Reproductive cycle and cytogenetics

Clover Science and Technology

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 71-110

  Cleveland, Richard W ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthers; Chromosome; Clover species; Embryo sac maturity; Meiosis; Meiotic behavior; Reproductive barrier; Reproductive cycle; Reproductive morphology

Indexed keywords

EID: 85103005488     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr25.c3     Document Type: Chapter

References (172)

1. Ahuja, M. R. 1955. Chromosome numbers of some plants. Ind. J. Genet. PL Br. 15: 142-143.
2. Anderson, M. K., N. L. Taylor, and G. B. Collins. 1972. Somatic chromosome numbers in certain Trifolium species. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14: 139-145.
3. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras. 1978-1979. Numeros cromosomicos y sacos polinicos en especies del genero Trifolium. Genet. Iber. 30-31: 129-160.
4. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and A. M. Sanchez de Rivera. 1981. Estudios cariohistologicos en el genero Trifolium. Bol. Soc. Brot. 53: 877-885.
5. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and A. M. Sanchez de Rivera. 1975. Studies on Trifolium subterraneum ecotypes. Cytologia 40: 415-423.
6. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras. 1977. Comparative chromosomal study of Spanish ecotypes and Australian cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L. Cytologia 42: 473-482.
7. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez. 1968. The chromosomes of Trifolium subterraneum L. IsraelJ.Bot. 17: 155-162.
8. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez. 1969. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. An. Est. Exp. Aula Dei 9: 97-110.
9. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez. 1970. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. III. (T. leucanthum, T. smyrnaeum, T. lappaceum, T. bocconei, y T. scabrum). Bol. Soc. Brot. 44: 13-26.
10. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez.. 1971. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. V. Bol. Soc. Brot. 45: 253-267.
11. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez.. 1972a. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. VI. Lagascalia 2: 3-13.
12. Angulo, M. D., and M. C. de Figueras, and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez. 1972b. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. VII. Revision cariologica sobre especies de la subseccion Probatostoma. Genet. Iber. 24: 305-324.
13. Armstrong, K. C. 1968. Cytogenetic and embryological studies of the interspecific hybrid Trifolium pratense L. x T. pallidum Waldst. and Kit. Ph.D. dissertation. The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA. (Diss. Abstr. 29/05-B, 68-15114.) p. 1562.
14. Armstrong, K. C., and R. W. Cleveland. 1970. Hybrids of Trifolium pratense L. x Trifolium pallidum. Crop Sci. 10: 354-357.
15. Arutiunova, A. G. 1940. Chromosome morphology in certain species of clove. Compt. Rend. (Doklady) 1‘Acad. Sci. URSS 27: 825-827.
16. Bhat, B. K., S. K. Bakshi, and M. K. Kaul. 1975. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XLIX. Taxon 24: 513-516.
17. Bleier, H. 1925. Chromosomenstudien bei der Gattung Trifolium. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. Pringsheim. 64: 604-636.
18. Brewbaker, J. L., and W. F. Keim. 1953. A fertile interspecific hybrid in Trifolium. Am. Nat. 77: 323-326.
19. Britten, E. J. 1963a. Chromosome numbers in the genus Trifolium. Cytologia 28: 428-449.
20. Britten, E. J. 1963b. Chromosome number of rose clover, Trifolium hirtum. Science 142: 401-402.
21. Brock, R. D. 1953. Species formation in Trifolium subterraneum. Nature 171: 939.
22. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1970a. Meiosis in two species of Trifolium and their hybrids. Crop Sci. 10: 188-189.
23. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1970b. Chromosome pairing in two interspecific hybrids of Trifolium. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 12: 790-794.
24. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1971a. Karyotypes of fifteen Trifolium species in section Amoria. Crop Sci. 11: 441-445.
25. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1971b. Seed development following the mating of Trifolium repens X T. uniflorum. Crop Sci. 11: 667-672.
26. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1972a. Barriers to hybridization of Trifolium repens with related species. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14: 381-389.
27. Chen, C.-C, and P. B. Gibson. 1972b. Chromosome relationships of Trifolium uniflorum to T. repens and T. occidentale. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14: 591-595.
28. Cincura, F. 1965. Cytotaxonomic analysis of T. sarosiense Hazsl. (English transl.) Biologia, Bratislava 20: 300-305.
29. Collins, G. B., N. L. Taylor, and G. C. Phillips. 1981. Successful hybridization of red clover with perennial Trifolium species via embryo rescue, p. 168-170. In J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays (ed.) Proc. XIV Int. Grassl. Congr., Lexington, KY. 15-24 June 1981. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
30. Coombe, D. E. 1961. Trifolium occidentale, a new species related to T. repens L. Watsonia 5: 68-87.
31. de Wet, J. M. J., and J. R. Harlan. 1972. Chromosome pairing and phylogenetic affinities. Taxon 21: 67-70.
32. El Baba, J. 1980. Contribution a l’etude cytotaxonomique des Trifolium du Liban. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 127, Lett. Bot (1): 53-58.
33. Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
34. Evans, A. M. 1962a. Species hybridization in Trifolium. I. Methods of overcoming species incompatibility. Euphytica 11: 164-176.
35. Evans, A. M. 1962b. Species hybridization in Trifolium. II. Investigating the pre-fertilization barriers to compatibility. Euphytica 11: 256-262.
36. Evans, A. M. 1976. Clovers Trifolium spp. (Leguminosae-Papilionatae). In N. W. Simmonds (ed.) Evolution of crop plants. Longman, London.
37. Evans, P. T., and E. A. Rupert. 1981. Cross-compatibility of Trifolium repens x T. isthmo-carpum progeny with other related species. Am. Soc. Agron. Abstr. p. 61.
38. Favarger, C. 1953. Notes de caryologie Alpine II. Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat. 76: 133-169.
39. Favarger, C. 1969. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XXII. Taxon 18: 434.
40. Favarger, C., and K. L. Huynh. 1964. In A. Love and O. T. Solbrig (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports II. Taxon 13: 205.
41. Fernandes, A., and M. F. Santos. 1971. Contribution a la connaissance cytotaxinomique des spermatophyta du Portugal: IV. Leguminosae. Bol. Soc. Brot. 45: 177-226.
42. Frahm-Leliveld, G. A. 1957. Observations cytologiques sur quelques legumineuses tropicales et subtropicales. Rev. Cytol. Biol. Veg. 8: 273-292.
43. Gibson, P. G., and G. Beinhart. 1969. Hybridization of Trifolium occidentale with two other species of clover. J. Hered. 60: 93-96.
44. Gibson, P. G., and G. Beinhart, and C.-C. Chen. 1971. Reproduction and cytology of Trifolium uniflorum. Crop Sci. 11: 69-70.
45. Gibson, P. G., and G. Beinhart, and C.-C. Chen, J. T. Gillingham, and O. W. Barnett. 1971. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium uniflorum L. Crop Sci. 11: 895-899.
46. Gillett, J. M. 1969. Taxonomy of Trifolium (Leguminosae). II. The T. longipes complex in North America. Can. J. Bot. 47: 93-113.
47. Gillett, J. M. 1972. Taxonomy of Trifolium (Leguminosae). IV. The American species of section Lupinaster(Adanson) Seringe. Can. J. Bot. 50: 1975-2007.
48. Gillett, J. M. 1975. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports L. Taxon 24: 672-673.
49. Gillett, J. M. 1980. Taxonomy of Trifolium (Leguminosae). V. The perennial species of section Involucrarium. Can. J. Bot. 58: 1425-1448.
50. Gillett, J. M. and T. Mosquin. 1967. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports X. Taxon 16: 149-156.
51. Giri, N., N. L. Taylor, and G. B. Collins. 1981. Chromosome numbers in seven Trifolium species with a karyotype for T. physodes. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 23: 621-626.
52. Giri, N., N. L. Taylor, and G. B. Collins. 1983. Chromosome stability and fertility of a nitrous oxide-derived tetraploid population of red clover. Crop Sci. 23: 45-48.
53. Goldblatt, P. 1981. Cytology and phylogeny of Leguminosae. p. 427-463. In R. Polhill and P. H. Raven (ed.) Advances in legume systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
54. Gonzalez-Bernaldez, F., A. M. Sanchez de Rivera, and M. D. Angulo. 1973. Estudios cromosomicos en el genero Trifolium. IV. Lagascalia 3: 195-203.
55. Haartman, J. 1751. Plantae hybridae. Amoenitates academicae 3: 28-62.
56. Harlin, W. C. 1956. Hybridization of Trifolium pratense L. with Trifolium species. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
57. Hedberg, O. 1962. Mountain plants from southern Ethiopia, collected by Dr. John Eriksson. Ark. Bot. Ser. 2.4: 421-435.
58. Hedberg, I., and O. Hedberg. 1977. Chromosome numbers of afroalpine and afromontane angiosperms. Bot. Not. 130: 1-24.
59. Heslop-Harrison, J., and Y. Heslop-Harrison. 1982. Pollen-stigma interaction in the Leguminosae: constituents of the stylar fluid and stigma secretion of Trifolium pratense L. Ann. Bot. 49: 729-735.
60. Hertzsch, W., E. Kjellqvist, and G. Ziegenbein. 1974. Aegean clover-Trifolium meneghinian-um Clem., a promising forage species. Z. Pflanzenzuchtg. 71: 60-68.
61. Hindmarsh, G. J. 1964. Gametophyte development in Trifolium pratense L. Aust. J. Bot. 12: 1-14.
62. Hovin, A. W. 1962. Interspecific hybridization between Trifolium repens L. and T. nigrescens Viv. and analysis of hybrid meiosis. Crop Sci. 2: 251-254.
63. Hussein, M. M., A. R. Selim, and A. E. Abo-Salha. 1977. Morphological and cytological studies in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) including Fahl, Saidi forms and their hybrid. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol. 6: 259-268.
64. Il’in, M. M., and N. A. Trukhaleva. 1960. The races of Trifolium lupinaster L.S.L. Doklady Akademii Nauk. SSSR-Bot. Sci. Sect. 132: 107-109. (EnglishTrans., A.I.B.S., Washington, DC).
65. Kalasa-Balicka, M. 1973. Development of microsporangia in di-and tetraploid Trifolium, Melilotus, Medicago, and Trigonella species and forms. Genet. Pol. 14: 389-395.
66. Kannenberg, L. W., and F. C. Elliott. 1962. Ploidy in Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb. in relation to some morphological and physiological characters. Crop Sci. 2: 378-381.
67. Karpechenko, G. D. 1925. Karyologische Studien uber die Gattung Trifolium. Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. PI. Breed. 14: 271-279.
68. Katznelson, J. 1965. A taxonomic revision of sect. Calycomorphum of the genus Trifolium. II. The anemochoric species. Isr. J. Bot. 14: 171-183.
69. Katznelson, J. 1967. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium. Crop Sci. 7: 307-310.
70. Katznelson, J., and F. H. W. Morley. 1965a. Speciation processes in Trifolium subterraneum L. Isr. J. Bot. 14: 15-35.
71. Katznelson, J., and F. H. W. Morley. 1965b. A taxonomic revision of sect. Calycomorphum of the genus Trifolium. I. Thegeocarpic species. Isr. J. Bot. 14: 112-134.
72. Katznelson, J., and F. H. W. Morley, and E. Putiyevsky. 1974. Cytogenetic studies in Trifolium spp. related to berseem. II. Relationships within the echinata group. Theor. Appl. Genet. 43: 87-94.
73. Kazimierska, E. M. 1980. Embryological studies of cross compatibility of species within the genus Trifolium L. III. Development of the embryo and endosperm in crossing T. repens L. with T. hybridum L. and T.fragiferum L. Genet. Polon. 21: 37-61.
74. Kazimierski, T., and E. M. Kazimierska. 1970. Badania Miezancow w rodzu Trifolium L. II. Morfologia i Cytogenetyka Mieszancow Trifolium neglectum C.A.M. x Trifolium fragi-ferum L. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 39: 297-320.
75. Kazimierski, T., and E. M. Kazimierska. 1972. Hybrids in Hiantia Bobr. section Trifolium L. genus. I. Morphological characters and fertility. Genet. Pol. 13: 67-89.
76. Kazimierski, T., and E. M. Kazimierska, and C. Strzyzewska. 1972. Species crossing in the genus Trifolium L. Genet. Pol. 13: 11-31.
77. Keim, W. F. 1953. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium utilizing embryo culture techniques. Agron. J. 45: 601-606.
78. Kliphuis, E. 1962. Chromosome numbers of some annual Trifolium species occurring in the Netherlands. Acta Bot. Need. 11: 90-92.
79. Kozuharov, S. I., B. A. Kuzmanov, and T. Markova. 1972. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XXXVI. Taxon 21: 336.
80. Kozuharov, S. I., B. A. Kuzmanov, and T. Markova. 1974. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XLIV. Taxon 23: 377-378.
81. Kozuharov, S. I., B. A. Kuzmanov, and T. Markova, 1975. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XLVII. Taxon 24: 145-146.
82. Kozuharov, S. I., B. A. Kuzmanov, and T. Markova, and G. Stancev. 1972. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XXXVIII. Taxon 21: 681.
83. Labadie, J. P. 1979. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports LXV. Taxon 628-629.
84. Larsen, K. 1956. Chromosome studies in some Mediterranean and south European flowering plants. Bot. Not. 109: 293-307.
85. Larsen, K. 1960a. Cytological and experimental studies on the flowering plants of the Canary Islands. Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 11: 1-60.
86. Larsen, K. 1960b. Stray contributions to the cytology of vascular plants. Bot. Tidsk. 55: 313-315.
87. Love, A., and B. M. Kapoor. 1967. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports XIV. Taxon 16: 566.
88. Love, A., and B. M. Kapoor, and D. Love. 1944. Cytotaxonomic studies of boreal plants. III. Some new chromosome numbers of Scandanavian plants. Ark. Bot. 31A(12): 1-22.
89. Love, A., and B. M. Kapoor, and D. Love, and B. M. Kapoor. 1971. Cytotaxonomy of a century of Rocky Mountain oro-phytes. Arctic Alpine Res. 3: 139-165.
90. Mackiewicz, T. 1965. Low seed-setting in tetraploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in the light of cytoembryological analysis. Genet. Pol. 6: 5-39.
91. Mackiewicz, T. 1970. Female gametophyte development in octoploid white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Genet. Pol. 11: 241-247.
92. Maizonnier, D. 1972. Obtention d’hybrides entre quatre especes perennes du genre Trifolium. Ann. Amelior. Plantes 22: 375-387.
93. Martin, J. N. 1914. Comparative morphology of some Leguminosae. Bot. Gaz. 58: 154-167.
94. Morley, F. H. W., R. D. Brock, and C. I. Davern. 1956. Subspeciation in Trifolium subterraneum L. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 9: 1-17.
95. Mosquin, T., and J. M. Gillett. 1965. Chromosome numbers in American Trifolium. Brittonia 17: 136-143.
96. Nielsen, I. 1975. Chromosome counts in the genus Trifolium. Bot. Tidsskrift 70: 180-183.
97. Noda, K. 1946. Studies of chromosome numbers in the clovers. Jap. J. Genet. 21: 93-96.
98. Pandey, K. K. 1955. Seed development in diploid, tetraploid and diploid-tetraploid crosses of Trifolium pratense L. Indian J. Genet. PI. Breed. 15: 25-35.
99. Pandey, K. K. 1957. A self-compatible hybrid from a cross between two self-incompatible species in Trifolium. J. Hered. 48: 278-281.
100. Phillips, G. C. 1981. Hybridization of red clover with a perennial Trifolium species using in vitro embryo rescue. Ph.D. dissertation. Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. (Diss. Abstr. 43/03, DA8207798.) p. 587-B.
101. Phillips, G. C, G. B. Collins, and N. L. Taylor. 1982. Interspecific hybridization of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with T. sarosiense Hazl. using in vitro embryo rescue. Theor. Appl. Genet. 62: 17-24.
102. Picklum, W. E. 1954. Developmental morphology of the inflorescence and flower of Trifolium pratense L. Iowa State College J. Sci. 28: 477-495.
103. Povilaitis, B., and J. W. Boyes. 1956. A cytological study of autotetraploid red clover. Am. J. Bot. 43: 169-174.
104. Povilaitis, B., and J. W. Boyes. 1959. Embryo-sac production in relation to seed yields of diploid Dollard red clover. Can. J. PI. Sci. 39: 364-374.
105. Povilaitis, B., and J. W. Boyes. 1960. Ovule development in diploid red clover. Can. J. Bot. 38: 507-532.
106. Pritchard, A. J. 1962. Number and morphology of chromosomes in African species in the genus Trifolium L. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13: 1023-1029.
107. Pritchard, A. J. 1967. The somatic chromosomes of T. cheleri L., T. hirtum AH., T. ligusticum Balb. and T. scabrum L. Caryologia 20: 323-331.
108. Pritchard, A. J. 1969. Chromosome numbers in some species of Trifolium. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20: 883-887.
109. Pritchard, A. J., and L. ‘t Mannetje. 1967. The breeding systems and some interspecific relations of a number of African Trifolium spp. Euphytica 16: 324-329.
110. Putiyevsky, E., and J. Katznelson. 1970. Chromosome number and genetic system in several Trifolium species related to T. alexandrinum. Chromosoma (Berl.) 30: 476-482.
111. Putiyevsky, E., and J. Katznelson. 1972. Cytology and crossability of several mediterranean Trifolium species. Isr. J. Bot. 21: 179-181.
112. Putiyevsky, E., and J. Katznelson. 1973. Cytogenetic studies in Trifolium spp. related to berseem. I. Intra-and interspecific hybrid seed formation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 43: 351-358.
113. Putiyevsky, E., and J. Katznelson. 1974. Cytogenetic studies in Trifolium spp. related to berseem. III. The relationships between the T. scutatum, T. plebium and the echinata group. Theor. Appl. Genet. 44: 184-190.
114. Putiyevsky, E., and J. Katznelson., and D. Zohary. 1975. Cytogenetic studies of Trifolium spp. related to berseem. IV. The relationships in the Alexandrinum and Vavilovi crossability groups, and the origin of cultivated berseem. Theor. Appl. Genet. 45: 355-362.
115. Quesenberry, K. H. 1975. Interspecific hybridization of perennial Trifolium species related to red clover. Ph.D. dissertation. Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. (Dissert. Abstr. 36/09-B. DCJ76-06143.) p. 4256.
116. Quesenberry, K. H., and M. L. Taylor. 1976. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium L., Sect. Trifolium Zoh. I. Diploid hybrids among T. alpestre L., T. rubens L., T. heldreichianum Hausskn. and T. noricum Wulf. Crop Sci. 16: 382-386.
117. Quesenberry, K. H., and M. L. Taylor. 1977. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium L. Sect. Trifolium Zoh. II. Fertile polyploid hybrids between T. medium L. and T. sarosiense Hazsl. Crop Sci. 17: 141-145.
118. Quesenberry, K. H., and M. L. Taylor. 1978. Interspecific hybridization in Trifolium. section Trifolium Zoh. III. Partially fertile hybrids of T. sarosiense Hazsl. x 4x T. alpestre L. Crop Sci. 18: 551-556.
119. Rembert, D. H., Jr. 1969. Comparative megasporogenesis in Papilionaceae. Am. J. Bot. 56: 584-591.
120. Rembert, D. H., Jr. 1977. Ovule ontogeny, megasporogenesis, and early gametogenesis in Trifolium repens (Papilionaceae). Am. J. Bot. 64: 483-488.
121. Rupert, E. A., and P. T. Evans. 1980. Embryo development after interspecific cross-pollinations among species of Trifolium, section Lotoidea. Am. Soc. Agron. Abstr. p. 68.
122. Rupert, E. A., and P. T. Evans, A. Seo, K. W. Richards. 1979. Trifolium species hybrids obtained from embryo-callus tissue cultures. Am. Soc. Agron. Abstr. p. 75.
123. Rutland, J. P. 1941. A list of chromosome numbers of British plants. New Phytol. 40: 210-214.
124. Schifino, M. T. 1982. In A. Love (ed.) IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVII. Taxon. 31: 765.
125. Schwer, J. F. 1962. A cytogenetic study involving interspecific hybrids between red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and several related species. Ph.D. dissertation. The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (Diss. Abstr. 23/10. 63-03079.) p. 3600.
126. Schwer, J. F., and R. W. Cleveland. 1972. Diploid interspecific hybrids of Trifolium pratense L., T. diffusum Ehrh., and some related species. Crop Sci. 12: 321-324.
127. Schwer, J. F., and R. W. Cleveland, and R. W. Cleveland. 1972b. Tetraploid and triploid interspecific hybrids of Trifolium pratense L., T. diffusum Ehrh., and some related species. Crop Sci. 12: 419-422.
128. Senn, H. 1938. Chromosome number relationships in the Leguminosae. Bibliogr. Genet. 12: 175-336.
129. Shimada, T. 1978a. Occurrence of sterility in tetraploid red clover. 4. Embryology of sterility in diploid and tetraploid plants. (English summary.) Res. Bui. Obihiro Univ. Ser. I. 10(4): 815-827.
130. Shimada, T. 1978b. Occurrence of sterility in tetraploid red clover. 5. Embryological aspects of sterility. (English summary.) Res. Bui. Obihiro Univ. Ser. 1.10(4): 829-835.
131. Silow, K. A. 1931. A preliminary report on pollen-tube growth in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Welsh PI. Breed. Stn. Bull. Ser. H. 12: 228-233.
132. Stace, C. A. 1975. Section A. Introductory, p. 1-84. In C. A. Stace (ed.) Hybridization and the flora of the British Isles. Acad. Press, London.
133. Starzycki, S. 1959. Zmienosc mieszancow koniczyny bialej (Trifolium repens L.) Z koniczyna czerwona Trifolium pratense L. Nasiennictwo 3: 277-319. (In PI. Breed. Abstr. 30: 546-547. 1960.)
134. Stebbins, J. L., Jr. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y.
135. Stebbins, J. L., Jr. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, Mass.
136. Strid, A., and R. Franzen. 1981. In A. Love (ed.) Chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon 30: 829-842.
137. Sz.-Borsos, O. 1970. Contributions to the knowledge on the chromosome numbers of phanerogams growing in Hungary and Southeastern Europe. Acta. Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 255-265.
138. Tarnavschi, Ion T. 1948. Die Chromosomenzahlen der Anthophyten-flora von Rumanien mit einem Ausblick auf das Poliploidie-problem. Bulletin du Jardin et du Musee Botaniques de l’Universite de Cluj, Raumanie 28.1947 Suppl. 1.
139. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson. 1976. Doubling the chromosome number of Trifolium species using nitrous oxide. Crop Sci. 16: 516-518.
140. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson, J. M. Gillett, and N. Giri. 1983. Morphological observations and chromosome numbers in Trifolium L. section Chronosemium. Ser. Cytologia 48: 671-677.
141. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson, J. M. Gillett, and N. Giri, and N. Giri. 1983. Frequency and stability of tetraploids from 2x-4x crosses in red clover. Crop Sci. 23: 1191-1194.
142. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson, J. M. Gillett, and N. Giri, and N. Giri, R. F. Quarles, and M. K. Anderson. 1980. Methods of overcoming interspecific barriers in Trifolium. Euphytica 29: 411-450.
143. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson, J. M. Gillett, and N. Giri, and N. Giri, R. F. Quarles, and M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and M. K. Anderson. 1979. Genetic system relationships in Trifolium. Econ. Bot. 33: 431-441.
144. Taylor, N. L., M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and L. Watson, J. M. Gillett, and N. Giri, and N. Giri, R. F. Quarles, and M. K. Anderson, K. H. Quesenberry, and M. K. Anderson, W. H. Staube, G. B. Collins, and W. A. Kendall. 1963. Interspecific hybridization of red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.). Crop Sci. 3: 549-552.
145. Thulin, M. 1970. Chromosome numbers of some vascular plants of East Africa. Bot. Not. 123: 488-494.
146. Thulin, M. 1976. Two new species of Trifolium from Ethiopia. Bot. Not. 129: 167-171.
147. Trimble, J. P. 1951. Interspecific hybridization studies in the genus Trifolium L. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa.
148. Trimble, J. P., and A. W. Hovin. 1960. Interspecific hybridizaiton of certain species. Agron. J. 52: 485.
149. Tschechow, W. 1930. Karyologisch-Systematische Untersuchung des Tribus Galegeae, Fam. Leguminosae (Vorlaufige Mitteilung). Planta 9: 673-680.
150. Turner, B. L., and O. S. Fearing. 1960. Chromosome numbers in the Leguminosae. III. Species of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Am. J. Bot. 47: 603-608.
151. Valdes, B., and F. Gonzalez-Bernaldez. 1972. Trifolium baeticum Boiss. y Trifolium pallidum Waldst. & Kit. Lagascalia 2: 189-191.
152. Wexelsen, H. 1928. Chromosome numbers and morphology in Trifolium. Univ. Calif. Publ. Agric. Sci. 2: 355-376.
153. White, D., and E. Williams. 1976. Early seed development after crossing of Trifolium semi-pilosum and T. repens. N.Z. J. Bot. 14: 161-168.
154. Wiens, D., and D. K. Halleck. 1962. Chromosome numbers in Rocky Mountain plants. I. Bot. Not. 115: 455-464.
155. Williams, E. 1978. A hybrid between Trifolium repens and T. ambiguum obtained with the aid of embryo culture. N.Z. J. Bot. 16: 499-506.
156. Williams, E. 1980. Hybrids between Trifolium ambiguum and T. hybridum obtained with the aid of embryo culture. N.Z. J. Bot. 18: 215-220.
157. Williams, E. and G. DeLautour. 1980. The use of embryo culture with transplanted nurse endosperm for the production of interspecific hybrids in pasture legumes. Bot. Gaz. 141: 252-257.
158. Williams, E. and G. DeLautour, J. Plummer, and M. Phung. 1982. Cytology and fertility of Trifolium repens, T. ambiguum, T. hybridum, and interspecific hybrids. N.Z. J. Bot. 20: 115-120.
159. Williams, E. and G. DeLautour, J. Plummer, and M. Phung, and I. M. Verry. 1981. A partially fertile hybrid between Trifolium repens and T. ambiguum. N.Z. J. Bot. 19: 1-7.
160. Williams, E. and G. DeLautour, J. Plummer, and M. Phung, and I. M. Verry, and D. White. 1976. Early seed development after crossing Trifolium ambiguum and T. repens. N.Z. J. Bot. 14: 307-314.
161. Williams, W. M., and E. G. Williams. 1981. Use of embryo culture with nurse endosperm for interspecific hybridization in pasture legumes, p. 163-165. In J. A. Smith and V. W. Hays (ed.) Proc. XIV Int. Grassl. Cong., Lexington, KY. 15-24 June 1981. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
162. Wipf, L. 1939. Chromosome numbers in root nodules and root tips of certain Leguminosae. Bot. Gaz. 101: 51-67.
163. Wulff, H. D. 1939a. Chromosomenstudien an der schleswigholsteinischen Angiospermen-Flora. III. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 57: 84-91.
164. Wulff, H. D. 1939b. Chromosomenstudien an der schleswigholsteinischen Angiospermen-Flora. IV. Ber Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 57: 424-431.
165. Yates, J. L., and N. H. Brittan. 1952. Cytological studies of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 3: 300-304.
166. Zohary, D., and J. Katznelson. 1958. Two species of subterranean clover in Israel. Aust. J. Bot. 6: 177-182.
167. Zohary, M. 1970. Trifolium L. p. 384-448. In P. H. Davis (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh.
168. Zohary, M. 1971. A revision of the species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium (Leguminosae). I. Introduction. Candollea 26: 297-308.
169. Zohary, M. 1972a. Origins and evolution in the genus Trifolium. Bot. Not. 125: 501-511.
170. Zohary, M. 1972b. A revision of the species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium (Leguminosae). II. Taxonomic treatment. Candollea 27(1): 99-158.
171. Zohary, M. 1972c. A revision of the species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium (Leguminosae). III. Taxonomic treatment (sequel). Candollea 27(2): 249-264.
172. Zohary, M., 1972d. Trifolium. p. 157-193. In Flora Palaestina. Part two: Text. Platanaceae to Um-belliferae. Israel Acad. Sci. and Human., Sect, of Sci. Jerusalem.