Phosphorus-trace element interactions in soil-plant systems

Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 317-352

  Bolan, Nanthi S ^a   Adriano, Domy C ^b   Naidu, Ravi ^c   De La Luz Mora, Maria ^d   Santiagio, Mahimairaja ^e  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE LA FRONTERA   (Chile)

^e TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Land treatment; Natural remediation; Phosphorus trace element interactions; Practical implications; Soil plant system; Trace element contaminated soils; Waste management practice

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103017663     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr46.c10     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Adriano, D.C. 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability and risks of metals, 2nd ed. Springer, New York.
2. Aide, M.T., and M.F. Cummings. 1997. The influence of pH and phosphorus on the adsorption of chromium (VI) on boehmite. Soil Sci. 162: 599-603.
3. Alloway, B. J. 1990. Cadmium. p. 100-124. In B.J. Alloway (ed.) Heavy metals in soils. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
4. Amijee, F., P.B. Tinker, and D.P. Stribley. 1989. The development of endomycorrhizal root systems. 7. A detailed study of effects of soil-phosphorus on colonization. New Phytol. 111: 435-446.
5. Ando, J. 1987. Thermal phosphate. p. 93-124. In F.T. Nielsson (ed.) Manual of fertilizer processing. Marcel Dekker, New York.
6. Andrew, C.S., and A.D. Johnson. 1976. Effect of calcium, pH and nitrogen on the growth and chemical composition of some tropical and temperate pasture legumes. II. Chemical composition (calcium, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorus). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 27: 625-636.
7. Avudainayagam, S., R. Naidu, R.S. Kookana, A.M. Alston, S. McClure, and L.H. Smith. 2001. Effects of electrolyte composition on chromium desorption in soils contaminated by tannery waste. Aust. J. Soil. Res. 39: 1077-1089
8. Barrow, N.J. 1973. On the displacement of adsorbed anions from soil. 1. Displacement of molybdenum by phosphate and by hydroxide. Soil Sci. 116: 423-431.
9. Barrow, N.J. 1985. Reactions of anions and cations with variable-charge soils. Adv. Agron. 38: 183-230.
10. Bartlett, R.J. 1991. Chromium cycling in soils and water: Links, gaps, and methods. Environ. Health Perspect. 92: 17-24.
11. Bartlett, R.J., and B.R. James. 1979. Behavior of chromium in soils: III. Oxidation. J. Environ. Qual. 8: 31-35.
12. Bartlett, R.J., and J.M. Kimble. 1976. Behavior of chromium in soils: II. Hexavalent forms. J. Environ. Qual. 5: 383-386.
13. Basta, N.T., R. Gradwohl, K.L. Snethen, and J.L. Schroder. 2001. Chemical immobilisation of lead, zinc and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 1222-1230.
14. Basta, N.T., and M.A. Tabatabai. 1992. Effect of cropping systems on adsorption of metals by soils. II. Effect of pH. Soil Sci. 153: 195-204.
15. Berti, W.R., and S.D. Cunningham. 1997. In-place inactivation of Pb in Pb contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 1359-1364.
16. Boisson, J., M. Mench, J. Vangronsveld, A. Ruttens, P. Kopponen, and T. DeKoe. 1999. Immobilization of trace metals and arsenic by different soil additives: Evaluation by means of chemical extractions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. Anal. 30: 365-387.
17. Bolan, N.S. 1991. A critical review on the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil 134: 189-207.
18. Bolan, N.S., D.C. Adriano, P. Mani, A. Duraisamy, and S. Arulmozhiselvan. 2003a. Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils: I. Effect of phosphate addition. Plant Soil 250: 83-94.
19. Bolan, N.S., D.C. Adriano, and R. Naidu. 2003b. Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Rev. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 177: 1-44.
20. Bolan, N.S., D.C. Adriano, R. Natesan, and Bon-jun Koo. 2003c. Reduction and phytoavailability of Cr(VI) as influenced by organic manure compost. J. Environ. Qual. 32: 120-128.
21. Bolan, N.S., M.J. Hedley, and P. Loganathan. 1993. Preparation, forms and properties of slow-release phosphate fertilizers. Fert. Res. 35: 13-24.
22. Bolan, N.S., M.J. Hedley, and R.E. White. 1991. Nitrogen fixation and soil acidification with emphasis on legume based pastures. Plant Soil. 134: 53-63.
23. Bolan, N.S., R. Naidu, J.K. Syers., and R.W. Tillman. 1999a. Surface charge and solute interactions in soils. Adv. Agron. 67: 88-141.
24. Bolan, N.S., R. Naidu, M.A.R. Khan, R.W. Tillman, and J.K. Syers. 1999b. The effects of anion sorption on sorption and leaching of cadmium. Aust. J. Soil Res. 37: 445-460.
25. Bolan, N.S., R.E. White, and M.J. Hedley. 1991. A review of the use of phosphate rock as fertilizer for direct application in Australia and New Zealand. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 30: 297-313.
26. Bolland, M.D.A., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1977. Zinc adsorption by goethite in the absence and presence of phosphate. Aust. J. Soil Res. 15: 279-286.
27. Brudevold, F., L.T. Steadman, M.A. Spinelli, B.H. Amdur, and P. Gron. 1963. A study of zinc in human teeth. Arch Oral Biol. 8: 135-144.
28. Cakmak, I., and H. Marschner. 1987. Mechanisms of phosphate-induced zinc deficiency in cotton. III. Changes in physiological availability of zinc in plants. Physiol. Plant 70: 13-20.
29. Carter, D.L., C.W. Robbis, and M.J. Brown. 1972. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on the selenium concentration in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36: 624-628.
30. Chen, X.B., J.V. Wright, and J.L. Conca. 1997a. Effects of pH on heavy metal sorption on mineral apatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 624-631.
31. Chen, X.B., J.V. Wright, J.L. Conca, and L.M. Peurrung. 1997b. Evaluation of heavy metal remediation using mineral apatite. Water Air Soil Pollut. 98: 57-78.
32. Chlopecka, A., and D.C. Adriano. 1996. Mimicked in-situ stabilization of metals in a cropped soil: Bioavailability and chemical form of zinc. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 3294-3303.
33. Cotter-Howells, J., and S. Capron. 1996. Remediation of contaminated land by formation of heavy metal phosphates. Appl. Geochem. 11: 335-342.
34. Creger, T.L., and F.J. Peryea. 1994. Phosphate fertilizer enhances arsenic uptake by apricot liners grown in lead-arsenate-enriched soil. Hort. Sci. 29: 88-92.
35. Cronin, S.J., V. Manoharan, M.J. Hedley, and P. Loganathan. 2000. Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 43: 295-321.
36. Davenport, J.R., and F.J. Peryea. 1991. Phosphate fertilizers influence leaching of lead and arsenic in a soil contaminated with lead arsenate. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57-8: 101-110.
37. Evangelou, V.P., and Y.L. Zhang. 1995. A review: Pyrite oxidation mechanisms and acid mine drainage prevention. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 252: 141-199.
38. Evans, L., R.D. Hoyle, and J.B. Macaskill. 1971. Fluoride analysis of phosphatic fertilizers. N. Z. J. Sci. Technol. 14: 851-855.
39. Feng, D., C. Aldrich, and H. Tan. 2000. Treatment of acid mine water by use of heavy metal precipitation and ion exchange. Miner Eng. 13: 623-642.
40. Fergusson, J.F., and J. Gavis. 1972. A review of the arsenic cycle in natural waters. Water Res. 6: 1259-1274.
41. Ford, R.G., and D.L. Sparks. 2000. The nature of Zn precipitates formed in the presence of pyrophyllite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2479-2483.
42. Fotovat, A., and R. Naidu. 1997. Ion exchange resin and MINTEQA2 speciation of Zn and Cu in alkaline sodic and acidic soil extracts. Aust. J. Soil Res. 35: 711-726.
43. Frankenberger, W.T., and M.E. Losi. 1995. Application of bioremediation in the cleanup of heavy elements and metalloids. p. 173-210. In H.D. Skipper and R.F. Turco (ed.) Bioremediation: Science and applications. SSSA Spec. Publ. 43. SSSA, Madison, WI.
44. Frazer, L. 2001. Probing the depths of a solution for acid mine drainage. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 486-489.
45. Galloway, J.N., J.D. Thorntond, S.A. Norton, H.I. Volchok, and R.A.N. McLean. 1982. Trace-metals in atmospheric deposition-A review and assessment. Atmos. Environ. 16: 1677-1700.
46. Gildon, A., and P.B. Tinker. 1981. A heavy metal-tolerant strain of a mycorrhizal fungus. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 77: 648-649.
47. Giplin, L., and A.H. Johnson. 1980. Fluorine in agricultural soils of southern Pennsylvania. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: 255-258.
48. Gonzalez, R.X., J.B. Sartain, and W.L. Miller. 1992. Cadmium availability and extractability from sewage-sludge as affected by waste phosphatic clay. J. Environ. Qual. 21: 272-275.
49. Gray, C.W., R.G. McLaren, A.H.C. Roberts. 2003. Atmospheric accessions of heavy metals to some New Zealand pastoral soils. Sci. Total Environ. 305: 105-115.
50. Gray, C.W., R.G. McLaren, A.H.C. Roberts, and L.M. Condron. 1999. The effect of long-term phosphatic fertiliser applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 54: 267-277.
51. Griffioen, W.A.J. 1994. Characterization of a heavy metal-tolerant endomycorrhizal fungus from the surroundings of a zinc refinery. Mycorrhiza 4: 197-200.
52. Griffioen, W.A.J., J.H. Ietswaart, and W.H.O. Ernst. 1994. Mycorrhizal infection of an Agrostis capillaris population on a copper contaminated soil. Plant Soil 158: 83-89.
53. Harter, R.D.R., and R. Naidu. 1995. Role of metal-organic complexation in metal sorption by soils. Adv. Agron. 55: 219-264.
54. Haynes, R.J. 1984. Lime and phosphate in the soil-plant system. Adv. Agron. 37: 249-315.
55. He, Q.B., and B.R. Singh. 1994. Plant availability of cadmium in soils. 2. Factors related to the extractability and plant uptake of cadmium in cultivated soils. Acta Agric. Scand. 43: 142-150.
56. Hedley, M., and M. McLaughlin. 2005. Reactions of phosphate fertilizers and by-products in soils. p. 181-252. In J.T. Sims and A.N. Sharpley (ed.) Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment. Agron. Monogr. 46. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
57. Helyar, K.R., D.N. Munns, and R.G. Burau. 1976. Adsorption of phosphate by gibbsite. II. Formation of a surface complex involving divalent cations. J. Soil Sci. 27: 315-323.
58. Hettiarachichi, G.M., G.M. Pierzynski, and M.D. Ransom. 2000. In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide. Environ Sci. Technol. 34: 4614-4619.
59. Hodgson, J.F., K.G. Tiller, and M. Fellows. 1964. The role of hydrolysis in the reaction of heavy metals in soil forming materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28: 42-46.
60. Honoako, K., S. Hasegawa, N. Kawabe, S. Tagawa, and T. Kaise 1990. Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of several arsenicals by sedimentary micro-organisms. Appl Organomet. Chem. 4: 239-243.
61. Hopper, J.L., and D.R. Parker. 1999. Plant availability of selenite and selenate as influenced by the competing ions phosphate and sulfate. Plant Soil 210: 199-207.
62. James, B.R. 1996. The challenge of remediating chromium contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30: 248-251.
63. James, B.R., and R.J. Bartlett. 1983. Behavior of chromium in soils. VII. Adsorption and reduction of hexavalent forms. J. Environ. Qual. 12: 177-181.
64. James, B.R., J.C. Petura, R.J. Vitale, and G.R. Mussoline. 1995. Hexavalent chromium extraction from soils: A comparison of five methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 2377-2380.
65. Jeanjean, J., M. Fedoroff, and F. Faverjon. 1995. Influence of pH on the sorption of cadmium ions on calcium hydroxyapatite. J. Mater. Sci. 30: 6156-6160.
66. Jinadasa, K.B.P.N., P.J. Milham, C.A. Hawkins, P.S. Cornish, P. A. Williams, C.J. Kaldor, and J.P. Conroy. 1997. Survey of cadmium levels in vegetables and soils of greater Sydney. Aust. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 924-933.
67. Johnston, A.E., and K.C. Jones. 1995. Cadmium in soil- Origin and fate. The International Fertilizer Soc. Proc. 366. The Int. Fertilizer Soc., York, UK.
68. Khan, A.G., C. Kuek, T.M. Chaudhry, C.S. Koo, and W.J. Hayes. 2000. Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation. Chemosphere 41: 197-207.
69. Khattak, R., A.L. Page, D.R. Parker, and D. Baker. 1991. Accumulation and interactions of arsenic, selenium, molybdenum and phosphorus in alfalfa. J. Environ. Qual. 20: 165-168.
70. Knowles, F.C., and A.A. Benson. 1983. The biochemistry of arsenic. Trends Biochem. Sci. 8: 178-180.
71. Knox, A.S., J.C. Seaman, M.J. Mench, and J. Vangronsveld. 2000. Remediation of metal and radionuclides-contaminated soils by in situ stabilization techniques. p. 21-60. In I.K. Iskandar (ed.) Environmental restoration of metals-contaminated soils. Lewis Publ., New York.
72. Krishnamurti, G.S.R., P.M. Huang, and K.C.J. Van Rees. 1996. Studies on soil rhizosphere: Speciation and availability of cadmium. Chem. Speciation Bioavail. 8: 23-28.
73. Kudzin, Y.K., and V.T. Pashova. 1970. Fluorine content of soils and plants after prolonged application of fertilizers. Soils Fert. 33: 451.
74. Laperche, V., T.J. Logan, P. Gaddam, and S.J. Traina. 1997. Effect of apatite amendments on plant uptake of lead from contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7: 91-102.
75. Laperche, V., and S.J. Traina. 1998. Immobilization of Pb by hydroxyapatite. p. 225-276. In J.A. Everett (ed.) Adsorption of metals by geomedia: Variables, mechanisms, and model applications. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
76. Larsen S., and A.E. Widdowson. 1971. Soil fluorine. J. Soil Sci. 22: 210-222.
77. Lazic, S., and Z. Vukovic. 1991. Ion-exchange of strontium on synthetic hydroxyapatite. J. Radioanal Nucl. Chem. 19: 161-168.
78. Leikam, D.F., and F.P. Achorn. 2005. Phosphate fertilizers: Production, characteristics, and technologies. p. 23-50. In J.T. Sims and A.N. Sharpley (ed.) Phosphorus: Agriculture and the environment. Agron. Monogr. 46. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
79. Loganathan, P., and M.J. Hedley. 1997. Downward movement of cadmium and phosphorus from phosphatic fertilisers in a pasture soil in New Zealand. Environ. Pollut. 95: 319-324.
80. Loganathan, P., M.J. Hedley, N.D. Grace, J. Lee, S.J. Cronin, N.S. Bolan, and J.M. Zanders. 2003. Fertiliser contaminants in New Zealand grazed pasture with special reference to cadmium and fluorine-A review. Aust. J.Soil Res. 41: 501-532.
81. Loganathan, P., M.J. Hedley, P.E.H. Gregg, and L.D. Currie. 1996. Effect of phosphate fertiliser type on the accumulation and plant availability of cadmium in grassland soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 169-179.
82. Loganathan, P., M.J. Hedley, G.C. Wallace, and A.H.C. Roberts. 2001. Fluoride accumulation in pasture forages and soils following long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers. Environ. Pollut. 115: 275-282.
83. Loganathan, P., K. Louie, J. Lee, M.J. Hedley, A.H.C. Roberts, and R.D. Longhurst. 1999. A model to predict kidney and liver cadmium concentration in grazing animals. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 42: 423-432.
84. Loganathan, P., A.D. Mackay, J. Lee, and M.J. Hedley. 1995. Cadmium distribution in hill pastures as influenced by 20 years of phosphate fertilizer application and sheep grazing. Aust. J. Soil Res. 33: 859-871.
85. Loneragan, J.F., T.S. Grove, A.D. Robson, and K. Snowball. 1979. Phosphorus toxicity as a factor in zinc-phosphorus interactions in plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 966-972
86. Losi, M.E., C. Amrhein, and W.T. Frankenberger. 1994. Factors affecting chemical and biological reduction of Cr(VI) in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13: 1727-1735.
87. Ma, L.Q., A.L. Choate, and G.N. Rao. 1997. Effects of incubation and phosphate rock on lead extractability and speciation in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 801-807
88. Ma, L.Q., and G.N. Rao. 1997. Effects of phosphate rock on sequential chemical extraction of lead in contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 788-794.
89. Ma, L.Q., S.J. Traina, T.J. Logan, and J.A. Ryan. 1993. In situ Pb immobilization by apatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27: 1803-1810.
90. MacIntire, W.H., W.M. Shaw, B. Robinson, and A.J. Sterges. 1948. Disparity in the leacheability of fluorine from incorporation in phosphated and slagged soils. Soil Sci. 65: 321-329.
91. Maclean, A.J. 1976. Cadmium in different plant species and its availability in soils as influenced by organic-matter and additions of lime, P, Cd and Zn. Can. J. Soil Sci. 56: 129-138.
92. Malone, C.P., D.E. Koeppe, and R.J. Miller. 1974. Localisation of lead accumulated by corn plants. Plant Physiol. 53: 388-394.
93. Mandjiny, S., K.A. Matis, and M. Fedoroff. 1998. Calcium hydroxyapatites: evaluation of sorption properties for cadmium ions in aqueous solution. J. Mater. Sci. 33: 5433-5439.
94. Manoharan, V., P. Loganathan, R.L. Parfitt, and R.W. Tillman. 1996. Changes in soil solution composition and aluminium speciation under legume-based pastures in response to long-term phosphate fertiliser applications. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34: 985-998.
95. McGowen, S.L., N.T. Basta, and G.O. Brown. 2001. Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 493-500.
96. McLaughlin, M.J., P.G. Simpson, N. Fleming, D.P. Stevens, G. Cozens, and M.K. Smart. 1997. Effect of fertiliser type on cadmium and fluorine concentrations in clover herbage. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 37: 1019-1026.
97. McLaughlin, M.J., K.G. Tiller, R. Naidu, and D.P., Stevens. 1996. Review: The behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34: 1-54.
98. Middelburg, J.J., and M.J. Comans. 1991. Sorption of cadmium on hydroxyapatite. Chem. Geol. 90: 45-53.
99. Misra, D.N., R.L. Bowen, and B.M. Wallace. 1975. Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. 8. Nickel and copper ions on hydroxyapatite-role of ion-exchange and surface nucleation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 51: 36-43.
100. Mora, M.L., and N.J. Barrow. 1996. The effects of time of incubation on the relation between charge and pH of soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 47: 131-136.
101. Mortvedt, J.J. 1996. Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fert. Res. 43: 55-61.
102. Naidu, R., N.S. Bolan, R.S. Kookana, and K.G. Tiller. 1994. Ionic-strength and pH effects on the adsorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 45: 419-429.
103. Naidu, R., R.S. Kookana, D.P. Oliver, S. Rogers, and M.J. McLaughlin. 1996a. Contaminants and the soil environment in the Australasia-Pacific region. Kluwer Academic Publ., London.
104. Naidu, R., R.S. Kookana, M.E. Sumner, R.D. Harter, and K.G. Tiller. 1996b. Cadmium adsorption and transport in variable charge soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 602-617.
105. Naidu, R., J.K. Syers, R.W. Tillman, and J.H. Kirkman. 1990. Effect of liming and added phosphate on charge characteristics of acid soils. J. Soil Sci. 41: 157-164.
106. National Research Council. 2000. Natural attenuation for groundwater remediation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
107. Neunhauserer, C., M. Berreck, and H. Insam. 2001. Remediation of soils contaminated with molybdenum using soil amendments and phytoremediation. Water Air Soil Pollut. 128: 85-96.
108. O’Hara, P., A.J. Fraser, and M.P. James. 1982. Superphosphate poisoning of sheep: The role of fluoride. N. Z. Vet. J. 30: 199-201.
109. Pearson, M.S., K. Maenpaa, and G.M. Pierzynski. 2000. Effects of soil amendments on the bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium to earthworms. J. Environ. Qual. 29: 1611-1617.
110. Peryea, F.J. 1991. Phosphate-induced release of arsenic from soils contaminated with lead arsenate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55: 1301-1306.
111. Peryea, F.J., and R. Kammereck. 1997. Phosphate-enhanced movement of arsenic out of lead arsenate- contaminated topsoil and through uncontaminated subsoil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 93: 243-254.
112. Pierzynski, G.M., and A.P. Schwab. 1993. Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium and lead in a metal contaminated alluvial soil. J. Environ. Qual. 22: 247-254.
113. Power, J.F., and W.A. Dick. 2000. Land application of agricultural, industrial, and municipal byproducts. SSSA, Madison, WI.
114. Prasad, M., S. Saxena, S.S. Amritphale, and N. Chandra. 2001. Detoxification of aqueous zinc using fluorapatite-Bearing lean grade rock phosphate. Environ. Technol. 22: 367-371.
115. Pratt, P.F., F.L. Blair, and G.W. McLean. 1964. Reactions of phosphate with soluble and exchangeable nickel. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28: 363-365.
116. Qafoku, N.P., S. Dudka, M.E. Sumner, and W.P. Miller. 2001. Arsenic, boron, selenium, and molybdenum displacement and transport in a fly ash amended soil leached with calcium phosphate solution. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. Anal. 32: 1499-1512.
117. Qafoku, N.P., U. Kukier, M.E. Sumner, W.P. Miller, and D.E. Radcliffe. 1999. Arsenate displacement from fly ash in amended soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 114: 185-198.
118. Rajan, S.S.S., J.H. Watkinson, and A.J. Sinclair. 1996. Phosphate rocks for direct application to soils. Adv. Agron 57: 77-159
119. Reynolds, J.G., D.V. Naylor, and S.E. Fendorf. 1999. Arsenic sorption in phosphate-amended soils during flooding and subsequent aeration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 1149-1156.
120. Roberts, A., R.D. Longhurst, and M.W. Brown. 1994. Cadmium status of soils, plant and grazing animals in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 33: 119-129.
121. Robinson, W.O., and G. Edgington. 1946. Fluorine in soils. Soil Sci. 61: 341-353.
122. Rothbaum, H.P., R.L. Goguel, A.E. Johnston, and G.E.G. Mattingly. 1986. Cadmium accumulation in soils from long continued application of superphosphate. J. Soil Sci. 37: 99-107.
123. Ruby, M.V., A. Davis, R. Schoof, S. Eberle, and C.M. Sellstone. 1994. In situ formation of lead phosphates in soils as a method to immobilize lead. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 646-654.
124. Rumberg, C.B., R.E. Engel, and W.F. Meggitt. 1960. Effect of phosphorus concentration on the absorption of arsenate by oats from nutrient solution. Agron. J. 52: 452-453.
125. Ryden, J.C., and J.K. Syers. 1976. Calcium retention in response to phosphate adsorption by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 40: 845-846.
126. Santillan-Medrano, J., and J.J. Jurinak. 1975. The chemistry of lead and cadmium in soil: Solid phase formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39: 851-856.
127. Sauve, S., W.A. Norvell, M. McBride, and W. Hendershot. 2000. Speciation and complexation of cadmium in extracted soil solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 291-296.
128. Schalscha, E.B., P.F. Pratt, and D. Soto. 1974. Effect of phosphate adsorption on the cation-exchange capacity of volcanic ash soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 38: 539-540.
129. Schwab, A.P. 1989. Manganese-phosphate solubility relationships in an acid soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 1654-1660.
130. Seaman, J.C., J.S. Arey, and P.M. Bertsch. 2001. Immobilization of nickel and other metals in contaminated sediments by hydroxyapatite addition. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 460-469.
131. Shuman, L.M. 1986. Effect of ionic strength and anions on zinc adsorption by two soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 1438-1442.
132. Singh, B.R., and K. Myhr. 1998. Cadmium uptake by barley as affected by Cd sources and pH levels. Geoderma 84: 185-194.
133. Smith, E., R. Naidu, and A.M. Alston. 1998. Arsenic in the soil environment: A review. Adv. Agron. 66: 149-195.
134. Smith, E., R. Naidu, and A.M. Alston. 1999. Chemistry of arsenic in soils: I. Sorption of arsenate and arsenite by four Australian soils. J. Environ. Qual. 28: 1719-1726.
135. Smith, E., R. Naidu, and A.M. Alston. 2002. Chemistry of arsenic in soils: II. Effect of pH and ionic strength. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 137-143
136. Soon, Y.K. 1981. Solubility and sorption of cadmium in soils amended with sewage sludge. J. Soil Sci. 32: 85-95.
137. - fertilization and phosphorus uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 41: 77-80.
138. Sparrow, L.A., A.A. Salardini, and A.C. Bishop. 1993. Field studies of cadmium in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L). 1. Effects of lime and phosphorus on cv russet burbankaust. J. Agric. Res. 44: 845-853.
139. Sposito, G. 1984. The surface chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, NewYork.
140. Street, J.J., B.R. Sabey, and W.L. Lindsay. 1978. Influence of pH, phosphorus, cadmium, sewage sludge, and incubation time on the solubility and plant uptake of cadmium. J. Environ. Qual. 7: 286-290.
141. Suzuki, T., T. Hatsushika, and Y. Hayakawa. 1981. Synthetic hydroxyapatites employed as inorganic cation-exchangers. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 77: 1059-1062.
142. Syers, J.J., A.D. MacKay, M.W. Brown, and L.D. Currie. 1986. Chemical and physical characteristics of phosphate rock materials of ranging reactivity. J. Sci. Food Agric. 37: 1057-1064.
143. Tamaki, S., and W.T. Frankenberger, Jr. 1992. Environmental biochemistry of arsenic. Rev. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 124: 79-110.
144. Tiller, K.G. 1988. Heavy metals in soils and their environmental significance. Adv. Soil Sci. 9: 113-142.
145. Timmer, L.W., and R.F. Leydon. 1980. The relationship of mycorrhizal infection to phosphorusinduced copper deficiency in sour orange seedlings. New Phytol. 85: 15-23.
146. Tu, C., C.R. Zheng, and H.M. Chen. 2000. Effect of applying chemical fertilizers on forms of lead and cadmium in red soil. Chemosphere 41: 133-138.
147. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Use of monitored natural attenuation at superfund, RCRA corrective action, and underground storage tank sites. Directive no. 9200. p. 4-17. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA, Washington, DC.
148. Wann, S.S., and G. Uehara. 1978. Surface charge manipulation in constant surface potential soil colloids: I. Relation to sorbed phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 565-570.
149. Weggler-Beaton, K., M.J. McLaughlin, and R.D. Graham. 2000. Salinity increases cadmium uptake by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids. Aust. J. Soil Res. 38: 37-45
150. Williams, C.H., and D.J. David. 1976. The accumulation in soil of cadmium residues from phosphate fertilizers and their effect on the cadmium content of plants. Soil Sci. 121: 86-93.
151. Woolson, E.A., J.H. Axley, and P. Kearney. 1973. The chemistry and phytotoxicity of arsenic in soil: II. Effect of time and phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 254-258.
152. Xie, R.J., and A.F. Mackenzie. 1991. Molybdate sorption-desorption in soils treated with phosphate. Geoderma 48: 321-333.
153. Xie, R.J., A.F. Mackenzie, and Z.J. Lou. 1993. Causal-modeling pH and phosphate effects on molybdate sorption in 3 temperate soils. Soil Sci. 155: 385-397.
154. 2+ on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28: 1472-1480.
155. Zhang, P., J.A. Ryan, and J. Yang. 1997. In vitro soil Pb solubility in the presence of hydroxyapatite. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32: 2763-2768.