Edible grain legumes

Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 87-123

  Vandemark, George J ^a   Brick, Mark A ^b   Osorno, Juan M ^c   Kelly, James D ^d   Urrea, Carlos A ^e  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

^c NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Deparment of Physiology   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chickpea; Cool season food legumes; Dry bean; Lentil; On farm productivity; United States; Yield gain; Yield improvement

Indexed keywords

EID: 85102862301     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2135/cssaspecpub33.c5     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Abbo, S., J. Berger, and N.C. Turner. 2003. Evolution of cultivated chickpea: Four bottlenecks limit diversity and constrain adaptation. Funct. Plant Biol. 30:1081-1087. doi:10.1071/FP03084
2. Adams, M.W. 1967. Basis of yield component compensation in crop plants with special reference to the field bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Crop Sci. 7:505-510. doi:10.2135/cropsci1967.0011183X 000700050030x
3. Adams, M.W. 1982. Plant architecture and yield breeding. Iowa State J. Res. 56:225-254.
4. Anbessa, Y., T. Warkentin, A. Vandenberg, A., and R. Ball. 2006. Inheritance of time to flowering in chickpea in a short-season temperate environment. J. Hered. 97:55-61. doi:10.1093/ jhered/esj009
5. Andersen, A.L., E.E. Down, and G. Whitford. 1960. The Sanilac pea bean-Its history, development, and characteristics. Mich., Agric. Exp. Stn., Q. Bull. 43(2):214-236.
6. Banniza, S. 2011. Stemphylium blight of lentil. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 60-62.
7. Bayaa, B., and W. Chen. 2011. Ascochyta blight of chickpea. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 34-40.
8. Beaver, J.S., and J.M. Osorno. 2009. Achievements and limitations of contemporary common bean breeding using conventional and molecular approaches. Euphytica 168:145-176. doi:10.1007/ s10681-009-9911-x
9. Berger, J., S. Abbo, and N.C. Turner. 2003. Ecogeography of annual wild Cicer species: The poor state of the world collection. Crop Sci. 43:1076-1090. doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.1076
10. Biddle, A.J. 2000. Sclerotinia white mold. In: J.M. Kraft and F.L. Pfleger, editors, Compendium of pea diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 30-31.
11. Bingham, J. 1967. Breeding cereals for improved yielding capacity. Ann. Appl. Biol. 59:312-315. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04442.x
12. Bowen, S.C. 1898. History of the bean industry. In: Annual Report of the New York State Agricultural Society, Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, Co., Albany, NY. p. 323-329.
13. Bressani, R., and L.G. Elias. 1988. Seed quality and nutritional goals in pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea breeding. In: R.J. Summerfield, editor, World crops: Cool season food legumes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 381-404.
14. Bretag, T.W., and M. Ramsey. 2000. Ascochyta spp. In: J.M. Kraft and F.L. Pfleger, editors, Compendium of pea diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. p. 24-28.
15. Brick, M.A., P.F. Byrne, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg, K. Otto, A.L. Fall, and J. Gilbert. 2006. Reaction to three races of Fusarium wilt in the Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. Crop Sci. 46:1245-1252. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.06-0102
16. Brick, M.A., and K.F. Grafton. 1999. Improvement of medium seeded race Durango cultivars. In: S. Singh, editor, Common bean improvement in the twenty-first century. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. p. 223-253.
17. Brick, M.A., J.B. Ogg, H.F. Schwartz, J.J. Johnson, and F. Judson. 2011. Registration of 'Croissant' pinto bean. J. Plant Reg. 5:299-303. doi:10.3198/jpr2010.07.0443crc
18. Broughton, W.J., G. Hernández, M. Blair, S. Beebe, P. Gepts, and J. Vanderleyden. 2003. Beans (Phaseolus spp.)-Model food legumes. Plant Soil 252:55-128. doi:10.1023/A:1024146710611
19. Buchwaldt, L. 2011. Anthracnose of lentil. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 31-34.
20. Burke, D.W., and D.E. Miller. 1983. Control of Fusarium root rot with resistant beans and cultural management. Plant Dis. 67:1312-1317. doi:10.1094/PD-67-1312
21. Burkholder, W.H. 1918. The production of an anthracnose-resistant white marrow bean. Phytopathology 8:353-359.
22. Câmara, C.R.S., C.A. Urrea, and V. Schlegel. 2013. Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a functional food. Agriculture 3:90-111. doi:10.3390/agriculture3010090
23. Chen, W., C. Coyne, T. Peever, and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2004. Characterization of chickpea differentials for Ascochyta blight and identification of resistance sources for Didymella rabiei. Plant Pathol. 53:759-769. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01103.x
24. Cobos, M.J., J. Rubio, M.D. Fernández-Romero, R. Garza, M.T. Morena, T. Millán, and J. Gil. 2007. Genetic analysis of seed size, yield and days to flowering in a chickpea recombinant inbred line population derived from a Kabuli x Desi cross. Ann. Appl. Biol. 151:33-42. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00152.x
25. Cox, T.S., J.P. Shroyer, L. Ben-Hui, R.G. Sears, and T.J. Martin. 1988. Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of hard red winter wheat cultivars from 1919 to 1987. Crop Sci. 28:756-760.
26. Coyne, D.P. 1980. Modification of plant architecture and crop yield by breeding. HortScience 15:244-247.
27. Cubero, J.I., M. Pérez de la Vega, and R. Fratini. 2009. Origin, phylogeny, domestication and spread. In: W. Erskine, F.J. Muehlbauer, A. Sarker, and B. Sharma, editors, The lentil: Botany, production and uses. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 13-33.
28. Dehghani, H., S.H. Sabaghpour, and A. Ebadi. 2010. Study of genotype x environment interaction for chickpea yield in Iran. Agron. J. 102:1-8.
29. Down, E.E., and A.L. Andersen. 1956. Agronomic use of an X-ray induced mutant. Science 124:223-224.
30. Down, E.E., and J. W. Thayer, Jr. 1938. The Michelite bean. Spec. Bull. 295. Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn., East Lansing, MI.
31. Duvick, D.N., and K.G. Cassman. 1999. Post-green revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the north-central United States. Crop Sci. 39:1622-1630.
32. Evans, L.T., and R.A. Fisher. 1999. Yield potential: Its definition, measurement, and significance. Crop Sci. 39:1544-1551.
33. FAOSTAT.2013. Production. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx (accessed on 1 Apr. 2013).
34. Fisher, A.G., M.A. Brick, D.R. Wood, M. Stack, H.F. Schwartz, J.B. Ogg, C.H. Pearson, J.F. Shanahan, and M. Ballarin. 1995. Registration of Fisher Pinto Bean. Crop Sci. 35:1511.
35. Fischer, R.A., D. Byerlee, and G.O. Edmeades. 2009. Can technology deliver on the yield challenge to 2050? Paper presented at: Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome. 24-26 Jun.
36. Galasso, I. 2003. Distribution of highly repeated DNA sequences in species of the genus Lens Miller. Genome 46:1118-1124.
37. Godfray, H.C.J., J.R. Beddington, I.R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J.F. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S.M. Thomas, and C. Toulmin. 2010. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812-818.
38. Gowda, C.L., H.D. Upadhyaya, N. Dronavalli, and S. Singh. 2011. Identification of large-seeded high-yielding stable kabuli chickpea germplasm lines for use in crop improvement. Crop Sci. 51:198-209.
39. Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit. 2012. Dry pea, lentil, chickpea, and winter legume breeding. USDA-ARS. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/53482000/ProgressReport/Progress%20Report%202012%20V8.pdf (accessed Oct. 2013).
40. Gritton, E.T. 1986. Pea breeding. In: M.J. Bassett, editor, Breeding vegetable crops. AVI Publ., Westport, CT. p. 283-319.
41. Güler, M., S. Adak, and H. Ulukan. 2001. Determining relationships among yield and some yield components using path coefficient analysis in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). Eur. J. Agron. 14:161-166. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00086-1
42. Haglund, W.A. 2000. Fusarium wilt. In: J.M. Kraft and F.L. Pfleger, editors, Compendium of pea diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. p. 14-16.
43. Harlan, J.R. 1950. Collection of crop plants in Turkey. Agron. J. 42:258-259. doi:10.2134/agronj19 50.00021962004200050012x
44. Harlan, J.R. 1992. Crops and man. CSSA, Madison, WI.
45. Hawtin, G.C., F.J. Muehlbauer, A.E. Slinkard, and K.B. Singh. 1988. Current status of cool season food legume crop improvement: An assessment of critical needs. In: R.J. Summerfield, editor, World crops: Cool season food legumes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 67-80.
46. Jiménez-Díaz, R.M., M. del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, B.B. Landa del Castillo, P. Castillo, and J.A. Navas-Cortés. 2011. Fusarium wilt of chickpea. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 16-20.
47. Kaiser, W.J. 1991. Host range studies with the Ascochyta blight pathogen of chickpea. Int. Chickpea Newsl. 25:25-27.
48. Kaiser, W.J., and F.J. Muehlbauer. 1988. An outbreak of Ascochyta blight of chickpea in the Pacific Northwest, USA, in 1987. Int. Chickpea Newsl. 18:16-17.
49. Kaplan, L. 1965. Archeology and domestication in American Phaseolus (beans). Econ. Bot. 19(4):358-368. doi:10.1007/BF02904806
50. Kelly, J.D. 2000. Remaking bean plant architecture for efficient production. Adv. Agron. 71:109143. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(01)71013-9
51. Kelly, J.D. 2004. Advances in common bean improvement: Some case histories with broader applications. Acta Hortic. 637:99-122.
52. Kelly, J.D., M.W. Adams, A.W. Saettler, G.L. Hosfield, G.V. Varner, M.A. Uebersax, and J. Taylor. 1990. Registration of 'Sierra' pinto bean. Crop Sci. 30:745-746. doi:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011 183X003000030062x
53. Kelly, J.D., and K.A. Cichy. 2012. Dry bean breeding and production technologies. In: M. Siddiq and M.A. Uebersax, editors, Dry beans and pulses: Production, processing, and nutrition. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, p. 23-54.
54. Kelly, J.D., J. Kolkman, and K. Schneider. 1998. Breeding for yield in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 102:343-356. doi:10.1023/A:1018392901978
55. Kelly, J.D., and V.A. Vallejo. 2004. A comprehensive review of the major genes conditioning resistance to Anthracnose in common bean. HortScience 39:1196-1207.
56. Khodambashi, M., N. Bitaraf, and S. Hoshmand. 2012. Generation mean analysis for grain yield and its related traits in lentil. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 14:609-616.
57. Kumar, L., and P.P. Arora. 1991. Basis of selection in chickpea. Int. Chickpea Newsl. 24:14-15.
58. Kraft, J.M. 1981. Registration of 792022 and 792024 pea germplasm. Crop Sci. 21:352-353.
59. Kraft, J.M. 1992. Registration of 90-2079, 90-2131, and 20-2322 pea germplasms. Crop Sci. 32:1076.
60. Kraft, J.M., M.J. Silbernagel, and F.J. Muehlbauer. 1972. Registration of PH-14-119 and PH-91-3-pea germplasm. Crop Sci. 12:399.
61. Ladizinsky, G., and A. Adler. 1976. The origin of chickpea Cicerarientinum L. Euphytica 25:211-217.
62. Larsen, R.C., and M.W. Schwinghamer. 2011. Diseases caused by viruses. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. p. 72-77.
63. Li, L., R.A. Bueckert, Y. Gan, and T. Warkentin. 2006. Biomass and yield performance of kabuli chickpea cultivars with the fern or unifoliate leaf trait in the Northern Great Plains. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86:1089-1097.
64. Lichtenzveig, J., D. Bonfil, H.B. Zhang, D. Shtienberg, and S. Abbo. 2006. Mapping quantitative trait loci in chickpea associated with time to flowering and resistance to Didymella rabiei the causal agent of Ascochyta blight. Theor. Appl. Genet. 113:1357-1369.
65. Licker, R., M. Johnston, J.A. Foley, C. Barford, C.J. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, and N. Ramankutty. 2010. Mind the gap: How do climate and agricultural management explain the 'yield gap' of croplands around the world? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19:769-782.
66. Liu, P.Y., Y. Gan, T. Warkentin, and C. McDonald. 2003. Morphological plasticity of chickpea in a semiarid environment. Crop Sci. 43:426-429. doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.0426
67. Lopes, M.S., M.P. Reynolds, Y. Manes, R.P. Singh, J. Crossa, and H.J. Braun. 2012. Genetic yield gains and changes in associated traits of CIMMYT spring bread wheat in a 'Historic' set representing 30 years of breeding. Crop Sci. 52:1123-1131.
68. MacKey, J. 1979. Genetic potentials for improved yield. In: S. Rajki, editor, Proceedings of a Workshop on Agricultural Potentiality Directed by Nutritional Needs, Martonvásár, Hungary. 5-9 Jun. Akad. Kiado, Budapest. p. 121-143.
69. Marx, G.A., W.T. Schroeder, R. Provvidenti, and W. Mishanec. 1972. A genetic study of tolerance in pea (Pisum sativum) to Aphanomyces root rot. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 97:619-621.
70. McGee, R.J., C.J. Coyne, M.-L. Pilet-Nayal, A. Moussart, B. Tivoli, A. Baranger, C. Hamon, G. Van-demark, and K. McPhee. 2012. Registration of pea germplasm lines partially resistant to Aphanomyces root rot for breeding fresh or freezer pea and dry pea types. J. Plant Reg. 6:203-207. doi:10.3198/jpr2011.03.0139crg
71. McKay, K., P. Miller, P. Jenks, B. Riesselman, K. Neill, D. Buschena, and A.J. Bussan. 2002. Growing chickpea in the Northern Great Plains. Bull. 1236. North Dakota State Univ. Ext. Serv., Fargo, ND.
72. McPhee, K.E., C.C. Chen, D.M. Wichman, and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2007. Registration of 'Windham' winter feed pea. J. Plant Reg. 1:117-118. doi:10.3198/jpr2006.12.0828crc
73. McPhee, K.E., and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2007. Registration of 'Specter' winter feed pea. J. Plant Reg. 1:118-119. doi:10.3198/jpr2006.12.0826crc
74. McPhee, K.E., and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2009. Registration of 'Riveland' lentil. J. Plant Reg. 3:5-9.
75. Michigan State University. 2009. One hundred years of bean breeding at Michigan State University: A chronology. Michigan State University. http://www.css.msu.edu/bean/100Years.cfm (accessed 1 Feb 2013).
76. Miklas, P.N., J.D. Kelly, S.E. Beebe, and M.W. Blair. 2006. Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: From classical to MAS breeding. Euphytica 147:105-131.
77. Muehlbauer, F.J. 1987. Registration of 'Brewer' and 'Emerald' lentil. Crop Sci. 27:1087-1088.
78. Muehlbauer, F.J. 1992. Registration of 'Palouse' lentil. Crop Sci. 32:1070.
79. Muehlbauer, F.J., W. J. Kaiser, D. F. Bezdicek, K. J. Morrison, and D. G. Swan. 1982. Description and culture of chickpeas. Ext. Bull. 1112. Wash. State University, Pullman, WA.
80. Muehlbauer, F.J., W.J. Kaiser, and I. Kusmenoglu, I. 1998a. Registration of 'Sanford' chickpea. Crop Sci. 38:282.
81. Muehlbauer, F.J., W.J. Kaiser, and I. Kusmenoglu. 1998b. Registration of 'Dwelley' chickpea. Crop Sci. 38:282-283.
82. Muehlbauer, F.J., and K.E. McPhee. 2004. Registration of 'Merrit' lentil. Crop Sci. 44:1487-1488.
83. Muehlbauer, F.J., M. Mihov, A. Vandenberg, A. Tullu, and M. Materne. 2009. Improvement in developed countries. In: W. Erskine, F.J. Muehlbauer, A. Sarker, and B. Sharma, editors, The lentil: Botany, production and uses. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 137-154.
84. Muehlbauer, F.J., and K.B. Singh. 1987. Genetics of chickpea. In: M.C. Saxena and K.B. Singh, editors, The chickpea. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 99-125.
85. Muehlbauer, F.J., S.R. Temple, and W. Chen. 2004. Registration of 'Sierra' chickpea. Crop Sci. 44:1864.
86. Neumann, K., P.H. Verburg, E. Stehfest, and C. Müller. 2010. The yield gap of global grain production: A spatial analysis. Agric. Syst. 103:316-326.
87. Newman, C.W., R.K. Newman, and R.H. Lockerman. 1988. Utilization of food legumes in human nutrition. In: R.J. Summerfield, editor, World crops: Cool season food legumes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 405-412.
88. Nuland, D.S., and G. Taylor. 1996. Technological progress in dry bean yields. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 39:50-51.
89. Osorno, J.M., K.F. Grafton, G.A. Rojas-Cifuentes, J.R. Gelin, and A.J. Vander-Wal. 2010. Registration of 'Lariat' and 'Stampede' pinto beans. J. Plant Reg. 4:5-11.
90. Park, S.J. 1993. Response of bush and upright plant type selections to white mold and seed yield of common beans grown in various row widths in southern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:265-272.
91. Pfender, W. 2000. Aphanomyces root rot. In: J.M. Kraft and F.L. Pfleger, editors, Compendium of pea diseases. 2nd ed. APS Press, St Paul, MN. p. 9-13.
92. Pilet-Nayel, M., F.J. Muehlbauer, R. McGee, J. Kraft, A. Baranger, and C. Coyne. 2002. Quantitative trait loci for partial resistance to Aphanomyces root rot in pea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106:28-39.
93. Porter, L.D., T. Paulitz, and W. Chen. 2011. Rhizoctonia seed, seedling, and wet root rot. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. p. 28-29.
94. Progene Plant Research. 2013a. Ariel green field pea. http://www.progenellc.com (accessed Oct. 2013).
95. Progene Plant Research. 2013b. Aragorn green field pea. http://plantresearch.co.nz/images/pdf/ Aragorn.pdf (accessed Oct. 2013).
96. Progene Plant Research. 2013c. Banner green field pea. http://www.progenellc.com (accessed Oct. 2013).
97. Ray, D.K., N. Ramankutty, N.D. Mueller, P.C. West, and J.A. Foley. 2012. Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation. Nat. Comm. 3:1293 10.1038/ncomms2296.
98. Salimath, P.M., C. Toker, J.S. Sandhu, J. Kumar, B. Suma, S.S. Yadav, and P.N. Bahl. 2007. Conventional breeding methods. In: S.S. Yadav, R. Redden, W. Chen, and B. Sharma, editors, Chickpea breeding & management. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 369-390.
99. Sarawat, P., F.L. Stoddard, D.R. Marshall, and S.M. Ali. 1994. Heterosis for yield and related characters in pea. Euphytica 80:39-48. doi:10.1007/BF00039296
100. Schafer, E.G. 1926. Washington agriculture: Cereal crops. State Coll. Wash. Ext. Bull. 134:5-37.
101. Schwinghamer, M.W., and R.C. Larsen. 2011. Diseases caused by viruses. In: W. Chen, H.C. Sharma, and F.J. Muehlbauer, editors, Compendium of chickpea and lentil diseases and pests. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. p. 60-62.
102. Sharma, B. 2009. Genetics of economic traits. In: W. Erskine, F.J. Muehlbauer, A. Sarker, and B. Sharma, editors, The lentil: Botany, production and uses. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 76-101.
103. Shehata, M.A., C.R. Grau, D.W. Davis, and F.L. Pfleger. 1983. Breeding for resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches root rot and Rhizoctonia solani stem rot in peas. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108:1080-1085.
104. Shinn, J.R. 1916. Pea growing in Spokane county. State Coll. Wash. Ext. Bull. 19. State College of Washington, Pullman, WA.
105. Singh, S.P. 1982. A key for identification of different growth habits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Annu. Rep. Bean Improv. Coop. 25:92-94.
106. Singh, S.P., and H.F. Schwartz. 2010. Breeding common beans for resistance to diseases: A review. Crop Sci. 50:2199-2223. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0163
107. Singh, S.P., A. Molina, C.A. Urrea, and J.A. Gutiérrez. 1993. Use of interracial hybridization in breeding the race Durango common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:785-793.
108. Singh, S.P., H. Terán, M. Lema, D.M.A. Strausbaugh, P.N. Miklas, H.F. Schwartz, and M.A. Brick. 2007. Seventy-five years of breeding dry bean of the Western USA. Crop Sci. 47:981-989.
109. Slinkard, A.E. 1981. Eston lentil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 61:733-734.
110. Sonnante, G., I. Galasso, and D. Pignone. 2003. ITS sequence analysis and phylogenetic inference in the genus Lens Mill. Ann. Bot. (London) 91:49-54. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg007
111. Specht, I.E., and J.H. Williams. 1984. Contribution of genetic technology to soybean productivity-Retrospect and prospect. In: W.R. Fehr, editor, Genetic contributions to yield gains of five major crop plants. CSSA Spec. Publ. 7. ASA, CSSA, and ASA, Madison, WI. p. 49-74.
112. Steadman, J.R. 1983. White mold-A serious yield limiting disease of bean. Plant Dis. 67:346-347. doi:10.1094/PD-67-346
113. Tar'an, B., T. Warkentin, D.J. Somers, D. Miranda, A. Vandenberg, S. Blade, and D. Bing. 2004. Identification of quantitative trait loci for grain yield, seed protein concentration and maturity in field pea (Pisumsativum L.). Euphytica 136:297-306. doi:10.1023/B:EUPH.0000032721.03075.a0
114. Terán, H., M. Lema, D. Webster, and S.P. Singh. 2009. 75 years of breeding pinto bean for resistance to diseases in the United States. Euphytica 167:341-351. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-9892-9
115. Timmerman-Vaughan, G.M., A. Mills, C. Whitfield, T. Frew, R. Butler, S. Murray, M. Lakeman, J. McCallum, A. Russell, and D. Wilson. 2005. Linkage mapping of QTL for seed yield, yield components, and developmental traits in pea. Crop Sci. 45:1336-1344. doi:10.2135/ cropsci2004.0436
116. Toker, C. 2009. A note on the evolution of kabuli chickpeas as shown by indunced mutations in Cicer reticulatum Ladizinsky. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 56:7-12. doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9336-8
117. Tullu, A., B. Tar'an, T. Warkentin, and A. Vandenberg. 2008. Construction of an intraspecific linkage map and QTL analysis for earliness and plant height in lentil. Crop Sci. 48:2254-2264. doi:10.2135/cropsci2007.11.0628
118. Urrea, C.A., and S.P. Singh. 1994. Comparison of mass, F2-derived family, and single-seed-descent selection methods in an interracial population of common bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 74:461464. doi:10.4141/cjps94-085
119. Urrea, C.A., and S.P. Singh. 1995. Comparison of recurrent and congruity backcrossing for interracial hybridization in common bean. Euphytica 45:469-478.
120. Urrea, C.A., C.D. Yonts, D.J. Lyon, and A.E. Koehler. 2009. Selection for drought resistance in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from the Mesoamerican gene pool in western Nebraska. Crop Sci. 49:2005-2010. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.12.0694
121. USDA-ERS. 2010. Vegetable and pulses: dry beans. USDA-ERS. http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/ crops/vegetables-pulses/dry-beans.aspx (accessed 15 Mar. 2013).
122. USDA-ERS. 2013. Dry edible beans. USDA-ERS. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/view-DocumentInfo.do?documentID=1394 (accessed 29 Jan. 2013).
123. USDA-NASS. 2013. Statistics by subject. USDA-NASS http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_Subject/index.php?sector=CROPS (accessed 1 Apr. 2013).
124. U.S. Dry Pea and Lentil Council. 2012. USDA/USADPLC 2012 Production Comparison Report. Pulse Pipeline 12(23):1.
125. Vandemark, G.J., K.E. McPhee, and F.J. Muehlbauer. 2011. Registration of 'Essex' lentil. J. Plant Reg. 5:19-21. doi:10.3198/jpr2010.03.0151crc
126. Vandemark, G.J., and L.D. Porter. 2010. First report of lentil root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches in Idaho. Plant Dis. 94:480. doi:10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0480B
127. van der Maesen, L.J.G., N. Maxted, F. Javadi, S. Coles, and A.M.R. Davies. 2007. Taxonomy of the genus Cicer revisited. In: S.S. Yadav, R. Redden, W. Chen, and B. Sharma, editors, Chickpea breeding & management. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. p. 14-46.
128. Voldeng, H.D., E.R. Cober, D.J. Hume, C. Gillard, and M.J. Morrison. 1997. Fifty-eight years of genetic improvement of short-season soybean cultivars in Canada. Crop Sci. 37(2):428-431. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700020020x
129. Wallace, D.H. 1985. Physiological genetics of plant maturity, adaptation, and yield. In: J. Janick, editor, Plant breeding reviews. Vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ. p. 21-158.
130. Wallace, D.H., J.P. Baudoin, J.S. Beaver, D.P. Coyne, D.E. Halseth, P.N. Masaya, H.M. Munger, J.R. Myers, M. Silbernagel, K.S. Yourstone, and R.W. Zobel. 1993. Improving efficiency of breeding for higher crop yield. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:27-40.
131. Wallace, D.H., and R.E. Wilkinson. 1965. Breeding for Fusarium root rot resistance in beans. Phytopathology 55:1227-1231.
132. White, J., and A. Gonzales. 1990. Characterization of the negative association between seed yield and seed size among genotypes of common bean. Field Crops Res. 23:159-175.
133. Wood, D.R., M. Ballarin, M.A. Brick, H.F. Schwartz, and C.H. Pearson. 1989. Registration of Bill Z pinto bean. Crop Sci. 29:488.
134. Wood, D.R., and J.G. Keenan. 1982. Registration of Olathe bean. Crop Sci. 22:1259-1260.
135. Wright, D.J. 1985. Combining peas for human consumption. In: P.D. Hebblethwaite, M.C. Heath, and T.C.K. Dawkins, editors, The pea crop. Buttersworth, London, UK. p. 441-451.
136. Youngman, V.E. 1967. Lentils-A pulse of the Palouse. Econ. Bot. 21:135-139.
137. Yu, K., S.J. Park, and V. Poysa. 2000. Marker-assisted selection of common beans for resistance to common bacterial blight: Efficacy and economics. Plant Breed. 119:411-415.
138. Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. 1973. Domestication of pulses in the old world. Science 182:887-894.