Effects of traffic on turfgrasses

Turfgrass

Volumn 32, Issue , 2015, Pages 285-330

  Carrow, Robert N ^a   Martin Petrovic, A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Divoting; Foot traffic; Rutting; Soil compaction; Turfgrasses; Vehicular traffic; Wear damage

Indexed keywords

EID: 85102548767     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr32.c9     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. Agnew, M.L. 1984. Canopy/soil temperatures and acclimation responses of Kentucky bluegrass to soil compaction and moisture stress. Ph.D. diss. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan (Diss. Abstr. 84-28123).
2. Agnew, M.L., R.N. Carrow. 1985. Soil compaction and moisture stress preconditioning on Kentucky bluegrass. I. Soil aeration, water use, root responses. Agron. J. 77:872-878.
3. Agnew, M.L., R.N. Carrow. 1985. Soil compaction and moisture stress preconditioning on Kentucky bluegrass. II. Stomatal resistance, leaf water potential, canopy temperature. Agron. J. 77:878-884.
4. Arkin, G.F., H.M. Taylor (ed.) 1981. Modifying the root environment to reduce crop stress. Am. Soc. of Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MO.
5. Atwel, B.J. 1988. Physiological responses of lupine roots to soil compaction. Plant Soil 111:277-281.
6. Baker, S.W. 1981. The effect of earthworm activity on the drainage characteristics of winter sports pitches. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 57:9-23.
7. Barley, K.P., E.L. Greacen. 1967. Mechanical resistance as a soil factor influencing the growth of roots and underground shoots. Adv. Agron. 19:1-43.
8. Baver, L.D., W.H. Gardner, W.R. Gardner. 1972. Soil physics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
9. Beard, J.B. 1965. Effects of ice covers in the field on two perennial grasses. Crop Sci. 5:139-140.
10. Beard, J.B. 1973. Turfg rass: Science and culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
11. Beard, J.B. 1975. Snowmobile damage to turf. Grounds Maint. 10:52.
12. Beard, J.B. 1982. Turf management for golf courses. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis.
13. Bingaman, D.E., H. Kohnke. 1970. Evaluating sands for athletic turf. Agron. J. 62:464-467.
14. Blackwell, P.S., B.D. Soane. 1981. A method of predicting bulk density changes in field soils resulting from compaction by agricultural traffic. J. Soil Sci. 32:51-65.
15. Boeke, P., adn J.S. Zwiers. 1981. Relieving sub-surface compaction in sports turf. Z. Veg. Landschafts Sports. 5(4):144-147.
16. Bouffard, R. W., R.N. Carrow. 1980. Effects of intense, short-term traffic on soil physical properties and turfgrass growth. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 83:78-85.
17. Bourgoin, B., P. Mansat. 1979. Persistence of turfgrass species and cultivars. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 55:121-140.
18. Bourgoin, B., P. Mansat. 1980. Artificial trampling and player traffic on turfgrass cultivars. p. 55-63. In R.W. Sheard (ed.) Proc. 4th Int. Turf. Res. Conf., Guelph, ON, Canada. 19-23 July. Int. Turfgrass Soc., Ontario Agric. Coli., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
19. Bourgoin, B., P. Mansat, B. Ait Taleb, M.H. Quaggog. 1985. Explicative characteristics of treading tolerance in Festuca rubra, Lo/ium perenne, Poa pratensis. p. 235-242. In F. Lemaire (ed.) Proc. 5th Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf., Avignon, France. 1-5 July. Inst. Natl. de Ia Recherche Agron., Paris.
20. Bradford, K.J., S.F. Yang. 1981. Physiological responses of plants to waterlogging. Hortic. Sci. 16:25-30.
21. Brown, K.W., R.L. Dubie. 1975. Physical characteristics of soil mixtures used for golf green construction. Agron. J. 67:647-652.
22. Burton, G.W., C. Lance. 1966. Golf car versus grass. Golf Superintendent 34:66-70.
23. Byrne, T.G., W.B. Davis, L.J. Booker, L.F. Werenfels. 1965. Vertical mulching for improvement of old greens. Cal. Agric. 19(5):12-14.
24. Canaway, P.M. 1981. Wear tolerance of turfg rass species. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 57:65-83.
25. Canaway, P.M. 1982. Simulation of fine turf wear using the differential slip wear machine and quantification of wear treatments in terms of energy expenditure. J. Sports Turf. Res. lnst. 58:9-15.
26. Canaway, P.M. 1984. The response of Lolium perenne turf grown on sand and soil to fertilizer nitrogen. I. Ground cover response as affected by football-type wear. J. Sports Turf. Res. Inst. 60:8-18.
27. Canaway, P.M., S.P. Isaac, R.E. Bennett. 1986. The effects of mechanical treatments on the water infiltration rate of a sand playing surface for association football. J. Sports Turf. Res. Inst. 62:67-73.
28. Cannell, R.Q. 1977. Soil aeration and compaction in relation to root growth and soil management. In T.H. Cooker (ed.) Appl. Bioi. 2:1-85.
29. Carrow, R.N. 1980. Influence of soil compaction on three turfgrass species. Agron. J. 72: I 038-1042.
30. Carrow, R.N. 1981. Soil compaction. Golf Course Manage. 49:59-62,66.
31. Carrow, R.N. 1985. Turfgrass-soil-water relationships. p. 85-102. In V. Gibeault (ed.) Turfgrass and water relations. Sod Prod. Assoc./Univ. of California, Oakland.
32. Carrow, R.N. 1986. Water management on compacted soil. Weeds, Trees Turf 25(3):34, 38, 40.
33. Carrow, R.N. 1988. Cultivation methods on turfgrass water relationships and growth under soil compaction. 1988 Turfgrass Res. Summary. U.S. Golf Assoc. Green Section, Far Hills, NJ.
34. Carrow, R.N., B.J. Johnson. 1989. Turfgrass wear as affected by golf car tire design and traffic patterns. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 114:240-246.
35. Carrow, R.N., J. Troll. 1981. Management of high traffic areas. Proc. 50th Univ. of Mass. Turf Conf. 1981:1-10.
36. Carrow, R.N., G. Wiecko. 1989. Soil compaction and wear stresses on turfgrasses: Future research directions. p. 37-42. In H. Takatoh (ed.) Proc. 6th Int. Turfgrasses Res. Conf. Tokyo. 31 July-5 Aug. Jpn. Soc. Turfgrass Sci., Tokyo.
37. Carson, E.W. (ed.) 1974. The plant root and its environment. Univ. Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.
38. Castillo, S.R., R.H. Dowdy, J.M. Bradford, W.E. Larson. 1982. Effects of mechanical stress on plant growth and nutrient uptake. Agron. J. 74:526-530.
39. Cordukes, W.E. 1968. Compaction. Golf Course Superintendent 36(8):20-24.
40. Cuddeback, S., A.M. Petrovic. 1985. Traffic effects on the growth and quality of Agrostis palustris Huds. p. 411-416. In F. Lemaire (ed.) Proc. 5th Int. Turfg rass Res. Conf., Avignon, France. Inst. Natl. de Ia Recherche Agron., Paris.
41. Davies, D.B., J.B. Finney, S.J. Richardson. 1973. Relative effects of tractor weight and wheel-slip in causing soil compaction. J. Soil Sci. 24:399-409.
42. Dexter, A.R. 1988. Advances in characterization of soil structure. Soil Tillage Res. 11:199-238.
43. Dexter, A.R., D.W. Tanner. 1972. Soil deformation induced by a moving cutting blade, expanding tube and a penetrating sphere. J. Agric. Eng. res. 17:371-375.
44. Emerson, W.W. et al. (ed.) 1978. Modification of soil structure. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
45. Engel, R.E., R.B. alderfer. 1967. The effect of cultivation, topdressing, lime, nitrogen and wetting agent on thatch development in 114 inch bentgrass turf over a ten-year period. N.J. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 818:32-45.
46. Evans, G.E. 1988. Tolerance of selected bluegrass and fescue taxa to simulated human foot traffic. J. Environ. Hortic. 6(1):10-14.
47. Everard, J.D., M.C. Drew. 1989. Mechanisms controlling changes in water movement through the roots of Helianthus annuus L. during continuous exposure to oxygen deficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 40(210):95-104.
48. Flannagan, T.R., R.J. Bartlett. 1961. Soil compaction associated with alternating green and brown stripes on turf. Agron. J. 53:404-405.
49. Fryrear, D.W., W.G. McCully. 1971. Development of grass root systems as influenced by soil compaction. Range Manage. 25:254-257.
50. Fushtey, S.G., D.K. Taylor, D. Fairey. 1983. The effect of wear stress on survival of turfg rass in pure stands and in mixtures. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63:317-322.
51. Gibeault, V.A., V.B. Youngner, W.H. Bengeyfield. 1983. Golf shoe study II. USGA Green Sect. Rec. 21(5):1-7.
52. Gill, W.R. 1968. Influence of compaction hardening of soil on penetration resistance. Trans. ASAE 11:741-745.
53. Glinski, J., W. Stepniewski. 1985. Soil aeration and its role for plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
54. Gore, A.J.P., R. Cox, T.M. Davies. 1979. Wear tolerance of turfg rass mixtures. 1. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 55:45-68.
55. Goss, R.L. 1984. Aerification-A comparison of shattercore versus hollow tine. p. 46-48. In R.L. Goss (ed.) Proc. 38th Northwest Turf. Conf., Spokane, WA. 17-20 Sept. Washington State Univ., Puyallup.
56. Grable, A.R. 1966. Soil aeration and plant growth. Adv. Agron. 18:57-106.
57. Gradwell, M.W. 1965. Soil physical conditions of winter and the growth of ryegrass plants. I. Effects of compaction and puddling. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 8:238-269.
58. Harris, W.L. 1971. The soil compaction process. p. 9-46. In K.K. Barnes et al. (ed.) Compac- tion of agriculture soils. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MO.
59. Holder, C.B., K.W. Brown. 1980. The relationship between oxygen and water uptake by roots of intact bean plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:21-25.
60. Hook, D.H., R.M.M. Crawford. 1978. Plant life in anaerobic environments. Ann Arbor Sci. Publ., Ann Arbor, MI.
61. Howard, H.L. 1959. The resopnse of some putting green mixtures to compaction. M.S. thesis, Texas AandM Univ., College Station.
62. Kamp, W.A. 1979. Effects of aeration with slit tines on some soil characteristics of football pitches. Z. Veg. Landschafts Sports. 2(1): 17-21.
63. Kawase, M. 1981. Anatomical and morphological adaptations of plants to water logging. HortScience 16:30-34.
64. Kohlmeier, G.P., J.L. Eggens. 1983. Effects of wear and nitrogen on creeping bentgrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 63:189-193.
65. Kulkarni, B.K., N.K. Savant. 1977. Effect on soil compaction on root-cation exchange capacity of crop plants. Plant Soil 48:269-278.
66. Kunze, R.J. 1956. The effects of compaction on different golf green soil mixtures on plant growth. M.S. thesis. Texas AandM Univ., College Station.
67. Lewtey, J., L.H. Stolzy, N. Valoras, T.E. Szuezkiewiez. 1962. Influence of soil oxygen on growth and mineral concentration of barley. Agron. 1. 54:538-540.
68. Letey, J., L.H. Stolzy, O.R. Lunt, N. Valoris. 1964. Soil oxygen and clipping height effects on the growth of Newport bluegrass. Calif. Turf. Cult. 14:9-12.
69. Letey, J., L.H. Stolzy, O.R. Lunt, V.B. Youngner. 1964. Growth and nutrient uptake of Newport bluegrass as affected by soil oxygen. Plant Soil 20:143-148.
70. Luxmoore, R.J., L.H. Stolzy. 1972. Oxygen diffusion in the soil-plant system. VI. A synopsis and commentary. Agron. J. 64:725-729.
71. McPherson, D.C. 1939. Cortical air spaces in the roots of Zea mays L. New Phytol. 38:190-202.
72. Miller, D.E. 1986. Root systems in relation to stress tolerance. Hortic. Sci. 21(4):963-970.
73. Monnet, Y. 1983. Resistance d'especes, cultivars et melanges de graminees a gazon au pietinement. revue Hortic. 234:15-23.
74. Morgan, W.C., J. Letey, L.H. Stolzy. 1965. Turfgrass renovation by deep aerification. Agron. J. 57:494-496.
75. Morgan, W.C., J. Letey, S.J. Richards, N. Valoras. 1966. Physical soil amendments, soil compaction, irrigation, wetting agents in turfgrass management I. Effects on compactability, water infiltration rates, evapotranspiration, numbers of irrigation. Agron. J. 58:525-535.
76. Murphy, J.A. 1986. Hollow and solid tine cultivation effects on soil structure and turfg rass root growth. M.S. thesis. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
77. Mueller, F. 1982. NL-Maschenenbrichte. Heute: Rasenbeluftung mit Verti-Dran. Neve Landschaft 27:826-827.
78. Muller-Beck, K.G. 1985. Loosening of compaction in the vegetation layer of turfg rass pitches. p. 427-438. In F. Lemaire (ed.) Proc. 5th Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf. Avignon, France. 1-5 July. Inst. Natl. de Ia Recherche Agron. Paris.
79. O'Neil, K.H., R.N. Carrow. 1982. Kentucky bluegrass growth and water use under different soil compaction and irrigation regimes. Agron. J. 74:933-936.
80. O'Neil, K.J., R.N. Carrow. 1983. Perennial ryegrass growth, water use and soil aeration status under soil comaction. Agron. J. 75:177-180.
81. Parr, J.F., W.R. Gardner, L.F. Elliott (ed.) 1981. Water potential relations in soil microbiology. SSSA Spec. Publ. 9. SSSA, Madison, WI.
82. Petrovic, A.M. 1975. The effect of several chemical soil conditioners and an algal polymer on compacted soil and growth of cool season turfg rasses. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.
83. Petrovic, A.M. 1979. The effects of vertical operating hollow time (VOHT) cultivation on turfgrass soil structure. Ph.D. diss. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing (Diss. Abstr. 80-06178).
84. Rieke, P.E., J.A. Murphy. 1989. Advances in turf cultivation. p. 49-54. In H. Takatoh (ed.) Proc. 6th Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf., Tokyo. 31 July-5 Aug. Jpn. Soc. Turfgrass Sci., Tokyo.
85. Rimmer, D.L. 1979. Effects of increasing compaction on grass growth in colliery spoil. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 55:153-162.
86. Roberts, J.M. 1975. Some influences of cultivation on the soil and turfg rass. M.S. thesis. Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN.
87. Rosenberg, N.J. 1964. Response of plants to the physical effects of soil compaction. Adv. Agron. 16:181-196.
88. Schmidt, R.E. 1980. Winter survival of bermudagrass. Golf Course Manage. 48(10):24-26.
89. Schmidt, R.E., M.L. Henry, D.R. Chalmers. 1989. Postdormancy growth of Cynodon dactylon as influenced by traffic and nutrition. p. 165-167. In H. Takatoh (ed.) Proc. 6th Int. Turf. Res. Conf., Tokyo. 31 July-5 Aug. Jpn. Soc. Turfgrass Sci., Tokyo.
90. Schravendijk, H.W., O.M. van Andel. 1985. Interdependence of growth, water relations and abscisic acid level in Phaseolus vulgaris during waterlogging. Physiol. Plant. 63:215-220.
91. Schumacher, T.E., A.J.M. Smucker. 1981. Mechanical impedance effects on oxygen uptake and porosity of drybean roots. Agron. J. 73:51-55.
92. Shearman, R.C. 1989. Improving wear tolerance of sports fields. Grounds Maint. 24(2):84-85, 104-106.
93. Shearman, R.C., J.B. Beard. 1975. Turfgrass wear mechanisms: I. Wear tolerance of seven turfg rass species and quantitative methods for determining turfg rass wear injury. Agron. J. 67:208-211.
94. Shearman, R.C., J.B. Beard. 1975. Turfgrass wear tolerance mechanisms. II. Effects of cell wall constituents on turfgrass wear tolerance. Agron. 1. 67:211-215.
95. Shearman, R.C., J.B. Beard. 1975. Turfgrass wear tolerance mechanisms. III. Physiological, morphological, anatomical characteristics associated with turfgrass wear tolerance. Agron. J. 67:215-218.
96. Shearman, R.C., J.B. Beard, C.M. Hansen, R. Apaclla. 1974. Turfgrass wear simulator for small plot investigations. Agron. J. 66:332-334.
97. Shearman, R.C., E.J. Kinbacher, T.P. Riordan. 1980. Turfgrass-paver complex for intensively trafficked areas. Agron. J. 72:372-374.
98. Shearman, R.C., J.E. Watkins. 1985. Kentucky bluegrass lateral growth and stem rust response to soil compaction stress. Hortic. Sci. 20:388-390.
99. Shildrick, J.P., M.P. Fuller. 1983. Effects of artificial winter wear on turfgrass swards of different age and composition. Z. Veget. Land. Sports. 6:87-94.
100. Shildrick, J.P., C.H. Peel. 1983. Football-stud wear on turf-type cultivars of tall fescue. J. Sports Turf Res. Inst. 59:124-132.
101. Sills, M.J., R.N. Carrow. 1982. Soil compaction effects on nitrogen use in tall fescue. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 107:934-937.
102. Sills, M.J., R.N. Carow. 1983. Turfgrass growth, N use, water use under soil compaction and N fertilization. Agron. 1. 75:488-492.
103. Smit, B., M. Stachowiak, E. van Volkenburg. 1989. Cellular processes limiting leaf growth in plants under hypoxic root stress. J. Exp. Bot. 40(210):89-94.
104. Smucker, A.J.M., A.E. Erickson. 1987. Anaerobic stimulation of root exudates and disease of peas. Plant Soil 99:423-433.
105. Soane, B.D., P.S. Blackwell, J.W. Dickson, D.J. Painter. 1981. Compaction by agricultural vehicles: A review. II. Compaction under tyres and other running gear. Soil Soil Till. Res. I :373-399.
106. Sojka, R.E., L.H. Stolzy. 1980. Soil oxygen effects on stomatal respnse. Soil Sci. 130:350-358.
107. Stafford, J. V., P. de Carvelho Mattos. 1981. The effect of forward speed on wheel-induced soil compaction: Laboratory simulation and field experiments. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 26:333-347.
108. Swartz, W.E., L.T. Kardos. 1963. Effects of comparison on physical properties of sand-soil-peat mixtures at various moisture contents. Agron. J. 55:7-10.
109. Taylor, D.H., G.R. Blake. 1979. Sand content of sand-soil-peat mixtures for turfgrass. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:394-398.
110. Taylor, D.H., G.R. Blake. 1981. Laboratory evaluation of soil mixtures for sports turf. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 45:936-940.
111. Taylor, J.M., M.G. Huck, B. Klepper. 1972. Root development in relation to soil physical conditions. p. 57-77. In D. Hillel (ed.) Optimizing the soil physical environment towards greater crop yields. Academic Press, New York.
112. Thomas, R., J.P. Guerin. 1981. A method of measuring quality of sports turf. p. 151-156. In R.W. Sheard (ed.) Proc. 4th Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf., Guelph, ON, Canada. 19-23 July. Int. Turfgrass Soci., Ontario Agric. Coli., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
113. Thurman, P.C., F.A. Pokorny. 1969. The relationship of several amended soils and compaction rates on vegetative growth, root development and cold resistance of 'Tifgreen' bermudagrass. J. Am. Hortic. Sci. 94:463-465.
114. Trouse, A.C., Jr. 1971. Soil conditions as they affect plant establishment, root development and yield. A present knowledge and need for research. p. 225-240. In K.K. Barnes et al. (ed.) Compaction of agricultural soils. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MO.
115. Van Dam, J., V.A. Gibeault, W.B. Davis, K. Mueller. 1975. A study of three sand mixes. Calif. Turf. Cult. 25:25-27.
116. Vanden Berg, G.E., A.W. Cooper, A.E. Erickson, W.M. Carleton. 1957. Soil pressure distribution under tractor and implement traffic. Agric. Eng. 38:854-855, 859.
117. van Wijk, A.L.M. 1980. A soil technological study on effectuating and maintaining adequate playing conditions of grass sports fields. Agric. Res. Rep. 903. PUDOC, Wageningen.
118. van Wijk, A.L.M., W.B. Verhaegh, J. Beuving. 1977. Grass sportsfields: Top layer compaction and soil aeration. Rasen Turf Gazon 8:47-52.
119. Vargas, J.M., Jr. 1981. Management of turfgrass diseases. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis.
120. Waddington, D.V. 1969. Soil and soil related problems. p. 80-129. In A.A. Hanson and F.V. Juska (ed.) Turfgrass science. Agron. Monogr. 14. ASA, Madison, WI.
121. Waddington, D.V., J.H. Baker. 1965. Influence of soil aeration on the growth and chemi- cal composition of three grass species. Agron. J. 57:253-258.
122. Waddington, D.V., T.L. Zimmerman, G.J. Shoop, L.T. Kardos, J.M. Duich. 1974. Soil modification for turfgrass areas. Penn State Univ. Progr. Rep. 337.
123. Ward, C.J. 1983. Amenity grass-drainage review. Rep. to the Sports Council. Dep. of the Environ. through Natl. Environ. Res. Counc. Sports Turf Res. Inst., Bingley, England.
124. Watson, J.R., Jr. 1950. Irrigation and compaction on established fairway turf. USGA J. Turf Manage. 3(4):25-28.
125. Wood, G.M. 1973. Use of energy-absorbing materials to permit turf growth in heavily trafficked areas. Agron. J. 65:1004-1005.
126. Youngner, V.B. 1961. Accelerated wear test on turfgrasses. Agron. J. 53:217-218.
127. Youngner, V.B. 1962. Wear resistance of cool-season turfgrasses. Effects of previous mowing practices. Agron. J. 54:198-199.
128. Zimmerman, T.L. 1973. The effect of amendment, compaction, soil depth and tine on various physical properties of physically modified Hagerstown soil. Ph.D. diss. Penn State Univ. (Diss Abstr. 73-24053).
129. Zontek, S.J. 1983. They are mowing fairways with triplex mowers and picking up the clippings, tool USGA Green Sec. Rec. 21(1):1-5.
130. Zwiers, J.S. 1982. De betekenis van prikrollen voor de bespeelbarheid van grassportvelden. NSF Tech. Med. 39:16-19.