Iron oxides

Minerals in Soil Environments

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 379-438

  Schwertmann, Udo ^a   Taylor, R M ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Formation mechanism; Iron oxides; Magnetic properties; Microorganisms; Soils

Indexed keywords

EID: 85101893103     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c8     Document Type: Chapter

References (283)

1. Adams, W.A., and J.K. Kassim. 1984. Iron oxyhydroxides in soils developed from lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in mid Wales and implications for some pedogenetic processes. J. Soil Sci. 35: 117-126.
2. Amberger, A., and K. Vilsmeier. 1978. Anorganisch-katalytische Umsetzungen von Cy-anamid und dessen Metaboliten in Quarzsand. I. Mechanismus des Cyanamidabbaues unter dem Einfluβ von Eisenoxiden und Feuchtigkeit. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. 141: 665-676.
3. Anand, R.R., and R.J. Gilkes. 1987. Variations in the properties of iron oxides within individual specimens of lateritic duricrust. Aust. J. Soil. Res. 25: 287-302.
4. Area, M.N., and S.B. Weed. 1966. Soil aggregation and porosity in relation to contents of free iron oxide and clay. Soil Sci. 101: 164-170.
5. Ardizzone, S., R. Biagotti, and L. Formaro. 1983. Interactions of chloride ions with ferric oxides. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 147: 301-305.
6. Barron, V., and J. Torrent. 1984. Influence of aluminum substitution on the color of synthetic hematites. Clays Clay Miner. 32: 157-158.
7. Barron, V., and J. Torrent. 1987. Origin of red-yellow mottling in a ferric acrisol of southern Spain. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. 150: 308-313.
8. Barrow, N.J. 1970. Comparison of the adsorption of molybdate, sulphate and phosphate by soils. Soil Sci. 109: 282-288.
9. Barrow, N.J. 1985. Reaction of plant nutrients and of pollutants with variable-charge soils. Adv. Agron. 38: 183-230.
10. Barrow, N.J., J.W. Bowden, A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1980. Describing the effects of electrolyte on adsorption of phosphate by a variable charge surface. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18: 395-404.
11. Barrow, N.J., J.W. Bowden, A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1981a. Describing the adsorption of copper, zinc and lead on a variable charge mineral surface. Aust. J. Soil Res. 19: 309-321.
12. Barrow, N.J., L. Madrid, and A.M. Posner. 1981b. A partial model for the rate of adsorption and desorption of phosphate by goethite. J. Soil Sci. 32: 399-407.
13. Beckwith, R.S., and R. Reeve. 1963. Soluble silica in soils I. The sorption of silicic acid by soils and minerals. Aust. J. Soil Res. 1: 157-168.
14. Belokopytov, Y.V., K.M. Kholyavenko, and S.V. Gerei. 1979. An infrared study on the surface properties of metal oxides. 2. The interaction of ammonia with the surface of iron(III) oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum (VI) oxide and vanadium (V) oxide. J. Catal. 60: 1-7.
15. Bernai, J.O., D.R. Dasgupta, and A.L. MacKay. 1959. The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural interrelationships. Clay Miner. Bull. 4: 15-30.
16. Berner, R.A., and J. Schott. 1982. Mechanism of pyroxene and amphibole weathering. II. Observations of soil grains. Am. J. Sci. 282: 1214-1231.
17. Bigham, J.M. 1977. Iron mineralogy of red-yellow hued Ultisols and Oxisols as determined by Môssbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry and supplemental laboratory techniques. Ph.D. diss., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh (Microfilm No. 77-29662).
18. Bigham, J.M., and O.H. Tuovinen. 1985. Mineralogical, morphological and microbiological characteristics of tubercles in cast-iron water mains as related to their chemical activity, p. 239-250. In D.E. Caldwell, et al. (ed.) Planetary ecology. Int. Symp. Environ. Bio-geochem. 6th, 1983 (Santa Fe, NM). Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
19. Bigham, J.M., D.C. Golden, L.H. Bowden, S.W. Buol, and S.B. Weed. 1978. Iron oxide mineralogy of well drained Ultisols and Oxisols: I. Characterization of iron oxides in soil clays by Môssbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry and selected chemical techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 816-825.
20. Blackmore, A.V. 1973. Aggregation of clay by the products of iron (III) hydrolysis. Aust. J. Soil Res. 11: 75-82.
21. Blakemore, R. 1975. Magnetotactic bacteria. Science 190: 377-379.
22. Blesa, M.A., R.M. Larotonda, A.J.G. Maroto, and A.E. Regazzoni. 1982. Behaviour of cobalt (II) in aqueous suspensions of magnetite. Colloids Surf. 5: 197-208.
23. Blume, H.P. 1968. Stauwasserbôden. Arbeiten Univ. Hohenheim (Landwirtschaftl. Hochschule) No. 42. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
24. Blume, H.P., and U. Schwertmann. 1969. Genetic evaluation of the profile distribution of aluminum, iron and manganese oxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33: 438-444.
25. 3 ion product in suspensions of acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31: 641-644.
26. Bonifas, M. 1959. Contribution a l’etude geochimique de l’altération latéritique. Mem. Serv. Carte Geol. d’Alsace Lorraine no. 17. Univ. de Strasbourg.
27. Borggaard, O.K. 1983a. The influence of iron oxides on phosphate adsorption by soil. J. Soil Sci. 34: 333-341.
28. Borggaard, O.K. 1983b. Effect of surface area and mineralogy of iron oxides on their surface charge and anion-adsorption properties. Clays Clay Miner. 31: 230-232.
29. Borggaard, O.K. 1983c. Iron oxide in relation to aggregation of soil particles. Acta Agric. Scand. 23: 257-260.
30. Borggaard, O.K. 1983d. The influence of iron oxides on the surface area of soil. J. Soil Sci. 32: 427-432.
31. Bowden, J.W., M.D.A. Bolland, A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1974. General model for anion and cation adsorption at oxide surfaces. Nature (London) 245: 81-82.
32. Bowden, J.W., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1977. Ionic adsorption on variable charge mineral surfaces. Theoretical charge development and titration curves. Aust. J. Soil Res. 15: 121-136.
33. Bowden, J.W., S. Nagarajah, N.J. Barrow, A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1980. Describing the adsorption of phosphate, citrate and selenite on a variable charge minerals surface. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18: 49-60.
34. Bowen, L.H., and S.B. Weed. 1981. Môssbauer spectroscopic analysis of iron oxides in soil, p. 247-261. In J.G. Stevens, and G.K. Shenoy (ed.) Môssbauer spectroscopy and its applications. Adv. Chem. Series 194, Am. Chem. Soc, Washington, D.C.
35. 3). Med. Landbouwhoge-school, Wageningen 73-1.
36. 3). J. Colloid Interface Sci. 43: 437-448.
37. Brown, G. 1953. The occurrence of lepidocrocite in British soils. J. Soil Sci. 4: 220-228.
38. Brümmer, G.W., J. Gerth, and K.G. Tiller. 1988. Reaction kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of nickel, zinc and cadmium by goethite. I. Adsorption and diffusion of metals. J. Soil Sci. 39: 37-52.
39. Busca, G., and V. Lorrenzelli. 1980. Infrared study of carbon dioxide adsorption on hematite. Mater. Chem. 5: 213-223.
40. Cabrera, F., P. De Arambarri, L. Madrid, and C.G. Toca. 1981. Desorption of phosphate from iron oxides in relation to pH and porosity. Geoderma 26: 203-216.
41. Cailliere, S., L. Gatineau, and S. Henin. 1960. Preparation a basse temperature d’hematite alumineuse. CR. Acad. Sci. 250: 3677-3679.
42. Cambier, P., and R. Prost. 1981. Etude des associations argile-oxyde: Organisation des constituants d’une materieau ferrallitique. Agronomie (Paris) 1: 713-722.
43. Campbell, A.S., and U. Schwertmann. 1984. Iron oxide mineralogy of placic horizons. J. Soil Sci. 35: 569-582.
44. Carlson, L., and U. Schwertmann. 1980. Natural occurrence of feroxyhite (5'-FeOOH). Clays Clay Miner. 28: 272-280.
45. Carlson, L., and U. Schwertmann. 1981. Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 421-429.
46. Carlson, L., A. Vuorinen, P. Lahermo, and O.H. Touvinen. 1980. Mineralogical, geochemical and microbiological aspects of iron deposition from ground water. Environ. Bio- geochem. Int. Symp., 4th (Canberra, 1979).
47. Chapman, B.M., D.R. Jones, and R.F. Jung. 1983. Processes controlling metal attenuation in acid mine drainage systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47: 1957-1973.
48. Childs, C.W., and A.D. Wilson. 1983. Iron oxide minerals in soils of the Ha’apai group, Kingdom of Tonga. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 489-503.
49. Chukhrov, F.V., B.B. Zvyagin, A.I. Gorshkov, L.P. Ermilova, and V.V. Balashova. 1973a. Ferrihydrite. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Geol. 4: 23-33.
50. Chukhrov, F.V., B.B. Zvyagin, L.P. Ermilova, and A.I. Govshkov. 1973b. New data on iron oxides in the weathering zone. p. 333-341. In J.M. Serratosa et al. (ed.) Proc. Int. Clay Conf. Madrid, 1972.
51. Chukhrov, F.V., B.B. Zvyagin, A.I. Gorshkov, L.P. Ermilova, V.V. Korovushkin, E.S. Rudnitskaya, and N. Yu. 1976a. Feroxyhyte, a new modification of FeOOH. Yakubovskaya, Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Geol. 1976, 5: 5-24.
52. Clarke, E.T., R.H. Loeppert, and J.M. Ehrman. 1985. Crystallization of iron oxides on calcite surfaces in static systems. Clays Clay Miner. 33: 152-158.
53. Cornell, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1979. Influence of organic anions on the crystallization of ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 27: 402-410.
54. Cornell, R.M., S. Mann, and A.J. Skarnulis. 1983. A high-resolution electron microscopy examination of domain boundaries in crystals of synthetic goethite. J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans. 1; 79: 2679-2684.
55. Coventry, R.J., R.M. Taylor, and R.W. Fitzpatrick. 1983. Pedological significance of the gravels in some red and grey earth of Central North Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 219-240.
56. Crerar, D.A., G.W. Knox, and J.L. Means. 1979. Biogeochemistry of bog iron in the New Jersey pine barrens. Chem. Geol. 24: 111-135.
57. Curi, N., and D.P. Franzmeier. 1984. Toposequence of oxisols from central plateau of Brazil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 341-346.
58. Daniels, R.B., E.E. Gamble, S.W. Buol, and H.H. Bailey. 1975. Free iron sources in an Aquult-Udult sequence from North Carolina. Soil Sci. Soc Am. Proc. 39: 335-340.
59. Davis, J.A., and J.O. Leckie. 1978. Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface. II. Surface properties of amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and adsorption of metal ions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 67: 90-107.
60. Davis, J.A., R.O. James, and J.O. Leckie. 1978. Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface. I. Computation of electrical double layer properties in simple electrolytes. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 63: 480-499.
61. De Grave, E., L.H. Bowden, and S.B. Weed. 1982. Mössbauer study of aluminum-substituted hematites. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 27: 98-108.
62. Derie, R., M. Ghodsi, and R.J. Hourez. 1975. A new method for the preparation of acicular goethite crystals. J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol. 25: 509-513.
63. Deshpande, T.L., D.J. Greenland, and J.P. Quirk. 1964. Role of iron oxides in the bonding of soil particles. Nature (London) 201: 107-108.
64. Deshpande, T.L., D.J. Greenland, and J.P. Quirk. 1968. Changes in soil properties associated with the removal of iron and aluminum oxides. J. Soil Sci. 19: 108-122.
65. De Villiers, J.M., and T.H. Van Rooyen. 1967. Solid solution formation of lepidocrocite-boehmite and its occurrence in soils. Clay Miner. 7: 229-235.
66. Didier, P., D. Nahon, B. Fritz, and Y. Tardy. 1983. Activity of water as a geochemical controlling factor in ferricretes. A thermodynamic model in the system kaolinite Fe-oxihydroxides Fe-Al. p. 35-44. In D. Nahon and Y. Noack (ed.) Petrologie des alterations et des sols. Memoire no. 71 Inst, de Geologie, Université Strasbourg.
67. Eggleton, R.A., and R.W. Fitzpatrick. 1988. New data and a revised structural model for ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 36: 111-124.
68. Evans, L.T., and E.W. Russell. 1959. The adsorption of humic and fulvic acids by clays. J. Soil Sci. 10: 119-132.
69. Feitknecht, W. 1959. Über die Oxydation von festen Hydroxylverbindungen des Eisens in wässrigen Lösungen. Z. Elektrochem. 63: 34-43.
70. Feitknecht, W., and G. Keller. 1950. Über die dunkelgrünen Hydroxylverbindungen des Eisens. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 262: 61-68.
71. Feitknecht, W., and W. Michaelis. 1962. Über die Hydrolyse von Eisen-(III)-perchloratlö-sungen. Helv. Chim. Acta 45: 212-224.
72. Ferner, A. 1966. Influence de l’état de division de la goethite et de l’oxyde ferrique sur le chaleurs de reaction. Rev. Chim. Miner. 3: 587-615.
73. Fey, M.V. 1983. Hypothesis for the pedogenic yellowing of red soil materials. Tech. Commun. S. Afr. Dep. Agric. Fish. 18: 130-136.
74. Fey, M.V., and J.B. Dixon. 1981. Synthesis and properties of poorly crystalline hydrated aluminous goethites. Clays Clay Miner. 29: 91-100.
75. Fischer, W.R. 1987. Standard potentials (E0) of iron(III) oxides under reducing conditions. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 150: 286-289.
76. Fischer, W.R., and J.C.G. Ottow. 1972. Abbau von Eisen(III)-citrat in durchlüfteter wässriger Lösung durch Bodenbakterien. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Bodenkd. 131: 243-253.
77. Fischer, W.R., and T. Pfanneberg. 1983. Versuche zur bakteriellen. Reduktion synthetischer Eisenoxide. Mitt. Deutsche Bodenkdl. Ges. 38: 315-318.
78. Fitzpatrick, R.W. 1980. Effect of forest and grass burning on mineralogical transformation of some soils of Natal. Soils & Irrig. Res. Inst. (Pretoria, South Africa) Report 952/ 139/80.
79. Fitzpatrick, R.W., and J. Le Roux. 1976. Pedogenic and solid solution studies on iron-titanium minerals, p. 585-599. In S.W. Bailey (ed.) Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1975 (Mexico City). Applied Publishing, Wilmette, IL.
80. Fitzpatrick, R.W., and J. Le Roux. 1978. Forms of pedogenic iron and their distribution in relation to climate and topography along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. Int. Congr. Soil Sci., 11th. Abstr. I, 178.
81. Fitzpatrick, R.W., and U. Schwertmann. 1982. Al-substituted goethite-An indicator of pedogenic and other weathering environments in South Africa. Geoderma 27: 335-347.
82. Fitzpatrick, R.W., J. Le Roux, and U. Schwertmann. 1978. Amorphous and crystalline titanium and iron titanium oxides in synthetic preparations at near ambient conditions, and in soil clays. Clays Clay Miner. 26: 189-201.
83. Fitzpatrick, R.W., R.M. Taylor, U. Schwertmann, and C.W. Childs. 1985. Occurrence and properties of lepidocrocite in some soils of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res. 23: 543-567.
84. Forbes, E.A., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1974. The specific adsorption of inorganic Hg(II) species and Co(III) complex ions on goethite. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 49: 403-409.
85. Forbes, E.A., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1976. The specific adsorption of divalent Cd, Co, Pb and Zn on goethite. J. Soil Sci. 27: 154-166.
86. Fordham, A.W., and K. Norrish. 1979. Electron microprobe and electron microscope studies of soil clay particles. Aust. J. Soil Res. 17: 283-306.
87. Fordham, A.W., and K. Norrish. 1983. The nature of soil particles particularly those reacting with arsenate in a series of chemically treated samples. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 455-477.
88. Fordham, A.W., S. Merry, and K. Norrish. 1985. Occurrence of microcrystalline goethite in an unusual fibrous form. Geoderma 34: 135-148.
89. Fysh, St.A., and P.E. Clark. 1982. Aluminous goethite: A Môssbauer study. Phys. Chem. Miner. 8: 180-187.
90. Garrels, R.M., and C.L. Christ. 1965. Solutions, minerals and equilibria. Harper & Row, Publ., New York.
91. Gast, R.G., E.R. Landa, and G.W. Meyer. 1974. The interaction of water with goethite (α-FeOOH) and amorphous hydrated ferric oxide surfaces. Clays Clay Miner. 22: 31-39.
92. Gastuche, M.C., T. Bruggenwert, and M.M. Mortland. 1964. Crystallization of mixed iron and aluminium gels. Soil Sci. 98: 281-289.
93. Gerth, J., and G. Briimmer. 1983. Adsorption und Festlegung von Nickel, Zink und Cadmium durch Goethit (α-FeOOH), Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem. 316: 616-620.
94. Gilkes, R.J., and A. Suddhiprakarn. 1979. Magnetite alteration in deeply-weathered ada-mellite. J. Soil Sci. 30: 357-361.
95. Goldberg, S., and G. Sposito. 1984a. A chemical model of phosphate adsorption by soils. I. Reference oxide minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 772-778.
96. Goldberg, S., and G. Sposito. 1984b. A chemical model of phosphate adsorption by soils. II. Noncalcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 779-783.
97. Golden, D.C., L.H. Bowen, S.B. Weed, and J.M. Bigham. 1979. Môssbauer studies of synthetic and soil-occurring aluminum-substituted goethites. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 802-808.
98. Goodman, B.A. 1980. Môssbauer spectroscopy, p. 1-92. In J.W. Stucki and W.L. Banwart (ed.) Advanced analytical methods for soil and clay minerals research. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, Neth.
99. Goodman, B.A., and D.G. Lewis. 1981. Môssbauer spectra of aluminous goethite (α-FeOOH). J. Soil Sci. 32: 351-363.
100. Greenland, D.J., J.M. Oades, and T.W. Sherwin. 1968. Electronmicroscope observations of iron oxides in some red soils. J. Soil Sci. 19: 123-126.
101. Grimme, H. 1968. Die Adsorption von Mn, Co, Cu und Zn durch Goethit aus verdünnten Lösungen. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 121: 58-65.
102. Gueniot, B., B. Guillet, and B. Souchier. 1982. Uranium fixation on the surface of iron oxyhydroxide in placic horizons of hydromorphic soils: One example of stagnogley in the crystalline Vosges Mountains (France). CR. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2. 251: 31-36.
103. Hamdy, A.A., and G. Gissel-Nielsen. 1977. Fixation of selenium by clay minerals and iron oxides. Z. Pfianzenernähr. Bodenkd. 140: 63-70.
104. Henmi, T., N. Wells, C.W. Childs, and R.L. Parfitt. 1980. Poorly-ordered iron rich precipitates from springs and streams on andesitic volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44: 365-372.
105. Hildebrand, E.S., and W.E. Blum. 1974. Lead fixation by iron oxides. Naturwissenschaften 61: 169-170.
106. Hiller, J.E. 1966. Phasenumwandlungen im Rost. Werkst. Korros. 17: 943-951.
107. Hingston, F.J., R.J. Atkinson, A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1968. Specific adsorption of anions on goethite. Trans. Int. Congr. Soil Sci., 9th, 1964 (Adelaide, Austr.) 1: 669-678.
108. Hingston, F.J., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1972. Anion adsorption by goethite and gibb-site. I. The role of the proton in determining adsorption envelopes. J. Soil Sci. 23: 177-192.
109. Hingston, F.J., A.M. Posner, and J.P. Quirk. 1974. Anion adsorption by goethite and gibb-site. II. Desorption of anions from hydrous oxide surfaces. J. Soil Sci. 25: 16-26.
110. Holmgren, G.G.S. 1967. A rapid citrate-dithionite extractable iron procedure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31: 210-211.
111. Ibanga, I.J., S.W. Buol, S.B. Weed, and L.H. Bowen. 1983. Iron oxides in petroferric materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 1240-1246.
112. Idzikowski, S. 1973. Adsorption of inorganic ions on iron(III) oxide from mixtures of strong electrolytes. IV. Adsorption of silver, cupric and aluminium sulphate in presence of indifferent electrolyte. Rocz. Chem. 231-238.
113. Jackson, T.A., and W.D. Keller. 1970. A comparative study of the role of lichens and “inorganic” processes in the chemical weathering of recent Hawaii lava flows. Am. J. Sci. 269: 446-460.
114. Janot, C., and H. Gibert, 1970. Les constituants du fer dans certaines bauxites naturelles edutiees par effet Môssbauer. Bull. Soc. Fr. Minerai. Cristallogr. 93: 213-223.
115. Jônâs, K., and K. Solymâr. 1980. Some applications of Môssbauer spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of minerals and mineral mixtures. J. Mol. Struct. 60: 449-452.
116. Jones, D., M.J. Wilson, and J.M. Tait. 1980. Weathering of a basalt by Pertusaria corallina. Lichenologist 12: 277-289.
117. Jones, R.C., W.H. Hudnall, and W.S. Sakai. 1982. Some highly weathered soils of Puerto Rico. 2. Mineralogy. Geoderma 27: 75-137.
118. Kämpf, N., and U. Schwertmann. 1982a. The 5-M-NaOH concentration treatment for iron oxides in soils. Clays Clay Miner. 30: 401-408.
119. Kämpf, N., and U. Schwertmann. 1982b. Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma 29: 27-39.
120. Kämpf, N., and U. Schwertmann. 1982c. Quantitative determination of goethite and hematite in kaolinitic soils by x-ray diffraction. Clay Miner. 17: 359-363.
121. Karim, M.J., and W.A. Adams. 1984. Relationships between sesquioxides, kaolinite, and phosphate sorption in a catena of Oxisols in Malawi. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 406-409.
122. Kemper, W.D. 1966. Aggregate stability of soils from western United States and Canada. USDA Tech. Bull. 1355. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
123. Kinniburgh, D.G. 1983. The H+/M2+ exchange stoichiometry of calcium and zinc adsorption by ferrihydrite. J. Soil Sci. 34: 759-768.
124. Kinniburgh, D.G., and M.L. Jackson. 1974. Zinc adsorption by iron hydrous oxide gels. p. 122. In Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
125. Kinniburgh, D.G., J.K. Syers, and M.L. Jackson. 1975. Specific adsorption of trace amounts of calcium and strontium by hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39: 464-470.
126. Kitagawa, Y. 1983. Goethite and hematite in some soils from the Amazon region. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 29: 209-217.
127. Knight, R.J., and R.N. Sylva. 1974. Precipitation in hydrolysed iron(III) solutions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 36: 591-597.
128. Kodama, H., and M. Schnitzer. 1977. Effect of fulvic acid on the crystallization of Fe(III) oxides. Geoderma 19: 279-291.
129. Krebs, H. 1968. Grundzüge der anorganischen Kristallchemie. F. Enke, Stuttgart.
130. Kühnel, R.A., H.J. Roorda, and J.J.S. Steensma. 1978. Distribution and partitioning of elements in nickeliferous laterites. Bull. Bur. Rech. Geol. Min., Sect. 2: Geol. Appl. Chron. Mines (Fr.) p. 191-206.
131. Kuron, H., and B. Walter. 1964. Über die Bildung und Bindung von Mikroaggregaten in Böden. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 104: 12-24.
132. Langmuir, D., and D.O. Whittemore. 1971. Variations in the stability of precipitated ferric oxyhydroxides. In R.F. Gould (ed.) Nonequilibrium systems in natural water chemistry. Adv. Chem. Ser. 106: 209-234.
133. Levashkevich, G.A. 1966. Interaction of humic acids with hydroxides of iron and aluminium. Pochvovedenie 4: 58-65.
134. Lewis, D.G., and U. Schwertmann. 1979. The influence of aluminium on the formation of iron oxides. IV. The influence of (Al), (OH), and temperature. Clays Clay Miner. 27: 195-200.
135. Lim-Nunez, R., and R.J. Gilkes. 1987. Acid dissolution of synthetic metal containing goe-thites and hematites, p. 197-204. In L.G. Schulz et al. (ed.) Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Denver 1985. The Clay Min. Soc, Bloomington, IN.
136. Lindsay, W.L. 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
137. Loeppert, R.H., L.R. Hossner, and P.K. Amin. 1984. Formation of ferric oxyhydroxides from ferrous Perchlorate in stirred calcareous systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 677-683.
138. Lowenstam, H.A. 1962a. Goethite in radular teeth of recent marine gastropods. Science 137: 279-280.
139. Lowenstam, H.A. 1962b. Magnetite in dentide capping in recent chitons (Polyplacophora). Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 73: 435-438.
140. Lundgren, D.G., and W. Dean. 1979. Biogeochemistry of iron. p. 211-251. In P.A. Trudinger, and D.J. Swain (ed.). Biogeochemical cycling of mineral-forming elements. Stud. Environ. Sci. 3: 211-251.
141. Mackay, A.L. 1962. 0-ferric oxyhydroxide-akageneite. Mineral. Mag. 33: 270-280.
142. Madrid, L. 1981. Study on the reversibility of phosphate adsorption by goethite. p. 81-87. In P. Coy and E. Gallan (ed.) Commun. Reun. Cient. Soc. Esp. Mineral., 2nd, 1980.
143. Mann, S., R.M. Cornell, and U. Schwertmann. 1985. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. XII. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTM) study of aluminous goethites. Clay Miner. 20: 255-262.
144. 4OH extracts of podzols. J. Soil Sci. 34: 825-840.
145. Mclntyre, D.S. 1956. The effect of free ferric oxide on the structure of some Terra Rossa and Rendzina soils. J. Soil Sci. 7: 302-306.
146. McKeague, J.A., and M.G. Cline. 1963. The adsorption of monosilicic acid by soil and other substances. Can. J. Soil Sci. 43: 83-96.
147. McKeague, J.A., and J.H. Day. 1966. Dithionite- and oxalate extractable Fe and Al as aids in differentiating various classes of soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 46: 13-22.
148. McKeague, J. A., J.E. Brydon, and N.M. Miles. 1971. Differentiation of forms of extractable iron and aluminium in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35: 33-38.
149. McKenzie, R.M. 1980. The adsorption of lead and other heavy metals on oxides of manganese and iron. Aust. J. Soil Res. 18: 61-73.
150. McKenzie, R.M. 1983. The adsorption of molybdenum on oxide surfaces. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 5055-513.
151. McLaren, R.G., and D.V. Crawford. 1974. Studies on soil copper. HI. Isotopically exchangeable copper is soils. J. Soil Sci. 25: 111-119.
152. McLaughlin, J.R., J.C. Ryden, and J.K. Syers. 1977. Development and evaluation of a kinetic model to describe phosphate sorption by hydrous ferric oxide gel. Geoderma 18: 295-307.
153. McNeal, B.L., D.A. Layfield, W.A. Norvell, and J.D. Rhoades. 1968. Factors influencing hydraulic conductivity of soils in the presence of mixed salt solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32: 187-190.
154. Mehra, O.P., and M.L. Jackson. 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a di-thionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate, p. 317-342. In Ada Swine-fored (ed.) Clays Clay Miner., Proc. Conf. (7th, Washington, D.C, 1958). Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.
155. Michel, A., and E. Poullard, 1949. Sur une nouvelle famille de sesquioxydes de fer cubiques. Acad. Sci. Paris, R. 228: 680-681.
156. Mohr, E.C.J., F.A. Van Baren, and J. Van Schuylenborg. 1972. Tropical soils. 3rd ed. Monton-Ichtior, Baru, Van Hoeve, The Hague-Paris-London.
157. Munch, J.C., and J.C.G. Ottow. 1983. Reductive transformation mechanism of ferric oxides in hydromorphic soils. In R. Hallberg, (ed.) 1983. Environ. Biogeochem. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35: 383-394.
158. Murad, E. 1987. Properties and behaviour of iron oxides as determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy, p. 309-350. In J.W. Stucki, B.A. Goodman, and U. Schwertmann (ed.) Iron in soils and clay minerals. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C. Vol. 217. D. Reidel, Dordrecht. Neth.
159. Murad, E., and U. Schwertmann. 1980. The Mossbauer spectrum of ferrihydrite and its relation to those of other iron oxides. Am. Mineral. 65: 1044-1049.
160. Murad, E., and U. Schwertmann. 1983. The influence of aluminium substitution and crys- tallinity on the Mossbauer spectra of goethite. Clay Miner. 18: 301-312.
161. Murad, E., and U. Schwertmann. 1986. Influence of Al substitution and crystal size on the room-temperature Mossbauer spectrum of hematite. Clays Clay Miner. 34: 1-6.
162. Murad, E., L.H. Bowen, G.L. Long, and T.G. Quin. 1988. The influence of crystallinity on magnetic ordering in natural ferrihydrites. Clay Miner. 23: 161-173.
163. Music, S., M. Gessner, and R.H.H. Wolf. 1979a. Sorption of small amounts of europium (III) on iron (III) hydroxide and oxide. J. Radioanal. Chem. 50: 90-100.
164. Music, S., M. Gessner, and R.H.H. Wolf. 1979b. Sorption of trace amounts of gallium (III) and iron (III) oxide. Radiochim. Acta 26: 51-53.
165. Music, S., M. Gessner, and R.H.H. Wolf. 1979c. Sorption of small amounts of cobalt (II) on iron (III) oxide. Microchim. Acta 1: 105-112.
166. Nakai, M., and N. Yoshinaga. 1980. Fibrous goethite in some soils from Japan and Scotland. Geoderma 24: 143-158.
167. Nanzyo, M., and V. Watanabe. 1982. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectra and ion adsorption properties of the phosphate surface complex on goethite. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 28: 359-368.
168. Nechaev, E.A., and V.H. Shein. 1979. Adsorption barium ions on hematite. Kolloid. Z. 41: 1028-1030.
169. Norrish, K., and H. Rosser. 1983. Mineral phosphate, p. 335-361. In Div. Soils, CSIRO (ed.) Soils: An Australien Viewpoint. CSIRO Melbourne, Academie Press, London.
170. Norrish K., and R.M. Taylor. 1961. The isomorphous replacement of iron by aluminium in soil goethites. J. Soil Sci. 12: 294-306.
171. Ottow, J.C.G., and H. Glathe. 1971. Isolation and identification of iron-reducing bacteria from gley soils. Soil Bio. Geochem. 3: 43-55.
172. Parfitt, R.L. 1982. Competitive adsorption of phosphate and sulphate on goethite (α-FeOOH). N.Z.J. Sci. 25: 147-148.
173. Parfitt, R.L., and J.D. Russell. 1977. Adsorption on hydrous oxides. IV. Mechanism of adsorption of various ions on goethite. J. Soil Sci. 28: 297-305.
174. Parfitt, R.L., and R.St.C. Smart. 1978. The mechanism of sulphate adsorption on iron oxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 48-50.
175. Parfitt, R.L., R.J. Atkinson, and R.St.C. Smart. 1975. The mechanism of phosphate fixation by iron oxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39: 837-841.
176. Parfitt, R.L., A.R. Fraser, and V.C. Farmer. 1977. Adsorption on hydrous oxides III. Fulvic acid and humic acid on goethite, gibbsite, and imogolite. J. Soil Sci. 28: 289-296.
177. Parfitt, R.L., C.W. Childs, and D.N. Eden. 1988. Ferrihydrite and allophane in four andepts from Hawaii and implications for their classifications. Geoderma 41: 223-241.
178. Parks, G.A. 1965. The isoelectric points of solid oxides, solid hydroxides and aqueous hydroxy complex systems. Chem. Rev. 65: 177-198.
179. Parks, G.A. 1967. Aqueous surface chemistry of oxides and complex oxide minerals. Isoelectric point and zero point of charge. In R.F. Gould (ed.) Equilibrium concepts in natural water systems. Adv. Chem. Ser. 67: 121-160.
180. Parks, G.A., and P.L. de Bruyn. 1962. The zero point of charge of oxides. J. Phys. Chem. 66: 967-973.
181. Pena, F., and J. Torrent. 1984. Relationships between phosphate sorption and iron oxides in alfisols from a river terrace sequence of mediterranean Spain. Geoderma: 283-296.
182. Peneva, N., and K. Paskaleva. 1981. Zinc sorption by iron hydroxides. Pochvozn. Agrokhim. 16: 32-38.
183. Reisenauer, H.M., A.A. Tabikh, and P.R. Stout. 1962. Molybdenum reaction with soils and the hydrous oxides of Fe, Al and Ti. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 23-27.
184. Rengesamy, P., and J.M. Oades. 1977. Interaction of monomelic and polymeric species of metal ions with clay surfaces. II. Changes in surface properties of clays after addition of iron (III). Aust. J. Soil Res. 15: 235-242.
185. 3. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31: 637-641.
186. Robie, R.A., and D.R. Waldbaum. 1967. Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15° K (25° C) and one atmosphere (1.013 bars) pressure and at higher temperatures. Geol. Surv. Bull. (U.S.) 1259.
187. Ross, G.J., and C. Wang. 1982. Lepidocrocite in a calcareous, well drained soil. Clays Clay Miner. 30: 394-396.
188. Rueda, E.H., R.L. Grassi, and M.C. Zenobi. 1981. Effect of several chelating agents on the adsorption of zinc on hematite. An. Edafol. Agrobiol. 40: 251-258.
189. Russell, J.D. 1979. Infrared spectroscopy of ferrihydrite: evidence for the presence of structural hydroxyl groups. Clay Miner. 14: 190-214.
190. Santana, D.P. 1984. Soil formation in a toposequence of oxisols from Patos De Minas region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Ph.D. diss. Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, IN (Diss. Abstr. 45-1974-B).
191. Schahabi, S., and U. Schwertmann. 1970. Der Einfluβ von synthetischen Eisenoxiden auf die Aggregation zweier Lößbödenhorizonte. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 125: 193-204.
192. Scheffer, F., B. Meyer, and E.A. Niederbudde. 1959. Huminbildung unter katalytischer Einwirkung natürlich vorkommender Eisenverbindungen im Modellversuch. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 87: 26-44.
193. Schellmann, W. 1978. Behaviour of nickel, cobalt and chromium in ferruginous lateritic nickel ores. Bull. Bur. Rech. Geol. Min., Sect. 2: Geol. Appl. Chrom. Mines (Fr.) Sec. II, no. 3, p. 275-282.
194. Schellmann, W. 1983. Geochemical principles of lateritic nickel ore formation, p. 119-135. In A.J. Melfiand A. Carvalho (ed.) Laterization processes. Proc. II Int. Seminar on Laterisation Processes, Sao Paulo, Brazil 1982. Inst. Astronomico e Geofisico, Univ. de Sao Paulo.
195. Schoenfeld, T., and Ch. Friedmann. 1970. Uptake of trace amount of antimony (radioan-timony) by precipitates of some hydrated metal oxides. Monatsh. Chem. 101: 1518-1531.
196. Schroeder, D. 1988. Zur Geschichte des Mineralnamens “Goethit”. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 151: 137-139.
197. Schulze, D.G. 1981. Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential x-ray diffraction. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 437-440.
198. Schulze, D.G. 1984. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. VIII. Unit cell dimensions of Al substituted goethites and estimation of Al from them. Clays Clay Miner. 32: 36-44.
199. Schulze, D.G., and J.B. Dixon. 1979. High gradient magnetic separation of iron oxides and magnetic minerals from soil clays. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 793-799.
200. Schulze, D.G., and U. Schwertmann. 1984. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. X. The properties of Al substituted goethites. Clay Miner. 19: 521-529.
201. Schwab, A.P., and W.L. Lindsay. 1983. Effect of redox on the solubility and availability of iron. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 201-205.
202. Schwertmann, U. 1959a. Über die Synthese definierter Eisenoxyde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 298: 337-348.
203. Schwertmann, U. 1959b. Die fraktionierte Extraktion der freien Eisenoxide in Böden, ihre mineralogischen Formen und ihre Entstehungsweisen. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 84: 194-204.
204. Schwertmann, U. 1964. Differenzierung der Eisenoxide des Bodens durch photochemische Extraktion mit saurer Ammoniumoxalat-lösung. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 105: 194-202.
205. Schwertmann, U. 1966. Inhibitory effect of soil organic matter on the crystallization of amorphous ferric hydroxide. Nature (London) 212: 645-646.
206. Schwertmann, U. 1971. Transformation of hematite to goethite in soils. Nature (London) 232: 624-625.
207. Schwertmann, U. 1984a. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. IX. Dissolution of Al-goethites in 6 M HCl. Clay Miner. 19: 9-19.
208. Schwertmann, U. 1984b. Aluminium substitution in pedogenen Eisenoxiden-eine Übersicht. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenkd. 147: 385-399.
209. Schwertmann, U. 1984c. The double dehydroxylation peak of goethite. Thermochim. Acta. 78: 39-46.
210. Schwertmann, U., and H. Fechter. 1982. The point of zero charge of natural and synthetic ferrihydrites and its relation to adsorbed silicate. Clay Miner. 17: 471-476.
211. Schwertmann, U., and H. Fechter. 1984. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. XI. Aluminium substituted maghemite in soils and its formation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 1462-1463.
212. 3 aus amorphem Eisen(III)-hydroxid. III. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 346: 137-142.
213. Schwertmann, U., and W.R. Fischer. 1973. Natural “amorphous” ferric hydroxide. Geoderma 10: 237-247.
214. Schwertmann, U., and R.W. Fitzpatrick. 1977. Occurrence of lepidocrocite and its association with goethite in Natal soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41: 1013-1018.
215. Schwertmann, U., U. Gasser, and H. Sticher. 1989. Chromium-for-iron substitution in synthetic goethites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53: 1293-1297.
216. Schwertmann, U., and B. Heinemann. 1959. Über das Vorkommen und die Entstehung von Maghemit in nordwestdeutschen Böden. Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. 8: 174-181.
217. Schwertmann, U., and N. Kämpf. 1983. Oxidos de ferro jovens em ambientes pedogeneticos brasileiros. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo 7: 251-255.
218. Schwertmann, U., and N. Kämpf. 1985. Properties of goethite and hematite in kaolinitic soils of Southern and Central Brazil. Soil Sci. 139: 344-350.
219. Schwertmann, U., and E. Murad. 1983. The effect of pH on the formation of goethite and hematite from ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 31: 277-284.
220. Schwertmann, U., and E. Murad. 1990. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XIV. Al-substituted magnetite synthesized at ambient temperatures. Clays Clay Min. 38(2): 196-202.
221. Schwertmann, U., and R.M. Taylor. 1973. The in vitro transformation of soil lepidocrocite to goethite. p. 45-54. In E. Schlichting and U. Schwertmann (ed.) Pseudogley & gley. Int. Soc. Soil Sci. J. Meet. Comm. 5 Comm. 6, Trans. (1971). Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, FRG.
222. Schwertmann, U., and R.M. Taylor. 1979. Natural synthetic poorly crystallized lepidocrocite. Clay Miner. 14: 285-293.
223. 2 solutions. Clay Miner. 11: 189-200.
224. Schwertmann, U., R.W. Fitzpatrick, R.M. Taylor, and D.G. Lewis. 1979. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. Part II. Preparation and properties of Al substituted hematites. Clays Clay Miner. 27: 105-112.
225. Schwertmann, U., E. Murad, and D.G. Schutee. 1982a. Is there holecene reddening (hematite formation) in soils of axeric temperate areas? Geoderma 27: 209-223.
226. Schwertmann, U., D.G. Schulze, and E. Murad. 1982b. Identification of ferrihydrite in soils by dissolution kinetics, differential x-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46: 869-875.
227. Schwertmann, U., L. Carlson, and H. Fechter. 1984. Iron oxide formation in artificial ground waters. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 46: 185-191.
228. Schwertmann, U., P. Cambier, and E. Murad. 1985. Properties of goethites of varying crystallinity. Clays Clay Miner. 33: 369-378.
229. Schwertmann, U., H. Kodama, and W.R. Fischer. 1986. Mutual interactions between or-ganics and iron oxides, p. 223-250. In P.M. Huang, and M. Schnitzer (ed.) Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes. SSSA Spec. Publ. 17. SSSA, Madison, WI.
230. Schwertmann, U., and E. Wolska. 1990. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XV. Al-for-Fe substitution in synthetic lepidocrocite. Clays Clay Min. 38(2): 209-212.
231. Segalen, P. 1971. Metallic oxides and hydroxides in soils of the warm and humic areas of the world: Formation, identification, evolution, p. 15-24. In Natural Resources Research XI Soils and Tropical Weathering. Proc. Bandung Symp. UNESCO, Paris, 1971. 15-24.
232. Shadfan, H., J.B. Dixon, and F.G. Calhoun. 1985. Iron oxide properties versus strength of ferruginous crust and iron glaeblues in soils. Soil Sci. 140: 317-325.
233. Shindo, H., and P.M. Huang. 1984. Catalytic effects of manganese(IV), iron(III), aluminum and silicon oxides on the formation of phenolic polymers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48: 927-934.
234. Sims, J.R., and F.T. Bingham. 1968. Retention of boron by layer silicates, sesquioxides and soil materials. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32: 364-369.
235. Smith, K.L., and R.A. Eggleton. 1983. Botryoidal goethite: A transmission electron microscopy study. Clays Clay Miner. 5: 392-396.
236. Stampfl, P.P. 1969. Ein basisches Eisen-II-III-Karbonat in Rost. Corros. Sci. 9: 185-187.
237. 3 und ihr Abweichen von der Vegardregel. Z. Kristallogr. Mineral. 125: 377-403.
238. Stiers, W., and U. Schwertmann. 1985. Evidence for manganese substitution in synthetic goethite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49: 1909-1911.
239. Sung, W., and J.J. Morgan. 1981. Oxidative removal of Mn(II) from solution catalysed by the 7-FeOOH (lepidocrocite) surface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 2377-2383.
240. Takai, T., and A. Kozawa. 1976. ZIA (zinc ion adsorption) data of some ferric oxides and hydroxides. Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 44: 365-367.
241. Takematsu, N. 1979. Sorption of transition metals on manganese and iron oxides and silicate minerals. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 35: 36-42.
242. 4 by adsorption of iron(II) ion on α-FeO(OH). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2: 189-194.
243. Tamm, O. 1922. Um bestamning of de oorganiska komponenterna i markens gelkomplex. Medd. Statens Skogsforsolanst. (Swed.) 19: 385-404.
244. Tamura, H., E. Matijevic, and L. Meites. 1983. Adsorption of cobalt (2+) ions on spherical magnetite particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 92: 303-314.
245. Taylor, H.F.W. 1973. Crystal structures of some double hydroxide minerals. Mineral. Mag. 39: 377-389.
246. Taylor, R.M. 1980. Formation and properties of Fe(II), Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate and its possible significance in soil formation. Clay Miner. 15: 369-382.
247. Taylor, R.M. 1982. Colour in soils and sediments-a review, p. 749-751. In H. van Olphen and F. Veniale (ed.) Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1981, 7th. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
248. Taylor, R.M. 1984a. The influence of chloride concentration on the oxidation of Fe (II) chloride. I. Effect of (Cl)/(Fe) on the formation of magnetite. Clays Clay Miner. 32: 167-174.
249. Taylor, R.M. 1984b. The influence of chloride concentration on the oxidation of Fe (II) chloride. II. Effect of (CI) on the formation of lepidocrocite and its crystallinity. Clays Clay Miner. 32: 175-180.
250. Taylor, R.M. 1987. Nonsilicate oxides and hydroxides, p. 129-201. In A.C.D. Newman (ed.) The chemistry of clays and clay minerals. Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex.
251. Taylor, R.M. 1988a. Some observations on the formation and transformation of soil iron oxides. Chapter 4. In M. DeBoodt, M.B.H. Hayes, and A. Herbillon (ed.) Soil colloids and their association in soil aggregates. Proc. NATO workshop, Ghent, 1984. (in press).
252. Taylor, R.M. 1988b. Proposed mechanism for the formation of soluble Si-Al and Fe(III)-Al hydroxy complexes in soils. Geoderma 42: 65-77.
253. Taylor, R.M., and A.M. Graley. 1967. The influence of ionic environment on the nature of iron oxides in soils. J. Soil Sci. 18: 341-348.
254. Taylor, R.M., and R.M. McKenzie. 1980. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. VI. The formation of Fe(II)-Al(III) hydroxy-chlorides, -sulphates, and -carbonates as new members of the pyroaurite group and their significance in soils. Clays Clay Miner. 28: 179-187.
255. Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1974a. The association of phosphorus with iron in ferruginous soil concretions. Aust. J. Soil Res. 12: 133-145.
256. Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1974b. Maghemite in soils and its origin. II. Maghemite syntheses at ambient temperature and pH 7. Clay Miner. 10: 299-310.
257. Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1974c. Maghemite in soils and its origin. I. Properties and observations on soil maghemites. Clay Miner. 10: 289-298.
258. Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1978. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. Part I. The influence of Al on Fe oxide formation from the Fe(II) system. Clays Clay Miner. 26: 373-383.
259. Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1980. The influence of aluminium on iron oxides. VII. Substitution of Al for Fe in synthetic lepidocrocite. Clays Clay Miner. 28: 267-271.
260. Taylor, R.M., U. Schwertmann, and H. Fechter. 1985. A rapid method for the formation of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate. Clay Miner. 20: 147-151.
261. Taylor, R.M., B.A. Maher, and P. G. Self. 1988. Magnetite in soils: I. The synthesis of single-domain and superparamagnetic magnetite. Clay Miner. 22: 411-422.
262. Tessens, E., and S. Zauyah. 1982. Positive permanent charge in oxisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46: 1103-1106.
263. 2+ by oxides from aqueous solution. Can. J. Chem. 50: 1642-1648.
264. Thiry, M., and J.F. Soraein. 1983. Petrologie d’une sequence d’altération de carbonate de fer-le chapeau de fer du gisement de siderite de Batere (Pyrenees orientales). In D. Nahon, and Y. Noack (ed.) Petrology of weathering and soils. Storage Ring Phys., Proc. Mem. Sci. Geol. no. 7, 3: 195-205. Inst, de Géologie, Univ. Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg
265. Tipping, E. 1981. The adsorption of aquatic humic substances by iron oxides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 191-199.
266. Tipping, E., and D. Cooke. 1982. The effect of adsorbed humic substances on the surface charge of goethite (α-FeOOH) in freshwaters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46: 75-80.
267. Torrent, J., and U. Schwertmann. 1987. Influence of hematite on the color of red beds. J. Sediment. Petrol. 57: 121-125.
268. Torrent, J., R. Guzman, and M.A. Parra. 1982. Influence of relative humidity on the crystallization of Fe(III) oxides from ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner. 30: 337-340.
269. Torrent, J., U. Schwertmann, and D.G. Schulze. 1980. Iron oxide mineralogy of some soils of two river terrace sequences in Spain. Geoderma 23: 191-208.
270. Torrent, J., U. Schwertmann, H. Fechter, and F. Alferez. 1983. Quantitative relationships between soil colour and hematite content. Soil Sci. 136: 354-358.
271. Torrent, J., U. Schwertmann, and V. Barron. 1987. The reductive dissolution of synthetic goethite and hematite in dithionite. Clay Miner. 22: 329-337.
272. Towe, K.M., and W.F. Bradley. 1967. Mineralogical constitution of colloidal “hydrous ferric oxides.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 24: 384-392.
273. Towe, K.M., and T.T. Moench. 1981. Electron-optical characterization of bacterial magnetite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 52: 213-220.
274. Towe, K.M., and K. Rutzler. 1968. Lepidocrocite iron mineralization on kératose sponge granules. Science 162: 268-269.
275. Trolard, F., and Y. Tardy. 1987. The stabilities of gibbsite, boehmite, aluminous geothites and aluminous hematites in bauxites, ferricretes, and latérites as a function of water activity, temperature, and particle size. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 51: 945-957.
276. Van der Marel, H.W. 1951. Gamma ferric oxide in sediments. J. Sediment. Petrol. 21: 12-21.
277. Wann, S.S., and G. Uehara. 1978. Surface charge manipulation in constant surface potential soil colloids. II. Effect on solute transport. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 886-888.
278. Wells, A.F. 1975. Structural inorganic chemistry. 4th ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
279. Willet, I.R., and R.B. Cunningham. 1983. Influence of sorbed phosphate on the stability of ferric hydrous oxide under controlled pH and Eh conditions. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 301-308.
280. Williams, J., and R.J. Coventry. 1979. The contrasting hydrology of red and yellow earths in a landscape of low relief. In The hydrology of areas of low precipitation. (Proc. Symp. Canberra) Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Publ. 128: 385-395.
281. Wilson, M.J., and D.M.L. Duthie. 1981. Some aspects of intrastratal alteration of biotite on the old red sandstones. Scott. J. Geol. 17: 65-72.
282. Wolska, E. 1976. Über die Koexistenz der Aluminium- und Eisen-(III) hydroxiden und -oxiden. Mh. Chem. 107: 349-357.
283. Yapp, C.J. 1983. Effects of AlOOH-FeOOH solid solution on goethite-hematite equilibrium. Clays Clay Miner. 31: 239-240.