar, USSR. 27 June-3 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
72. Camprag, D., R. Almasi, R. Sekulic, T. Keresi, and P. Vukasovic. 1988a. A study of the occurrence and harmfulness of bugs (Heteroptera) on sunflower. p. 164-169. In Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
73. Camprag, D., and R. Sekulic. 1987. Harmful fauna on sunflowers in Yugoslavia and special review of the pests in Vojvodina Province. Savremena Poljoprivreda 35:79-91.
74. Camprag, D., R. Sekulic, T. Keresi, R. Almasi, and D. Stojanovic. 1986a. Influence of the attack of bugs Lygus rugulipennis Popp. (Heteroptera, Miridae) on the qualitative properties of sunflower. ZaStita Bilja 37:101-110.
75. Camprag, D., R. Sekulic, T. Keresi, R. Almasi, R. Thalji, and I. Balarin. 1986b. Several years’ studies of the occurrence of bugs of the Lygus (Heteroptera, Miridae) on sunflower in Vojvodina. Zastita Bilja 37:21-30.
76. Camprag, D., R. Sekulic, R. Thalji, T. Keresi, and R. Almasi. 1988b. Studies of the occurrence and harmfulness of aphids (Homoptera, Aphididae) on sunflower. p. 170-171. In Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Vol. 2, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
77. Cantrell, B. K. 1985. A fly parasite of native cockroaches. News Bull. Entomol. Soc. Queensl. 13(3):36.
78. Capinera, J.L., and R.A. Schaefer. 1983. Field identification of adult cutworms, armyworms, and similar crop pests collected from light traps in Colorado. Colorado State Univ. Coop. Ext. Servo Bull.514A.
79. Carlson, E.C. 1967. Control of the sunflower moth larvae and their damage to sunflower seeds. 1. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1068-1071.
80. Casals-Bustos, P. 1976. Bionomics of Cylindrocopturs adspersus LeC. and Baris strenua (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)., Ph.D. diss. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo (Diss. Abstr. 77-20562).
81. Chandler, L.D., and M.D. Heilman. 1982. Efficacy and phytotoxicity evaluations of microbial insecticides for control of the moth in south Texas. Texas Agric. Exp. Sin. PR-4056.
82. Channa, N.A., M.M. Khan, M.A. Talpur, M.A. Rustamani, and T. Hussain. 1993. Effect of environmental factors and plant phenology of sunflower on Heliothis armigera Hbn. Proc. Pak. Congr. Zool. 13:341-347.
83. Charlet, L.D. 1983a. Distribution and abundance of a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in cultivated sunflower in the Northern Plains. Environ. Entomol. 12:1526-1528.
84. Charlet, L.D. 1983b. Insect stem fauna of native sunflower species in western North Dakota. Environ. Entomol. 12: 1286-1288.
85. Charlet, L.D. 1983c. Ovipositional behavior and site selection by a sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ. Entomol. 12:868-870.
86. Charlet, L.D. 1983d. Parasitoids of a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), in sunflower: Incidence and parasitization rates in the Northern Great Plains. Environ. Entomol. 12:888-890.
87. Charlet, L.D. 1987. Seasonal dynamics of the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on cultivated sunflower in the Northern Great Plains. Can. Entomol. 119:1131-1137.
88. Charlet, L.D. 1989. Overwintering survival of the sunflower stem weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and two of its parasitoids in the northern Great Plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 130-133.
89. Charlet, L.D. 1991 a. Overwintering survival and emergence pattern for the sunflower beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Northern Great Plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 1332-135.
90. Charlet, L.D. 1991 b. Stem weevil: Biology and control. Sunflower 17(3):28-29.
91. Charlet, L.D. 1992. Seasonal abundance and parasitism of the sunflower beetle (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) on cultivated sunflower in the Northern Great Plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:766-771.
92. Charlet, L.D. 1994a. Effect of stalk burial on survival of sunflower stem weevil (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) larvae and emergence of adults. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 67:288-290.
93. Charlet, L.D. 1994b. Seasonal abundance and impact of the sunflower stem weevil parasitoid, Nealiolus curculionis (Hymenoptera: Bracondiae), in the Northern Great Plains. BioI. Control 4:26-31.
94. Charlet, L.D., and E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr. 1984. Anaphes conotracheli (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 1. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 57:526-528.
95. Charlet, L.D., and GJ. Brewer. 1994. Cultural control strategies for the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus. p. 18-25. In Proc. 16th Sunflower Res. Workshop, Fargo, ND. 13-14 January. Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Bismarck, ND.
96. Charlet, L.D., and G.J. Brewer. 1995. Resistance of native sunflowers (Astrales: Asteraceae) to the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae). Environ. Entomol. 24:1224-1228.
97. Charlet, L.D., G.J. Brewer, and Y.H. Beregovoy. 1992. Insect fauna of the heads and stems of native sunflowers (Asterales: Asteraceae) in eastern North Dakota. Environ. Entomol. 21: 493-500.
98. Charlet, L.D., and J.D. Busacca. 1986. Insecticidal control of banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), larvae at different growth stages and dates of planting in North Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol. 79:848-850.
99. Charlet, L.D., and T.A. Gross. 1990. Bionomics and seasonal abundance of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) on cultivated sunflower in the northern Great Plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:135-141.
100. Charlet, L.D., and T.J. Gulya, Jr. 1984. Stem weevil: Biology and interaction with premature ripening. p. 18-19. In Proc. 6th Sunflower Res. Workshop, Bismarck, ND, I February. Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Bismarck, ND.
101. Charlet, L.D., D.D. Kopp, and c.Y. Oseto. 1987. Sunflowers: Their history and associated insect community in the Northern Great Plains. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33:69-75.
102. Charlet, L.D., and J.F. Miller. 1993. Seed production after floret removal from sunflower heads. Agron. J. 85:56-58.
103. Charlet, L.D., and C.Y. Oseto. 1983. Toxicity of insecticides on a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its parasitoids in sunflower. Environ. Entomol. 12:959-960.
104. Charlet, L.D., c.Y. Oseto, and T.J. Gulya. 1985. Application of systemic insecticides at planting:Effects on sunflower stem weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae numbers, plant lodging, and seed yield in North Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol. 78:1347-1349.
105. Charlet, L.D., and G.J. Seiler. 1994. Sunflower seed weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their parasitoids from native sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) in the northern Great Plains. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87:831-835.
106. Charlet, L.D., P.A. Glogoza, and G.1. Brewer. 1995. Banded sunflower moth. North Dakota State Univ., Coop. Ext. Servo Bull. E-832.
107. Chyzik, R., Y. Ben-Dov, Y. Nakache, and M. Klein. 1995. Association of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) with cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Israel. Phytoparasitica 23:147-155.
108. Ciampolini, M., E. Golinelli, and A. Capella. 1986. Pentatomide dannoso al girasole nelle marche. Infonn. Agrario 42:45-47.
109. Collison, Y.L., and R.L. Wilson. 1985. Comparison of honey bees vs. hand and self pollination for obtaining seed from wild type sunflower in cages. Southwest. Entomol. 10:268-273.
110. Criddle, N. 1922. Beetles injurious to sunflowers in Manitoba. Can. Entomol. 54:97-99. d’Aguilar, 1., and B. Pacquetian. 1963. Degats de limaces sur tournesol. Phytoma 15:27-28.
111. Dekhtiarev, N. S. 1929. Insects injurious to sunflower in Ukraine. Bull. Entomol. Res. 19:411-419.
112. Depew, L.J. 1983. Sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Oviposition and chemical control oflarvae on sunflowers. 1. Econ. Entomol. 76:1164-1166.
113. Depew, L.J. 1986. Non-cultivated plant species harboring sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kansas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59:741-742.
114. Desmukh, S.D., and M.N. Nachane. 1977. Effect of bee visits and climate on sunflower pollination. Ind. J. Entomol. 39:281-283.
115. Diraviam, J., and S. Uthamasamy. 1992. Monitoring whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), on sunflower with yellow sticky traps. J. Entomol. Res. 16:163-165.
116. Djurkic, J., D. Camprag, and V. Kosovac. 1976. Study of harmful Coleoptera fauna on sunflower during spring in the north-eastern part of Yugoslavia. p. 243-249. In Proc. 7th Int. Sunflower Conf., Krasnodar, USSR. 27 June-3 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
117. Dogrowolsky, B.Y. 1930. Longicorn beetles (Agapanthia spp.) injurious to sunflower in the North Caucasian region. North Caucas Plant Prot. Stn. Bull. 5:75-96.
118. Drake, C.L., and H.M. Harris. 1926. The flower webwonn, a new flower pest. Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soc. 61: 223-226.
119. Du Toit, A.P. 1990. The importance of certain insects as pollinators of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). S. Afr. 1. Plant Soil 7:159-162. du Toit, A.P., and E. Holm. 1992. Diversity, abundance and behavior of diurnal insects on flowering capitula of commercial sunflower in the Transvaal. S. Afr. Tydskr. Plant Grond 9:34-36.
120. Ehart, O.R. 1974. Biology and economic importance of Suleima helianthana (Riley) on sunflower cultivars, Helianthus annuus L. in the Red River Valley. M.S. thesis, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
121. Elliger, C.A., D.F. Zinke I, B.G. Chan, and A.C. Waiss, Jr. 1976. Diterpene acids as larval growth inhibitors. Experientia 32: 1364-1366.
122. Fell, R.D. 1986. Foraging behaviors of Apis mellifera L. and Bombus spp. on oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59:72-81.
123. Fick, G. N. 1979. Some factors to consider in the selection ofa hybrid. Sunflower 5(1):26.
124. Fick, G.N., and G.E. Auwater. 1981. Resistance to the sunflower midge. p. 18. In Proc. 4th Sunflower Forum and Res. Workshop., Fargo, ND. 27-28 January. Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Bismarck, ND.
125. Fick, G.N., and D.A. Rehder. 1977. Selection criteria in development of high oil sunflower hybrids. p. 26-27. In Proc. 2nd Sunflower Forum, Fargo, ND. 12-13 January. Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Bismarck, ND.
126. Flachs, K. 1936. Krankheiten und schiidlinge an olpflanzen. Nachricht. Schiidlingsbekamp. 11:130-148.
127. Foote, R.H., and F.L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. California Insect Surv.7:1-115.
128. Forrester, N.W. 1979. Studies of the natural enemies of Nysius vinitor Bergroth and Nysius clevelandensis Evans on sunflowers. In Proc. 3rd Aust. Appl. Entomol. Res. Conf. Working Pap. 13-15 July. Queens J. Agric. College, Lawes, Australia.
129. Forrester, N.W. 1980a. Insect pests of sunflowers. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 91: 34-37.
130. Forrester, N.W. 1980b. Whitefly attacks sunflower. Sunflower 4(3):14-15.
131. Forrester, N.W. 1981. Dry weather brings some unusual insect problems. Sunflower 5(2):6-7.
132. Forrester, N.W. 1982. Potential for pest management in sunflowers in Australia. p. 123-125. In. Proc. lOth Int. Sunflower Conf., Surfers Paradise, Australia, 14-18 March. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
133. Forrester, N. W., and H. Saini. 1982. Effect of moisture stress on damage to sunflowers by Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor). p. 130-132. In. Proc. 10th Int. Sunflower Conf., Surfers Paradise, Australia. 14-18 March. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
134. Franzmann, B.A., R.I. Lloyd, and B.C.G. Scholz. 1992a. The Rutherglen bug and grey cluster bug in Queensland-their relationship to sunflower. p. 94-97. In Proc 9th Australian Sunflower Assoc. Workshop, Yeppoon, Queensland. 27-30 April. Australian Sunflower Assoc., Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
135. Franzmann, B.A., R.I. Lloyd, and J. Adams. 1994. Patterns of Rutherglen bug immigrant populations and oviposition on sunflower. p. 53-56. In Proc. 10th Australian Sunflower Assoc. Conf.lWorkshop, Gold Coast, Queensland. 17-19 August. Australian Sunflower Assoc., Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
136. Franzmann, B.A., D.A.H. Murray, R.I. Elder, and G.B. Simpson. 1992b. Sunflower. p. 115-122. In R. J. Elder et al. (ed.) Managing insects and mites in field crops, forage crops and pastures. Inform. Ser. Q192004. Queensland Dep. Plant Indust., Brisbane, Australia.
137. Freund, D.E., and B. Furgala. 1982. Effect of pollination by insects on seed set and yield. Am. Bee J. 122:648-652.
138. Galloway, L.O. 1975. Identifying insects… Earwigs (Order Dermaptera). Queensl. Agric. J. 101:581-582.
139. Gaudet, M.D., and J.T. Schulz. 1981. Transmission of Phoma oleracea var. helianthi-tuberosi by the adult stage of Apion occidentale. J. Econ. Entomol. 74:486-489.
140. Gaudet, M.D., and J.T. Schulz. 1984. Association between a sunflower fungal pathogen, Phoma macdonaldii, and a stem weevil, Apion occidentale (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Can. Entomol’ 116:1267-1273.
141. Gednalske, J.Y., and D.O. Walgenbach. 1982. Cultural control of sunflower seed weevils in South Dakota. Proc. S. Dakota Acad. Sci. 61:160.
142. Gednalske, J.V, and D.O. Walgenbach. 1984. Influence of insecticide timing on damage by Smicronyx fulvus and S. sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Econ. Entomol’ 77: 1545-1548.
143. Genung, w.G., and VE. Green, Jr. 1983. Two beetles new to the everglades that attack sunflower (Coleoptera: Curculionidae and Cerambycidae). Fla. Entomol. 66:207-208.
144. Gerber, G.H., G.B. Neill, and P.H. Westdal. 1979. The reproductive cycles of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exciamationis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Manitoba. Can. J. Zool. 57: 1934-1943.
145. Gershenzon, J., M. Rossiter, TM. Mabry, C.E. Rogers, M.H. Blust, and TL. Hopkins. 1985. Insect antifeedant terpenoids in wild sunflower. p. 433-446. In P. A. Hedin (ed.) Bioregulators for pest control. ACS Symp. Ser. 279. Am. Chern. Soc., Washington, DC.
146. Goeden, R.D., TO. Cadatal, and G.A Cavender. 1987. Life history of Neotephritis finalis (Loew) on native Asteraceae in southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 89:552-558.
147. Goeden, R.D., and D.W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia confertiflora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol’ 4:301-306.
148. Goeden, R.D., and D.W. Ricker. 1976. The phytophagous insect faunas of the ragweeds, Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. Environ. Entomol’ 5:923-930.
149. Goel, S.C., and A. Kumar. 1987. Life history of a noctuid, Plusia orichalcea Fabr. on sunflower. Geobios New Rep. 6: 111-114.
150. Goel, S.C., and A. Kumar. 1989. Seasonal build up of insect pests on a monsoon crop of sunflower in an agroecosystem. Ind. 1. Entomol’ 51: 458-464.
151. Goel, S.c., and A. Kumar. 1990. Insect pests and predators associated to sunflower in winters of northern India. Ind. J. Entomol. 52:39-45.
152. Goodyer, G.I. 1983a. Field crickets. Dep. Agric. New South Wales. Agfact P2.AE6.
153. Goodyer, GJ. 1983b. Wireworms and false wireworms. Dep. Agric. New South Wales, Agfact AE22.
154. Griffiths, W.A., and E.H. Erickson, Jr. 1983. Hybrid sunflowers. p. 522-535. In C. E. Jones and R. J. Little (ed.) Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Sci. Acad. Ed., New York.
155. Hamilton. R.W. 1973. Observations on the biology of Haplorhynchites aeneus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopt. Bull. 27:83-85.
156. Hamilton, R.W. 1974. The genus Haplorhynchites (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) in America north of Mexico. Ann. Entomol’ Soc. Am. 67: 787-794.
157. Hargreaves, J.R. 1970. The black field earwig. Queensl. Agric. J. 96:391-392.
158. Hariot, J. 1986. La faune du tournesol. Defense Vegetaux 40:22-23.
159. Hassan, A.M., T. Mahmood, and M. Ahmad. 1984. Insect pests of sunflower at Faisalabad. p. 39-42. In. S. T. Ali-Khan et al. (ed.) Proc. Natl. Sunflower Workshop. 28-30 April. Dir. Sci. Inform., Islamabad.
160. Hatchett, J.H., D.M. Daugherty, J.C. Robbins, R.M. Barry, and E.C. Houser. 1975. Biology in Missouri of Dectes texanus, a new pest of soybean. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:209-213.
161. Hayes, w.P. 1917. Studies on the life-history of Ligyrus gibbosus DeG. (Coleoptera). J. Econ. Entomol. 10:253-261.
162. Heiser, C.B., Jr. 1969. The North American sunflowers: (Helianthus). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22:1-218.
163. Hilgendorf, J.H., and R.D. Goeden. 1981. Phytophagous insects reported from cultivated and weedy varieties of the sunflower, Hefianthus annuus L., in North America. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27:102-108.
164. Hill, D.S. 1975. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
165. Horvath, Z., and G. Bujaki. 1988. New data to the biology of Agapanthia dahli Richl. (Col.:Cerambycidae), a pest of sunflower. Novenyvedelem 24:298-302.
166. Horvath, Z., and G. Bujaki. 1992. Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the most important parasitoid of Homoeosoma nebulellum Hb. p. 893-899. In. Proc. 13th Int. Sunflower Conf., Vol. I, Pisa, Italy. 7-11 September. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
167. Horvath, Z., and F. Nemeth. 1987-88. Ujabb adatok a napraforgon karosito Agapanthia dahli Richt. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) biologiajahoz. Allattani Kozlemenyek 74:41-48.
168. Hurd, P.D., W.E. La Berge, and E.G. Linsley. 1980. Principal sunflower bees of North America with emphasis on the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 310. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC.
169. Kabanov, V.A. 1969. Biology and ecology of Agriotes ponticus Stepanov and Melanotus Jusciceps Gyll. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Krasnodar Territory. Entomol. Rev. 48:307-311.
170. Kabir, A., and H.A. Miah. 1987. Effect of certain food plants on the growth and development of jute hairy caterpillar, Diacrisia obfiqua Walker. Bangladesh J. Zool. 15:177-182.
171. Kamali, K. 1973. Biology and ecology of the tephritid complex on sunflower (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ph.D. diss. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo (Diss. Abstr. 74-16909).
172. Kamali, K., and J.T. Schulz. 1973. Characteristics of immature stages of Gymnocarena diffusa (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66:288-291.
173. Kamali, K., and J.T. Schulz. 1974. Biology and ecology of Gymnocarena diffosa (Diptera:Tephritidae) on sunflower in North Dakota. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67:698-699.
174. Khaemba, B.M., and M.J. Mutinga. 1982. Insect pests of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Kenya. Insect Sci. Appl. 3:281-286.
175. Kiewnick, L. 1964. Die phytomelanschicht im perikarp von Helianthus annuus L. als resistenzschicht gegen Homoeosoma nebulella Hb. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenchutz 71:294-301.
176. Klisiewicz, L.M. 1979. Relation of infestation with sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum larvae to the incidence of Rhizopus rot in sunflower seed heads. Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:797-801.
177. Knor, LB., and LA. Tibatina. 1978. The meadow moth in Siberia. Zashchita Rastenii 8:18-19.
178. Knowles, P.F. 1978. Morphology and anatomy. p. 55-87. In 1. F. Carter (ed.) Sunflower science and technology. Agron. Monogr. 19. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
179. Koczka, F. 1985. Biology of plant bugs and the damage caused in sunflower. Novenyvedelern 21:390-394.
180. Kopp, D.D., and J.D. Busacca. 1983. Sunflower midge. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Servo Circ. E-800.
181. Korman, A.K, and C.y. Oseto 1989. Structure of female reproductive system and maturation of oocyte in Smicronyxfolvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 82:94-100.
182. Krause, G.L. 1983. Economic considerations in sunflower pollination and insecticide application for control of the sunflower moth (Homoeosoma elec/el/um). Am. Bee J. 123:211-214.
183. Krause, G.L., and w.T. Wilson. 1981. Honey bee pollination and visitation patterns on hybrid oilseed sunflowers in central Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 54:75-82.
184. Kreitner, G., and C.E. Rogers. 1981. Sunflower seed midge: effects of larval infestation on pericarp development in sunflower. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 74:431-435.
185. Krombein, K.Y., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC.
186. Kumar, D., and S.C. Goe1. 1985. Biology of Cirphis loreyi Dupt. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on sunflower. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 5:185-189.
187. Kumar, D., R. Singh, and M.S. Mahal. 1992. Biology of Spodoptera fitura (Fab.) on sunflower. J. Insect Sci. 5: 33-36.
188. Kumar, v., and S.C. Goel. 1989. Life-table studies on Plusia orichalcea Fabr., infesting sunflower. Ind. J. Ecol. 16:209-210.
189. Lewin, H.D., K. Thandavarayan, S. Kumar, and D. Sundararaju. 1973. Studies on the common and destructive pests of sunflower (Helianthus annuus Lin.). Pesticides 7:17-19.
190. Li, X., and D. Zhang. 1988. A distributional bibliography of sunflower pests in China. p. 156. In. Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
191. Lopez, L., M. Guantes, and A. AI-Azawi. 1979. Sunflower insects and their seasonal abundance in central Luzon, Philippines. Bull. Nat. Hist. Res. Centre 7:93-100.
192. Lourencao, A.L., and M.R.G. Ungaro. 1983. Preferencia para alimentacao de lagartas de Chlosyne lacinia saundersii Doubleday & Hewitson, 1849 em cultivares de girassol. Bragantia 42:281-286.
193. Low, A., and G. Pistillo. 1986. The self fertility status of some sunflower cultivars in Australia. Field Crops Res. 14:233-245.
194. Lynch, R.E., and J.w. Gamer. 1980. Insects associated with sunflower in south Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15:182-189.
195. Mahmood, A.N., and B. Furgala. 1983. Effect of pollination by insects on seed oil percentage of oilseed sunflower. Am. Bee. 1. 132:663-667.
196. Mahto, Y. 1990. A note on population dynamics of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) on sunflower. Ind. J. Entomol. 52:506-508.
197. Malipatil, M.B. 1979. The biology of some Lygaeidae (Hempitera:Heteroptera) of south-east Queensland. Aust. J. Zool. 27:231-249.
198. Maric A., D. Camprag, and S. Masirevic. 1988. Bolesti I Stetoine Suncokreta I Njihovo Suzbijanje. Nolit, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
199. McBride, D.K. 1981. Control insects in stored sunflower. Sunflower 7(6):36-38.
200. McBride, D.K., and L.D. Charlet. 1985. Sunflower beetle. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Servo Bull. E-824.
201. McBride, D.K., L.D. Charlet, and G.J. Brewer. 1994. Sunflower pest management-insects. p. 24-43. In D.R. Berglund (ed.) Sunflower production. North Dakota State Univ. Coop. Ext. Servo Bull. 25.
202. McBride, D.K., L.D. Charlet, and C.Y. Oseto. 1990. Sunflower stem weevils. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Servo Bull. E-821.
203. McBride, D.K., D.D. Kopp, and C.Y. Oseto. 1985. Insect pest management for sunflower. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Servo Bull 28.
204. McBride, D.K., M.J. Weiss, and W.D. Valovage. 1987. Grasshopper management. North Dakota Coop. Ext. Servo Bull. E-272.
205. McDonald, G., R.H. Broadley, A.M. Smith, and M.D. Blackburn. 1986. Evaluation of insecticides for Nysius vinitor Bergroth (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Gen. Appl. Entomol. 18:11-16.
206. McDonald, G., and R.A. Farrow. 1988. Migration and dispersal of the Rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor Bergroth (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae), in eastern Australia. Bull Entomol. Res., 78:493-509.
207. Metcalf, R.L., and R.A. Metcalf. 1993. Destructive and useful insects. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
208. Misari, S.M. 1990. Pest complex of sunflower (Helianthus annuus 1.) in parts of the Nigerian savanna. Savanna 11:1-11.
209. Mitchell, T.L., E.D. Bynum, Jr., C.R. Ward, G.L. Teetes, C.A. Schaeffer, and R.D. Brigham 1978. Sunflower pest population levels in relation to date of planting time on the Texas High Plains. Southwest. Entomol. 3:279-283.
210. Moradeshaghi, M.J. 1974. Possible sources of biological control for sunflower moth in Iran. p. 691-694. In. Proc. 6th Int. Sunflower Conf., Bucharest, Romania. 22-24 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
211. Morihara, D.K., and E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr. 1976. Phytophagous insects collected on musk thistle, Carduus nutans, in southeastern South Dakota. Environ. Entomol. 5:692-696.
212. Mowatt, P.J. 1979. Wireworm baiting success. Sunflower 3(1):4.
213. Milhle, E. 1953. Zikadenschaden an sonnenblumen. Anz. Schadlingskd. 26: 185.
214. Mullin C.A., A.A. Alfatafta, J.L. Harman, A.A. Serino, and S.L. Everett. 1991. Com rootworm feeding on sunflower and other Compositae. p. 278-292. In P. A. Hedin (ed.) Naturally occurring pest bioregulators. Am. Chern. Soc., Washington, DC.
215. Muma, M.H., R.N. Lyness, C.E. Classen, and A. Hoffman. 1950. Control tests on sunflower insects in Nebraska. J. Econ. Entomol. 43:477-480.
216. Murray, D.A.H. 1985. Native cockroaches as agricultural pests. News Bull. Entomol. Soc. Queensl. 13(3):35.
217. Murray, D.A.H. 1989. Bait application for controlling soil-dwelling insects in sunflower. Crop Prot. 8:397-398.
218. Murray, D.A.H., and G. Spackman. 1983. Application of baits for soil insect control. Queensl. Agric. J. 109:47-48.
219. Murray, D.A.H., and R. Wicks. 1984. Baiting for soil-dwelling insects. p. 268-273. In. Proc. 4th Aust. Appl. Entomol. Res. Conf. Adelaide, South Australia.
220. Murray, D.A.H., and R. Wicks. 1986. Heliothis-a threat to sunflower? p. 89-91. In. Proc. 6th Aust. Sunflower Assoc. Workshop. Gunnedah, New South Wales.
221. Murray, D.A.H., and R. Wicks. 1990. Injury levels for soil-dwelling insects in sunflower in the Central Highlands, Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30:669-74.
222. Navvab-Gojrati, H.A., and N. Zare. 1978a. Evaluation of acaracides for mite control on sunflower in southern Iran with notes on the mites of safflower. Ind. J. Entomol. 40:136-138.
223. Navvab-Gojrati, H.A., and N. Zare. 1978b. Resistance of different varieties of sunflower and safflower to Tetranchyus turkestani Ugarov and Nikolski in southern Iran. Ind. J. Entomol. 40:299-302.
224. Nemirovsky, N.V. 1972. EI “astilo moteado” Astylus atromaculatus Blanch., coleoptero plaga del sorgo, en la parte central de las provincias de Cordoba y Santa Fe. IDIA 296:54-60.
225. Newman, L.T. 1928. Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor). Order: Hemiptera. Family: Lygaeidae. J. Dep. Agric. West Aust. 5:322-324.
226. Newton, J.H. 1921. A sunflower pest. 12th Annu. Rep. State Entomol. Colo. Circ. 35:37-38.
227. Onder, F., and N. Lodos. 1977. A new species of Galeatus Curtis (Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Turkey. Turk. Bit. Kot. Derg. 1:23-27.
228. Orfila, R.N. 1964. Una plaga nueva para la Argentina: la “isoca espinosa del girasol.” IDIA 193:41-48.
229. Oseto, C.Y., and G.A. Braness. 1979a. Bionomics of on cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72:524-528.
230. Oseto, C.Y., and G.A. Braness. 1979b. Description of the larva and pupa of Smicronyxfolvus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 52:103-108.
231. Oseto, C.Y., and G.A. Braness. 1980. Chemical control and bioeconomics of Smicronyxfulvus on cultivated sunflower in North Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol. 73:218-220.
232. Oseto, C.Y., and W.E Burr. 1990. Timing insecticide applications for control of the red sunflower seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on cultivated sunflower. J. Agric. Entomol. 7:337-341.
233. Oseto, C.Y., W.E Burr, and R.B. Carlson. 1982. Relationship of sunflower planting dates to damage by Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:761-764.
234. Oseto, C.Y., J.D. Busacca, and L.D. Charlet. 1987. Relationship of sunflower planting dates to damage by Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North Dakota. J. Econ. Entomol. 80:190-192.
235. Oseto, C. Y., and L.D. Charlet 1981. Soil distribution of overwintering Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) larvae in North Dakota. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 54:784-786.
236. Oseto, C.Y., L.D. Charlet, and J.D. Busacca. 1989. Effects of planting date on damage caused by the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) in the northern Great Plains. 1. Econ. Entomol. 82:910-912.
237. Panchabhavi, K.S., M.A. Davaiah, and N.M. Patilo 1977. Screening of insecticides for the control of Heliothis armigera Hubner on sunflower in Kamataka. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 47:6-7.
238. Parker, ED. 1981a. How efficient are bees in pollinating sunflowers? J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 54:61-67.
239. Parker, ED. 1981 b. Sunflower pollination: abundance, diversity, and seasonality of bees and their effect on seed yields. 1. Apicul. Res. 20:49-61.
240. Parker, F.D., and D. R. Frohlich. 1983. Hybrid sunflower pollination by a manageable composite specialist:the sunflower leafcutter bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ. Entomol. 12:576-581.
241. Paro, L.A., Jr., and o. Nakamo. 1976. Avaliacao de danos causados pela lagarta do girassol (Chlosyne lacinia saundersii Doubleday e Hewtson 1849 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). p. 94-95. In. Proc. 3rd Congr. Brasil Entomol. Soc. 1-6 February. Entomol. Bras., Maceio AI.
242. Parwin, A. 1988. The important sunflower pest ofIran. p. 157. In. Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf. Vol. 2, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
243. Pastrana, J.A. 1961. Una nueva plaga del girasol en la Argentina y Uruguay. Rev. Invest. Agric. 15:351-360.
244. Pastrana, J.A. 1984. Una especie nueva de Homoeosoma Curtis (Lep. Pyralidae) que ataca al capitulo del girasol en la republica Argentina. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 43:37-39.
245. Patel, AJ., and G.M. Talati. 1987. Biology of Heliothis armigera Hb. as a pest of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Gujarat Agric. Univ. Res. J. 12:54.
246. Paulian, F., and V. Tiinase. 1974. Aspects de la protection des cultures de tournesol contre les ravageurs du sol dans I’ intervalle compris entre les semailles et I’apparition des premieres feuilles. p. 681-685. In Proc. 6th Int. Sunflower Conf., Bucharest, Romania. 22-24 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
247. Pedraza-Martinez, P.A. 1990. Seasonal incidence of Suleima helianthana (Riley) infestations in sunflower in central Tamulipas, Mexico. Southwest. Entomol. 15:452-457.
248. Peng, C., and G.J. Brewer. 1995a. Description of achene damage by the red sunflower seed weevil, the banded sunflower moth, and the sunflower moth. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 68: 263-267.
249. Peng, c., and G.J. Brewer. 1995b. Economic injury levels for the red sunflower seed weevil Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infesting oilseed sunflower. Can. Entomol. 127:561-568.
250. Peng, C., and GJ. Brewer. 1995c. Sampling plans for estimating achene damage by the red sunflower seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionida). Can. Entomol. 127:7-14.
251. Pham-Delegue, M.H., P. Etievant, E. Guichard, R. Marilleau, P. Douault, J. Chauffaille, and C. Masson. 1990. Chemicals involved in honeybee-sunflower relationship. 1. Chern. Ecol. 16:3053-3065.
252. Phillips, R.L. 1972. Seasonal abundance and nature of damage of insects attacking sunflower. M.S. thesis, Texas A & M Univ., College Stn.
253. Phillips, R.L., N.M. Randolph, and G.L. Teetes. 1973. Seasonal abundance and nature of damage of insects attacking cultivated sunflower. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 1116.
254. Pickman, A.K., E.F. Schneider, and J. Gershenzon. 1990. Antifungal activities of sunflower terpenoids. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 18:325-328.
255. Piven, v.I. 1976. Hemiptera-sunflower seed pests. p. 250-255. In. Proc. 7th Int. Sunflower Conf., Krasnodar, USSR. 27 lune-3 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
256. Rabindra, RJ., S. Jayaraj, and M. Balasubramanian. 1986. Efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus for the control of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) infesting sunflower. 1. Entomol. Res. (New Delhi) 9:246-248.
257. Radford, B.L., and P.G. Allsopp. 1987. Use of insecticides and a press wheel to control soil insects affecting sorghum and sunflower establishment in southern Queensland. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 26:161-167.
258. Rajamohan, N. 1976. Pest complex of sunflower-a bibliography. PANS 22:546-563.
259. Randolph, N.M., G.L. Teetes, and M.C. Baxler 1972. Life cycle of the sunflower moth under laboratory and field conditions. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:1161-1164.
260. Rangarajan, A.V., N.R. Mahadevan, and S. Iyemperumal. 1977. Pest complex of sunflower (Helianthus annuus Linn.) in Tamil Nadu.lnd. 1. Entomol. 37:188-191.
261. Reh, L. 1919. Homeosoma nebulella Hb. als sonnenblumen-schadling in Rumiinien. Z. Angew. Entomol. 5:267-277.
262. Rizzo, H.F.E. 1970. Catalogo de insectos perjudiciales en cultivos de la Argentina. Cent. Estud. Agron. Buenos Aires Bol. Tech. 9:1-56.
263. Rizzo, H.F.E. 1975-76. Morfologia de los diferentes estados de desarrollo de Spilosoma virginica (F.) (Lep. Arctiidae). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 35:83-93.
264. Robertson, L.N. 1993. Influence of tillage intensity (including no till) on soil-dwelling pests and predatory soil animals in central Queensland crops. p. 349-352. In S. A. Covey et al. (ed.) Pest control and sustainable agriculture. CSIRO, Canberra.
265. Robertson, L.N., and B.A. Kettle. 1992. An association between black sunflower scarab (Pseudoheteronyx sp.), parthenium weed and sunflower crop damage on the Central Highlands of Queensland. p. 102-105. In Proc. 9th Aust. Sunflower Assoc. Workshop, Yeppoon, Queensland. 27-30 April. Australian Sunflower Assoc., Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
266. Robertson, L.N., and B.A. Kettle. 1993. The effects of stubble retention on soil insect damage to sunflower seedlings in central Queensland. p. 200-206. In I.C. Cunningham (ed.) Proc. 5th Trop. Entomol. Workshop. QDPI Conf. Workshop Ser. Brisbane, Australia.
267. Robertson, L.N., and G.B. Simpson. 1988. Sampling and dispersion of Pterohelaeus alternatus Pascoe and Gonocephalum mac/eayi (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae in soil. Queensl. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 45:189-193.
268. Robertson, L.N., and G.B. Simpson. 1989. The use of germinating-seed baits to detect soil insect pests before crop sowing. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 29:403-407.
269. Robinson, R.G. 1980. Artifact autogamy in sunflower. Crop Sci. 20:814-815.
270. Rodriquez, I. 1963. EI girasol nuevo huesped de orugas de Actinote pellenea Huber. IDIA 189:47-48.
271. Rogers, C.E. 1974. Bionomics of the carrot beetle in the Texas Rolling Plains. Environ. Entomol. 3:969-974.
272. Rogers, C.E. 1977a. Bionomics of the sunflower beetle. Environ. Entomol. 6:466-468.
273. Rogers, C.E. 1977b. Cerambycid pests of sunflower: Distribution and behavior in the southern Plains. Environ. Entomol. 6:833-838.
274. Rogers, C.E. 1977c. Hosts and parasitoids of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) in the rolling plains of Texas. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 50:179-186
275. Rogers, C.E. 1978. Sunflower moth: Feeding behavior of the larva. Environ. Entomol. 7:763-765.
276. Rogers, C.E. 1979. Sunflower bud moth: Behavior and impact of the larva on sunflower seed production in the southern Plains. Environ. Entomol. 8:113-116.
277. Rogers, C.E. 1980. Natural enemies of insect pests of sunflower: A world view. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 1457.
278. Rogers, C.E. 1985. Cultural management of Dectes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in sunflower. J. Econ. Entomol. 78:1145-1148.
279. Rogers, C.E. 1988a. Entomology of indigenous Helianthus species and cultivated sunflowers. p. 1-38. In M. K. Harris and C. E. Rogers (ed.) The entomology of indigenous and naturalized systems in agriculture. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
280. Rogers, C.E. 1988b. Insects from native and cultivated sunflowers (Helianthus) in southern latitudes of the United States. J. Agric. Entomol. 5:267-287.
281. Rogers, C.E. 1992. Insect pests and strategies for their management in cultivated sunflower. Field Crops Res. 30:301-332.
282. Rogers, C.E., T.L. Archer, and E.D. Bynum, Jr. 1984. Bacillus thuringiensis for controlling larvae of Homoeosoma electellum on sunflower. J. Agric. Entomol. 1:323-329.
283. Rogers, C.E., J. Gershenzon, N. Ohno, TJ. Mabry, R.D. Stipanovic, and G.L. Kreitner. 1987. Terpenes from wild sunflowers (Helianthus): An effective mechanism against seed predation by larvae of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Envrion. Entomol. 16:586-592.
284. Rogers, C.E., and G.R. Howell. 1973. Behavior of the carrot beetle on native and treated commercial sunflower. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Progress Rep. PR-3249.
285. Rogers, C.E., H.B. Jackson, R.D. Eikenbary, and K. J. Starks. 1972. Host-parasitoid interaction of Aphis helianthi on sunflowers with introduced Aphelinus asychis, Ephedrus plagiator, and Praon gallicum, and native Aphelinus nigritus and Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65:38-41.
286. Rogers, C.E., and O.R. Jones. 1979. Effects of planting date and soil water on infestation of sunflower by larvae of Cylindrocopturus adspersus. J. Econ. Entomol. 72:529-531.
287. Rogers, C.E., and GJ. Seiler. 1985. Sunflower (Helianthus) resistance to a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ. Entomol. 14:624-628.
288. Rogers, C.E., and J.G. Serda. 1982. Cylindrocopturus adspersus in sunflower: Overwintering and emergence patterns on the Texas high plains. Environ. Entomol. 2: 154-156.
289. Rogers, C.E., R.E. Stafford, and G.L. Kreitner. 1982. Phytomelanin: development and role in hybrid resistance to Homoeosoma electellum larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). p.138-141. In Proc. lOth lnt. Sunflower Conf., Surfers Paradise, Australia, 14-18 March. lnt. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
290. Rogers, C.E., and T.E. Thompson. 1978a. Helianthus resistance to the carrot beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 760-761.
291. Rogers, C.E., and T.E. Thompson. 1978b. Resistance in wild Helianthus to the sunflower beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 71:622-623.
292. Rogers, C.E., and T.E. Thompson. 1978c. Resistance of wild Helianthus species to an aphid, Masonaphis masoni. J. Econ Entomol. 71:221-222.
293. Rogers, C.E., and T.E. Thompson. 1980. Helianthus resistance to the sunflower beetle (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 53:727-730.
294. Rogers, C.E., T.E. Thompson, and R.J. Gagne. 1979. Cecidomyiidae of Helianthus: taxonomy, hosts, and distribution. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72:109-113.
295. Rogers, C.E., T.E. Thompson, and M.B. Stoetzel. 1978b. Aphids of sunflower: distribution and hosts in North America (Homoptera: Aphididae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:508-513.
296. Rogers, C.E., T.E. Thompson, and MJ. Wellik. 1980. Survival of Bothynus gibbosus (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) on Helianthus species. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 53:490-494.
297. Rogers, C.E., T.E. Thompson, and D.E. Zimmer. 1978a. Rhizopus head rot of sunflower: etiology and severity in the southern Plains. Plant Dis. Rep. 62:769-771.
298. Rogers, C.E., P.w. Unger, T.L. Archer, and E.O. Bynum, Jr. 1983. Management of a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in sunflower in the Southern Great Plains. J. Econ. Entomol. 76:952-956.
299. Rohilla, H.R., H.Y. Singh, O.S. Gupta, and K. Singh. 1978. Pest complex other than diseases of sunflower Helianthus annuus in Haryana. Ind. J. Plant Prot. 8: 177-182.
300. Rossiter, M., L. Gershenzon, and T.J. Mabry. 1986. Behavior and growth responses of specialist Herbivore, Homoeosoma electellum, to major terpenoid of its host, Helianthus. spp. J. Chern. Ecol. 12:1505-1521.
301. Sakharov, N. 1926. The sunflower moth in connection with the cultivation of a resistant sunflower, Homoeosoma nebulella Hb. (Pyralidae). Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. A. 14: 28.
302. Salama, H.S., EN. Zaki, SA Salem, M.K. Hamdy, and M. Megahed. 1993. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. on the lesser cotton leaf worm Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in com and sunflower cultivations in Egypt. Anz. Schadlingskde. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 66:29-31.
303. Sammataro, D., E.H. Erickson, Jr., and M.B. Garment. 1983. Intervarietal structural differences of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) florets and their importance to honey bee visitation. p. 4-6. In. Proc. 5th Sunflower Res. Workshop, Bismarck, ND. 26 January. Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Bismarck, ND.
304. Sammataro, D., E.H. Erickson, Jr., and M.B. Garment. 1985a. Ultrastructure of the sunflower nectary. J. Apicul. Res. 24:150-160.
305. Sammataro, D., M.B. Garment and E.H. Erickson, Jr. 1985b. Anatomical features of the sunflower floret. Helia 8:25-31.
306. Samuelson, C.R. 1976. Biology and economic importance of Contarinia schulzi Gagne’ on sunflower cultivars, Helianthus annuus 1., in the Red River Valley. Ph.D. diss. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo (Diss. Abstr. 77-6848).
307. Sandhu, G.S., K.S. Brar, and L.S. Bhalla. 1973. Pests of sunflower and other insects associated with sunflower crop. Oilseeds 1. 3: 19-26.
308. Saringer, Gy., and T. Takacs. 1994. Biology and control of Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae). Acta Phytopath. Entomol. Hung. 29:173-185.
309. Sattar, A., K. Ullah, A. Ahad, and M. Yousaf. 1984. Insect pests of sunflower in N. W. F. P., Pakistan. Pak. 1. Agric. Res. 5:239-240.
310. Satterthwait, A.F., and R.B. Swain. 1946. The sunflower moth and some of its natural enemies. J. Econ. Entomol. 30:575-580.
311. Schmutterer, H. 1969. Pests of Crops in Northeast and Central Africa. Verlag, Portland.
312. Schulz, J.T. 1973. Damage to cultivated sunflower by Contarinia schulzi. 1. Econ. Entomol. 66:282.
313. Schulz, J.T. 1978. Insect pests. p. 169-223. In J. F. Carter (ed.) Sunflower science and technology. Agron. Monogr. 19. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
314. Sethi, G.R., H. Prasad, and K.M. Singh. 1978. Incidence of insect pests on different varieties of sunflower, Helianthus annuus Linnaeus. Ind. J. Entomol 40: 101-103.
315. Sethi, G.R., H. Prasad, and K.M. Singh. 1979. Incidence on insect pests of sunflower, Helianthus annuus Linnaeus, in relation to plant growth and agroc1imatic conditions. Ind. J. Ecol. 6:88-92.
316. Sharkey, MJ. 1985. Notes on the genera Bassus Fabricius and Agathis Latreille, with a description of Bassus arthurellus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Can. Entomol. 117:1497-1502.
317. Sharkey, M., A. Arthur, G. Bisdee, C. Yoshimoto, and L. Barron. 1987. The parasitic Hymenoptera associated with sunflower (Helianthus spp.) in mid-western Canada. Can. Entomol. 119:611-628.
318. Shchegolev, Y. 1928. The pests of sunflower and safflower and the damage done by them. Maslob. Zhirov. Oela. 11:33-44.
319. Shetgar, S.S., G.G. Bilapate, Y.Y. Patil, and G.M. Londhe. 1990. A note on the natural enemies of bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walker). Ind. J. Entomol. 52: 158.
320. Shindrova, P. 1982. Studies on the percentage of infestation by and preference of Hemiptera for various sunflower cultivars and hybrids. Rasteniev Dni Nauki 19:118-123.
321. Shindrova, P., and H. Kontev. 1982. Species composition and bioecological characteristics of plant bugs on sunflower. Rasteniev Dni Nauki 19:128-135.
322. Shindrova, P. and P. Ivanov. 1982. The effect of injuries produced by Dolycoris baccarum L. and Lygus rugulipennis Pop. on some biochemical indicators of sunflower seeds. Rasteniev Dni Nauki 19:78-82.
323. Silveira-Guido, A. 1962a. Los principales insectos-peste del girasol en el Uruguay. Agric. Am. 5:66-69.
324. Silveira-Guido, A. 1962b. Los principales insectos-peste del girasol en el Uruguay. Agric. Am. 6:48-5270.
325. Simpson, G.B. 1989. Ecology of the black field earwig on the Central Highlands of Queensland. p. 75-81. In Proc. Soil-Dwelling Invert. Workshop. Queensl. Gov. Print., Brisbane, Australia.
326. Simpson, G.B. 1991. Effects of soil type and moisture on development and reproduction of Nala lividipes (Dufour) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 30:281-287.
327. Simpson, G.B. 1993a. Immature stages of Nala lividipes (Dufour) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Aust. Entomol’ Soc. 32:51-57.
328. Simpson, G.B. 1993b. Effects of temperature on the development, longevity and fecundity of Nala lividipes (Dufour) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Aust. Entomol’ Soc. 32:265-272.
329. Simpson, G.B. 1993c. An improved soil-insect rating for seedling sunflowers. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 33:931-933.
330. Simpson, G.B., and D.G. Mayer. 1990. Morphometric analysis of variation in Nala lividipes (Dufour) and Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). 1. Aust. Entomol’ Soc. 29:287-294.
331. Simpson, G.B., D.G. Mayer, and L.N. Robertson. 1992. Daily trap catches of two earwig (Dermaptera) and three cricket (Orthoptera) species in central Queensland. J. Aust. Entomol’ Soc. 31: 255-262.
332. Simpson, G.B., and L.N. Robertson. 1993. Effects of germinating seeds on the development and reproduction of Nala lividipes (Dufour) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 32:169-175.
333. Sing, G., G.S. Grewal, and J.S. Bhalia. 1991. New record of tingid bug, Galeatus scrothicus (Saunders) as a serious pest of sunflower in Punjab. 1. Insect Sci. 4:93.
334. Singh, G., and G. Singh. 1993a. Comparative development and survival of bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua) at different temperatures and on different varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) at Ludhiana. Ind. J. Agric. Sci. 63:447-450.
335. Singh, I., and G. Singh. 1993b. Assessment of foliage loss caused by different larval instars of bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua Walker on sunflower. J. Insect Sci. 6:185-186.
336. Smith, J.H. 1927. Life history notes on the Rutherglen bug. Queensl. Agric. J. 27:285-302
337. Sosa, M.A. 1988. Hymenoptera pollinators on sunflower in North Dakota. M.S. thesis, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
338. Spring, O., U. Bienert, and V. Klemt. 1987. Sesquiterpene lactones in glandular trichomes of sunflower leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 130:433-439.
339. Stober, J.M. 1993. Bionomics of Smicronyx fulvus LeConte on cultivated sunflower. M.S. thesis, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
340. Swaine, G., and D.A. Ironside. 1983. Insect pests of field crops in color. Informa. Ser. Q18 3006. Queensl. Dep. Primary Indust., Brisbane.
341. Teetes G.L., and N.M. Randolph. 1969. Seasonal abundance and parasitism of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum, in Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:1461-1464.
342. Teetes, G.L., and N.M. Randolph. 1970. Hibernation, spring emergence, and pupation habits of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63:1473-1475.
343. Teetes, G.L., and N.M. Randolph. 1971. Effects of pesticides and dates of planting sunflowers on the sunflower moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 64:124-126.
344. Tepedino, V.J., and F.D. Parker. 1982. Interspecific differences in the relative importance of pollen and nectar to bee species foraging on sunflowers. Environ. Entomol. 11: 246-250.
345. Thalji, R. 1988. Composition and seasonal dynamics ofaphidophagous insects in sunflower fields in Vojvodina. p. 172-173. In. Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 July. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
346. Thalji, R. 1992. Population dynamics of predaceous Diptera (Syrphidae, Cecidomyiidae and Chamaemyiidae) and their aphid prey (Brachycaudus helichrysi Kalt.) on sunflower crops in Vojvodina. Zastita Bilja 43:59-67.
347. Tuttle, D.M. 1952. Studies of the bionomics ofthe Curculionidae. Ph. D. diss. Univ. Illinois, Urbana.
348. Underhill, E.W., A.P. Arthur, and P.G. Mason. 1986. Sex pheromone of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae): Identification and field trapping. Environ. Entomol’ 15:1063-1066.
349. Underhill, E.W., C.E. Rogers, M.D. Chisholm, and w.F. Steck. 1982. Monitoring field populations of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with its sex pheromone. Environ. Entomol’ 11:681-684.
350. Ungaro, M.R.G. 1978. Instrucoes para a cultura do girassol. Inst. Agron. Campinas Bull. 212:1-15. van den Berg, H., M.J.W. Cock, GJ. Oduor, and E.K. Onsongo. 1993. Incidence of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies on smallholder crops in Kenya. Bull. Entomol’ Res. 83:321-328.
351. Vargas, J.C., A.F. Diaz, and E.G. Vazquez. 1980. EI girasol y la diversificacion de cultivos en Tamaulipas, Mexico. p. 22-27. In Proc. 9th lnt. Sunflower Conf., Torremolinos, Spain. 8-13 June. [nt. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.
352. Verma, N.D., D.S. Gupta, and H.V Singh. 1974. Biology oftingid bug Galeatus scriphicus Saund (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on sunflower. HAU J. Res. Hissar 4:13-17.
353. Viggiani, G., and R. Jesu. 1985. Due nuove specie paleartiche del genere Erythmelus Enock (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Redia 68:485-491.
354. Waiss, A.C., Jr., B.G. Chan, C.A. Elliger, and VH. Garrett. 1977. Larvicidal factors contributing to host-plant resistance against sunflower moth. Naturwissenschaften 64:341.
355. Westdal, P.H. 1949. A preliminary report on the biology of Phalonia hospes (Walsingham), a new pest of sunflowers in Manitoba. Annu. Rep. Entomol. Soc. (Ontario) 80:1-3.
356. Westdal, P.H. 1975. Insect pests of sunflowers. p. 475-495. In. J.T. Harapiak (ed.) Oilseed and pulse crops in western Canada-a symposium. Modem Press, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
357. Westdal, P.H., and c.F. Barrett. 1960. Life-history and habits of the sunflower maggot, Strauzia /ongipennis (Wied.) (Diptera: Trypetidae), in Manitoba. Can. Entomol. 92:481-488.
358. Westdal, P.H., and c.F. Barrett. 1962. Injury by the sunflower maggot, Strauzia /ongipennis (Wied.) (Diptera: Trypetidae), to sunflowers in Manitoba. Can. 1. Plant Sci. 42: 11-14.
359. Williams, C.B. 1970. The migrations of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae), with special reference to North America. J. Lepid. Soc. 24:157-175.
360. Yang, S.M., C.E. Rogers, and N.D. Luciani. 1983. Transmission of Macrophomina phaseolina in sunflower by Cylindrocopturus adspersus. Phytopathology 73:1467-1469.
361. Yeh, c., and S. Chu. 1965. Report on a new pest of the sunflower in Heilungkiang Province. Acta Entomol. Sinica 14:617-619.
362. Zagatti, P., M. Renou, C. Malosse, B. Frerot, C. Pavis, M. Lettere, C. Descoins, A. Permana, Y. Pivot, and F. Leclant. 1991. Sex pheromone of the European sunflower moth, Homoeosoma nebulellum (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Chern. Ecol. 17:1399-414.
363. Zak, L.F. 1976. Enfermedados y plagas del girasol en Mexico. Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Chapingo, Mexico.
364. Zalucki, M.P., G. Daglish, S. Firempong, and P.Twine. 1986. The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in Australia: What do we know? Aust. J. Zool. 34:779-814.
365. Zatyamina, VV, VI. Burakova, and E.Z. Karamysheva. 1988. Semico[eopterous fauna and its harmfulness in sunflower areas of Voronezh Region. Zashch. Rast. 70:24-27.
366. Zerbino, M.S. 1986. lnsectos, girasol, alunos aspectos de manjo y produccion. Misc. Cent. Invest. Agric., Uruguay 64:36-44.
367. Zhou, A., S. Yang, B. Dong, and H. Sha. 1988. Studies on sunflower moth in Jilin Province, China. p. 174-179. In. Proc. 12th Int. Sunflower Conf., Vol. 2, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. 25-29 Ju[y. Int. Sunflower Assoc., Paris, France.