Delivering tele-chairwork: A qualitative survey of expert therapists

Psychotherapy Research

Volumn 31, Issue 7, 2021, Pages 843-858

  Pugh, Matthew ^a   Bell, Tobyn ^b   Dixon, Alison ^b  

^a CENTRAL AND NORTH WEST LONDON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b GREATER MANCHESTER MENTAL HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

chairwork; COVID 19; role play; tele health; tele therapy

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUESTIONNAIRE;

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; HUMANS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RESEARCH DESIGN; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 85102128660     PISSN: 10503307     EISSN: 14684381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2020.1854486     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Arntz, A., & Weertman, A., (1999). Treatment of childhood memories: Theory and practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (8), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00173-9
2. Backhaus, A., Agha, Z., Maglione, M. L., Repp, A., Ross, B., Zuest, D., Rice-Thorp N. M., Lohr J., & Thorp, S. R., (2012). Videoconferencing psychotherapy: A systematic review. Psychological Services, 9 (2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027924
3. Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Davis, D. D., Fleming, B., Ottaviani, R., Beck, J., Simon, K. M., Padesky, C., Meyer, J., Trexler, L., (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York, NY: Guilford.
4. Békés, V., & Aafjes-van Doorn, K., (2020). Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward online therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30 (2), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000214
5. Bell, T., Montague, J., Elander, J., & Gilbert, P., (2020). “A definite feel-it moment”: embodiment, externalisation and emotion during chair-work in compassion-focused therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20 (1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12248
6. Blatner, A., & Blatner, A., (1991). Imaginative interviews: A psychodramatic warm-up for developing role-playing skills. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama and Sociometry, 44, 115–120.
7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V., (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
8. Chadwick, P., (2003). Two chairs, self-schemata and a person based approach to psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31 (4), 439–449. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465803004053
9. Chesner, A., (2019). Working with role. In A., Chesner (Ed.), One-to-one psychodrama psychotherapy: Applications and technique (pp. 51–67). Routledge.
10. Clark S, & Egan F, (2018). Clarifying the role of the Socratic method in CBT: A survey of expert opinion. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy. 11 (2), 184–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-018-0016-y
11. Clarke, K. M., & Greenberg, L. S., (1986). Differential effects of the gestalt two-chair intervention and problem solving in resolving decisional conflict. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33 (1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.33.1.11
12. de Oliveira, I. R., Powell, V. B., Wenzel, A., Caldas, M., Seixas, C., Almeida, C., Bonfim, T., Grangeon, M. C., Castro, M., Galvão, A., Sudak, D., & de Oliveira Moraes, R., (2012). Efficacy of the trial-based thought record, a new cognitive therapy strategy designed to change core beliefs, in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 37 (3), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01299.x
13. Dillard, J., (2013). Integrated deep listening interviewing techniques: Accessing your inner compass and emerging potentials. Deep Listening Publishing.
14. Drucker, K., (2013). Psychodrama and the therapeutic spiral model in individual therapy. In K., Hudgins & F., Toscani (Eds.), Healing world trauma with the therapeutic spiral model: Psychodramatic stories from the frontlines (pp. 225–237). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
15. Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S., (2004). Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. American Psychological Association.
16. Emmerson, G., (2003). Ego state therapy. Crown House Publishing.
17. Feldman, H., & Liu, X., (2020). Schema anywhere: The opportunities and pitfalls of delivering schema therapy online. Schema Therapy Bulletin, 17, 6–9.
18. Gilbert, P., (2010). Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. Routledge.
19. Goldfried, M. R., (2009). Searching for therapy change principles: Are we there yet? Applied and Preventive Psychology, 13 (1-4), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2009.10.013
20. Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., & Angus, L., (2006). The effects of adding emotion-focused interventions to the client-centered relationship conditions in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16 (5), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600589456
21. Greenberg, L. S., & Foerster, F. S., (1996). Task analysis exemplified: The process of resolving unfinished business. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (3), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.439
22. Greenberg, L., & Goldman, R. N., (2019). Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy. American Psychological Association.
23. Greenberg, L. S., & Malcolm, W., (2002). Resolving unfinished business: Relating process to outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70 (2), 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.406
24. Greenberg, L. S., & Pascual-Leone, A., (2006). Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly research review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62 (5), 611–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20252
25. Greenberg, L., & Watson, J., (1998). Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 8 (2), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptr/8.2.210
26. Hayward, M., Jones, A. M., Bogen-Johnston, L., Thomas, N., & Strauss, C., (2017). Relating therapy for distressing auditory hallucinations: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 183, 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.019
27. Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N., (2012). Cognitive behavior therapy via the internet: A systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost–effectiveness. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 12 (6), 745–764. https://doi.org/10.1586/erp.12.67
28. Hermans, H. J., (2002). The dialogical self as a society of mind: Introduction. Theory and Psychology, 12, 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354302122001
29. Hudgins, K., (2017). Action across the distance with telemedicine: The therapeutic spiral model to treatment trauma-online. In S. L., Brooke (Ed.), Combining the creative therapies with technology: Using social media and online counseling to treat clients (pp. 137–168). Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
30. Jorm, A. F., (2015). Using the Delphi expert consensus method in mental health research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49 (10), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415600891
31. Kellogg, S., (2019). Transformational chairwork: Therapeutic change using the four dialogues. InPsych, 41, 16–21.
32. Kent, J. A. O., Jackson, A., Robinson, M., Rashleigh, C., & Timulak, L., (in press). Emotion-focused therapy for symptoms of generalised anxiety in a student population: An exploratory study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research.
33. King, V. L., Stoller, K. B., Kidorf, M., Kindbom, K., Hursh, S., Brady, T., & Brooner, R. K., (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of an internet-based videoconferencing platform for delivering intensified substance abuse counseling. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36 (3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.011
34. Kipper, D. A., (1986). Psychotherapy through clinical role playing. Brunner/Mazel.
35. Kipper, D. A., & Ritchie, T. D., (2003). The effectiveness of psychodramatic techniques: A meta-analysis. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7 (1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.7.1.13
36. Lafrance Robinson, A., McCague, E. A., & Whissell, C., (2014). “That chair work thing was great”: A pilot study of group-based emotion-focused therapy for anxiety and depression. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 13 (4), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2014.910131
37. MacMullin, K., Jerry, P., & Cook, K., (2020). Psychotherapist experiences with telepsychotherapy: Pre COVID-19 lessons for a post COVID-19 world. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30 (2), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000213
38. Moreno, J. L., (1965). Therapeutic vehicles and the concept of surplus reality. Group Psychotherapy, 18, 211–216.
39. Moreno, J. L., (1985). Psychodrama volume 1 (4th ed.). Beacon House.
40. Muntigl, P., Chubak, L., & Angus, L., (2017). Entering chair work in psychotherapy: An interactional structure for getting emotion-focused talk underway. Journal of Pragmatics, 117, 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.06.016
41. Muntigl, P., Horvath, A. O., Chubak, L., & Angus, L., (2020). Getting to “yes”: Client reluctance to engage in chairwork. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–16. h ttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582856
42. Paivio, S. C., Jarry, J. L., Chagigiorgis, H., Hall, I., & Ralston, M., (2010). Efficacy of two versions of emotion-focused therapy for resolving child abuse trauma. Psychotherapy Research, 20 (3), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903505274
43. Pascual-Leone, A., (2018). How clients “change emotion with emotion”: A programme of research on emotional processing. Psychotherapy Research, 28 (2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1349350
44. Perls, F. S., (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Real People.
45. Pio-Abreu, J. L., & Villares-Oliveira, C., (2007). How does psychodrama work. In C., Baim, J., Burmmiester, & M., Maciel (Eds.), Psychodrama: Advances in theory and practice (pp. 127–137). Routledge.
46. Polster, E., (1987). Every person’s life is worth a story. Gestalt Journal Press.
47. Pugh, M., (2019). Cognitive behavioural chairwork: Distinctive features. Routledge.
48. Pugh, M., (2020). Resolving ambivalence and overcoming blocks to change: A multi-modal and schema informed approach. In S., Simpson & E., Smith (Eds.), Schema therapy for eating disorders: Theory and practice for individual and group settings (pp. 187–206). Routldge.
49. Pugh, M., & Bell, T., (2020). Process-based chairwork: Applications and innovations in the time of COVID-19. European Journal of Counselling Theory, Research and Practice, 4, 1–8.
50. Pugh, M., & Bell, T., (under review). Attitudes and applications of chairwork amongst CBT therapists: A preliminary survey.
51. Pugh, M., & Broome, N., (2020). Dialogical coaching: An experiential approach to personal and professional development. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 72 (3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000162
52. Rees, C. S., & Stone, S., (2005). Therapeutic alliance in face-to-face versus video conferenced psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 649–653. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.36.6.649
53. Roediger, E., Stevens, B. A., & Brockman, R., (2018). Contextual schema therapy: An integrative approach to personality disorders, emotional dysregulation and interpersonal functioning. Context Press.
54. Roesler, C., (2017). Tele-analysis: The use of media technology in psychotherapy and its impact on the therapeutic relationship. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62 (3), 372–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12317
55. Samoilov, A., & Goldfried, M. R., (2000). Role of emotion in cognitive-behavior therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7 (4), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.7.4.373
56. Schwartz, R. C., & Sweezy, M., (2020). Internal family systems therapy (2nd ed.). Guilford.
57. Sharbanee, J. M., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S., (2019). Task analyses of emotional change. In L. S., Greenberg & R. N., Goldman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy (pp. 217–242). American Psychological Association.
58. Simpson, S., & Francesco, V., (2020). Technology as an invitation to intimacy and creativity in the therapy connection. Schema Therapy Bulletin, 17, 11–15.
59. Stiegler, J. R., Binder, P. E., Hjeltnes, A., Stige, S. H., & Schanche, E., (2018). ‘It’s heavy, intense, horrendous and nice’: Clients’ experiences in two-chair dialogues. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 17 (2), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2018.1472138
60. Stone, H., & Stone, S., (1989). Embracing our selves: The voice dialogue manual. Novato: Nataraj Publishing.
61. Stone, H., & Stone, S., (2007). The basic elements of voice dialogue, relationship, and the psychology of the selves: Their origins and development. www.voicedialogueinternational.com/reading-stone.
62. Suler, J., (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7 (3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
63. Tarlow, K. R., McCord, C. E., Nelon, J. L., & Bernhard, P. A., (2020). Comparing in-person supervision and telesupervision: A multiple baseline single-case study. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30 (2), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000210
64. Tschacher, W., Junghan, U. M., & Pfammatter, M., (2014). Towards a taxonomy of common factors in psychotherapy - results of an expert survey. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 21 (1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1822
65. Vigerland, S., Lenhard, F., Bonnert, M., Lalouni, M., Hedman, E., Ahlen, J., Olén, O., Serlachius, E., & Ljótsson, B., (2016). Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 50, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.005
66. Waller, G., Pugh, M., Mulkens, S., Moore, E., Mountford, V. A., Carter, J., Carter, J., Wicksteed, A., Maharaj, A., Wade, T. D., Wisniewski, L., Farrell, N. R., Raykos, B., Jorgensen, S., Evans, J., Thomas, J. J., Osenk, I., Paddock, C., Bohrer, B., Anderson, K., Turner, H., … Smit, V., (2020). Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the time of coronavirus: Clinician tips for working with eating disorders via telehealth when face-to-face meetings are not possible. International Journal of Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23289
67. Watkins, J. G., (1978). The therapeutic self: Developing resonance–key to effective relationships. Human Sciences Press.
68. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E., (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press.