Chapter 4: Other complications of CKD: CVD, medication dosage, patient safety, infections, hospitalizations, and caveats for investigating complications of CKD

Kidney International Supplements

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 91-111

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85096660466     PISSN: 21571724     EISSN: 21571716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/kisup.2012.67     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Hallan, S.I., Dahl, K., Oien, C.M., et al. Screening strategies for chronic kidney disease in the general population: follow-up of cross sectional health survey. BMJ, 333, 2006, 1047.
2. McCullough, P.A., Li, S., Jurkovitz, C.T., et al. Chronic kidney disease, prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease, and relationship to short-term mortality. Am Heart J 156 (2008), 277–283.
3. Anavekar, N.S., McMurray, J.J., Velazquez, E.J., et al. Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 1285–1295.
4. Shlipak, M.G., Heidenreich, P.A., Noguchi, H., et al. Association of renal insufficiency with treatment and outcomes after myocardial infarction in elderly patients. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002), 555–562.
5. Wright, R.S., Reeder, G.S., Herzog, C.A., et al. Acute myocardial infarction and renal dysfunction: a high-risk combination. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002), 563–570.
6. Sarnak, M.J., Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 41 (2003), 11–17.
7. Hemmelgarn, B.R., Manns, B.J., Lloyd, A., et al. Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes. JAMA 303 (2010), 423–429.
8. Klausen, K., Borch-Johnsen, K., Feldt-Rasmussen, B., et al. Very low levels of microalbuminuria are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death independently of renal function, hypertension, and diabetes. Circulation 110 (2004), 32–35.
9. Gerstein, H.C., Mann, J.F., Yi, Q., et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 286 (2001), 421–426.
10. Hallan, S., Astor, B., Romundstad, S., et al. Association of kidney function and albuminuria with cardiovascular mortality in older vs younger individuals: The II HUNT Study. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007), 2490–2496.
11. Ibsen, H., Wachtell, K., Olsen, M.H., et al. Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE Study. Kidney Int Suppl, 2004, S56–58.
12. Menon, V., Shlipak, M.G., Wang, X., et al. Cystatin C as a risk factor for outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 147 (2007), 19–27.
13. Peralta, C.A., Katz, R., Sarnak, M.J., et al. Cystatin C identifies chronic kidney disease patients at higher risk for complications. J Am Soc Nephrol 22 (2011), 147–155.
14. Phrommintikul, A., Haas, S.J., Elsik, M., et al. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet 369 (2007), 381–388.
15. Strippoli, G.F., Tognoni, G., Navaneethan, S.D., et al. Haemoglobin targets: we were wrong, time to move on. Lancet 369 (2007), 346–350.
16. Eckardt, K.U., Scherhag, A., Macdougall, I.C., et al. Left ventricular geometry predicts cardiovascular outcomes associated with anemia correction in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 20 (2009), 2651–2660.
17. Kestenbaum, B., Sampson, J.N., Rudser, K.D., et al. Serum phosphate levels and mortality risk among people with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 520–528.
18. Groothoff, J.W., Gruppen, M.P., Offringa, M., et al. Mortality and causes of death of end-stage renal disease in children: a Dutch cohort study. Kidney Int 61 (2002), 621–629.
19. McDonald, S.P., Craig, J.C., Long-term survival of children with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 350 (2004), 2654–2662.
20. Oh, J., Wunsch, R., Turzer, M., et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 106 (2002), 100–105.
21. Parekh, R.S., Carroll, C.E., Wolfe, R.A., et al. Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease. J Pediatr 141 (2002), 191–197.
22. Kavey, R.E., Allada, V., Daniels, S.R., et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 114 (2006), 2710–2738.
23. Wilson, A.C., Schneider, M.F., Cox, C., et al. Prevalence and correlates of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in children with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 (2011), 2759–2765.
24. Litwin, M., Wuhl, E., Jourdan, C., et al. Altered morphologic properties of large arteries in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 1494–1500.
25. Mitsnefes, M.M., Kimball, T.R., Kartal, J., et al. Cardiac and vascular adaptation in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: role of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 2796–2803.
26. Mitsnefes, M.M., Cardiovascular disease in children with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 23 (2012), 578–585.
27. Shroff, R., Weaver, D.J. Jr, Mitsnefes MM. Cardiovascular complications in children with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 7 (2011), 642–649.
28. Halimi, J.M., Giraudeau, B., Vol, S., et al. Effects of current smoking and smoking discontinuation on renal function and proteinuria in the general population. Kidney Int 58 (2000), 1285–1292.
29. Boyce, M.L., Robergs, R.A., Avasthi, P.S., et al. Exercise training by individuals with predialysis renal failure: cardiorespiratory endurance, hypertension, and renal function. Am J Kidney Dis 30 (1997), 180–192.
30. Baigent, C., Landray, M.J., Reith, C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 2181–2192.
31. Jardine, M.J., Ninomiya, T., Perkovic, V., et al. Aspirin is beneficial in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 956–965.
32. Angiolillo, D.J., Bernardo, E., Capodanno, D., et al. Impact of chronic kidney disease on platelet function profiles in diabetes mellitus patients with coronary artery disease taking dual antiplatelet therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 55 (2010), 1139–1146.
33. Best, P.J., Steinhubl, S.R., Berger, P.B., et al. The efficacy and safety of short- and long-term dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: results from the Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) trial. Am Heart J 155 (2008), 687–693.
34. Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14:Suppl 2 (2007), E1–40.
35. Hippisley-Cox, J., Coupland, C., Vinogradova, Y., et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 336 (2008), 1475–1482.
36. Joint British Societies, JBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 91:Suppl 5 (2005), v1–52.
37. Wu, Y., Liu, X., Li, X., et al. Estimation of 10-year risk of fatal and nonfatal ischemic cardiovascular diseases in Chinese adults. Circulation 114 (2006), 2217–2225.
38. Liau, S.Y., Izham, M.I., Hassali, M.A., et al. A literature review of the cardiovascular risk-assessment tools: applicability among Asian population. Heart Asia 2 (2010), 15–18.
39. Nakayama, M., Sato, T., Sato, H., et al. Different clinical outcomes for cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease according to underlying renal disease: the Gonryo study. Clin Exp Nephrol 14 (2010), 333–339.
40. Irie, F., Iso, H., Sairenchi, T., et al. The relationships of proteinuria, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate with cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese general population. Kidney Int 69 (2006), 1264–1271.
41. Yang, J.G., Li, J., Lu, C., et al. Chronic kidney disease, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality among Chinese patients with established cardiovascular disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 17 (2010), 395–401.
42. Zhang, L., Zuo, L., Wang, F., et al. Cardiovascular disease in early stages of chronic kidney disease in a Chinese population. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006), 2617–2621.
43. Banerjee, D., Chitalia, N., Raja, R., et al. Metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease and renal transplant patients in North India. Int Urol Nephrol, 2011.
44. Di Angelantonio, E., Chowdhury, R., Sarwar, N., et al. Chronic kidney disease and risk of major cardiovascular disease and non-vascular mortality: prospective population based cohort study. BMJ, 341, 2010, c4986.
45. Parikh, N.I., Hwang, S.J., Larson, M.G., et al. Chronic kidney disease as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 102 (2008), 47–53.
46. Eiland, L.S., Luttrell, P.K., Use of statins for dyslipidemia in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 15 (2010), 160–172.
47. McAlister, F.A., Ezekowitz, J., Tonelli, M., et al. Renal insufficiency and heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications from a prospective cohort study. Circulation 109 (2004), 1004–1009.
48. Smith, G.L., Lichtman, J.H., Bracken, M.B., et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006), 1987–1996.
49. Hillege, H.L., Nitsch, D., Pfeffer, M.A., et al. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 113 (2006), 671–678.
50. Shlipak, M.G., Smith, G.L., Rathore, S.S., et al. Renal function, digoxin therapy, and heart failure outcomes: evidence from the digoxin intervention group trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004), 2195–2203.
51. Smith, G.L., Shlipak, M.G., Havranek, E.P., et al. Race and renal impairment in heart failure: mortality in blacks versus whites. Circulation 111 (2005), 1270–1277.
52. Anand, I.S., Bishu, K., Rector, T.S., et al. Proteinuria, chronic kidney disease, and the effect of an angiotensin receptor blocker in addition to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. Circulation 120 (2009), 1577–1584.
53. Ezekowitz, J., McAlister, F.A., Humphries, K.H., et al. The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6,427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004), 1587–1592.
54. Gottlieb, S.S., Abraham, W., Butler, J., et al. The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 8 (2002), 136–141.
55. Middleton, R.J., Parfrey, P.S., Foley, R.N., Left ventricular hypertrophy in the renal patient. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001), 1079–1084.
56. Levin, A., Singer, J., Thompson, C.R., et al. Prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy in the predialysis population: identifying opportunities for intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 27 (1996), 347–354.
57. Ha, S.K., Park, H.S., Kim, S.J., et al. Prevalence and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure. J Korean Med Sci 13 (1998), 488–494.
58. Parfrey, P.S., Foley, R.N., Harnett, J.D., et al. Outcome and risk factors for left ventricular disorders in chronic uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11 (1996), 1277–1285.
59. Cerasola, G., Nardi, E., Palermo, A., et al. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of left ventricular abnormalities in chronic kidney disease: a review. J Nephrol 24 (2011), 1–10.
60. Ahmed, A., Rich, M.W., Sanders, P.W., et al. Chronic kidney disease associated mortality in diastolic versus systolic heart failure: a propensity matched study. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007), 393–398.
61. Lazzeri, C., Valente, S., Tarquini, R., et al. Cardiorenal syndrome caused by heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Int J Nephrol, 2011, 2011, 634903.
62. Levin, A., Thompson, C.R., Ethier, J., et al. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis 34 (1999), 125–134.
63. Go, A.S., Yang, J., Ackerson, L.M., et al. Hemoglobin level, chronic kidney disease, and the risks of death and hospitalization in adults with chronic heart failure: the Anemia in Chronic Heart Failure: Outcomes and Resource Utilization (ANCHOR) Study. Circulation 113 (2006), 2713–2723.
64. Shlipak, M.G., Katz, R., Kestenbaum, B., et al. Clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease and kidney function decline in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 204 (2009), 298–303.
65. Balamuthusamy, S., Srinivasan, L., Verma, M., et al. Renin angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 155 (2008), 791–805.
66. Lewis, E.J., Hunsicker, L.G., Clarke, W.R., et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345 (2001), 851–860.
67. Erdmann, E., Lechat, P., Verkenne, P., et al. Results from post-hoc analyses of the II CIBIS trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 3 (2001), 469–479.
68. Wali, R.K., Iyengar, M., Beck, G.J., et al. Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in treatment of heart failure with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Circ Heart Fail 4 (2011), 18–26.
69. Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W.J., et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 341 (1999), 709–717.
70. Juurlink, D.N., Mamdani, M.M., Lee, D.S., et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 543–551.
71. Abdel-Qadir, H.M., Chugh, S., Lee, D.S., Improving prognosis estimation in patients with heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Int J Nephrol, 2011, 2011, 351672.
72. Levin, E.R., Gardner, D.G., Samson, W.K., Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 339 (1998), 321–328.
73. Wiley, C.L., Switzer, S.P., Berg, R.L., et al. Association of B-type natriuretic Peptide levels with estimated glomerular filtration rate and congestive heart failure. Clin Med Res 8 (2010), 7–12.
74. Madsen, L.H., Ladefoged, S., Corell, P., et al. N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 71 (2007), 548–554.
75. Gustafsson, F., Steensgaard-Hansen, F., Badskjaer, J., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of N-terminal ProBNP in primary care patients with suspected heart failure. J Card Fail 11 (2005), S15–S20.
76. McCullough, P.A., Omland, T., Maisel, A.S., B-type natriuretic peptides: a diagnostic breakthrough for clinicians. Rev Cardiovasc Med 4 (2003), 72–80.
77. Maisel, A., Mehra, M.R., Understanding B-type natriuretic peptide and its role in diagnosing and monitoring congestive heart failure. Clin Cornerstone 7:Suppl 1 (2005), S7–17.
78. Wright, S.P., Doughty, R.N., Pearl, A., et al. Plasma amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and accuracy of heart-failure diagnosis in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003), 1793–1800.
79. Yamamoto, K., Burnett, J.C. Jr, Jougasaki M, et al. Superiority of brain natriuretic peptide as a hormonal marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension 28 (1996), 988–994.
80. Burnett, J.C. Jr, Kao PC, Hu DC, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide elevation in congestive heart failure in the human. Science 231 (1986), 1145–1147.
81. Mueller, C., Laule-Kilian, K., Scholer, A., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide for acute dyspnea in patients with kidney disease: insights from a randomized comparison. Kidney Int 67 (2005), 278–284.
82. Vickery, S., Price, C.P., John, R.I., et al. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal proBNP in patients with CKD: relationship to renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005), 610–620.
83. Ishibe, S., Peixoto, A.J., Methods of assessment of volume status and intercompartmental fluid shifts in hemodialysis patients: implications in clinical practice. Semin Dial 17 (2004), 37–43.
84. Takahashi, M., Nagake, Y., Ichikawa, H., et al. Plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides in patients on hemodialysis. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 92 (1996), 19–30.
85. Tagore, R., Ling, L.H., Yang, H., et al. Natriuretic peptides in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008), 1644–1651.
86. Takami, Y., Horio, T., Iwashima, Y., et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide in non-dialysis-dependent CRF. Am J Kidney Dis 44 (2004), 420–428.
87. Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F., Benedetto, F.A., et al. Cardiac natriuretic peptides are related to left ventricular mass and function and predict mortality in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001), 1508–1515.
88. Suresh, M., Farrington, K., Natriuretic peptides and the dialysis patient. Semin Dial 18 (2005), 409–419.
89. Kistorp, C., Raymond, I., Pedersen, F., et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and urinary albumin levels as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular events in older adults. JAMA 293 (2005), 1609–1616.
90. Bettencourt, P., Azevedo, A., Pimenta, J., et al. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients. Circulation 110 (2004), 2168–2174.
91. Gardner, R.S., Ozalp, F., Murday, A.J., et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. A new gold standard in predicting mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur Heart J 24 (2003), 1735–1743.
92. Kragelund, C.B., Gronning, B.A., Kober, L., et al. Prognostic value of N-terminal pro-BNP-type natriuretic peptide in patients with stable coronary heart disease–secondary publication]. Ugeskr Laeger 168 (2006), 697–700.
93. Omland, T., Persson, A., Ng, L., et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 106 (2002), 2913–2918.
94. Olsen, M.H., Wachtell, K., Tuxen, C., et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a LIFE study. J Hypertens 22 (2004), 1597–1604.
95. Koch, A., Singer, H., Normal values of B type natriuretic peptide in infants, children, and adolescents. Heart 89 (2003), 875–878.
96. Auerbach, S.R., Richmond, M.E., Lamour, J.M., et al. BNP levels predict outcome in pediatric heart failure patients: post hoc analysis of the Pediatric Carvedilol Trial. Circ Heart Fail 3 (2010), 606–611.
97. Barret, B.J., Culleton, B., Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease in patients on dialysis. Dial Transplant 31 (2002), 155–163.
98. Beciani, M., Tedesco, A., Violante, A., et al. Cardiac troponin I (2nd generation assay) in chronic haemodialysis patients: prevalence and prognostic value. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 (2003), 942–946.
99. Apple, F.S., Wu, A.H., Myocardial infarction redefined: role of cardiac troponin testing. Clin Chem 47 (2001), 377–379.
100. McLaurin, M.D., Apple, F.S., Voss, E.M., et al. Cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T, and creatine kinase MB in dialysis patients without ischemic heart disease: evidence of cardiac troponin T expression in skeletal muscle. Clin Chem 43 (1997), 976–982.
101. Musso, P., Cox, I., Vidano, E., et al. Cardiac troponin elevations in chronic renal failure: prevalence and clinical significance. Clin Biochem 32 (1999), 125–130.
102. Alpert, J.S., Thygesen, K., Antman, E., et al. Myocardial infarction redefined–a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000), 959–969.
103. Collinson, P.O., Boa, F.G., Gaze, D.C., Measurement of cardiac troponins. Ann Clin Biochem 38 (2001), 423–449.
104. Lindahl, B., Venge, P., Wallentin, L., Troponin T identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit from long-term antithrombotic protection. Fragmin in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 (1997), 43–48.
105. Rabbani, L.E., Acute coronary syndromes–beyond myocyte necrosis. N Engl J Med 345 (2001), 1057–1059.
106. Tun, A., Khan, I.A., Win, M.T., et al. Specificity of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme in asymptomatic long-term hemodialysis patients and effect of hemodialysis on these cardiac markers. Cardiology 90 (1998), 280–285.
107. Wood, G.N., Keevil, B., Gupta, J., et al. Serum troponin T measurement in patients with chronic renal impairment predicts survival and vascular disease: a 2 year prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18 (2003), 1610–1615.
108. Abbas, N.A., John, R.I., Webb, M.C., et al. Cardiac troponins and renal function in nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Chem 51 (2005), 2059–2066.
109. Kinnunen, P., Vuolteenaho, O., Ruskoaho, H., Mechanisms of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide release from rat ventricular myocardium: effect of stretching. Endocrinology 132 (1993), 1961–1970.
110. deFilippi, C., Wasserman, S., Rosanio, S., et al. Cardiac troponin T and C-reactive protein for predicting prognosis, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. JAMA 290 (2003), 353–359.
111. Hayashi, T., Obi, Y., Kimura, T., et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts occult coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic kidney disease at the start of renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23 (2008), 2936–2942.
112. Roongsritong, C., Warraich, I., Bradley, C., Common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance. Chest 125 (2004), 1877–1884.
113. Apple, F.S., Murakami, M.M., Pearce, L.A., et al. Multi-biomarker risk stratification of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiac troponin T and I in end-stage renal disease for all-cause death. Clin Chem 50 (2004), 2279–2285.
114. De Zoysa, J.R., Cardiac troponins and renal disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 9 (2004), 83–88.
115. Deegan, P.B., Lafferty, M.E., Blumsohn, A., et al. Prognostic value of troponin T in hemodialysis patients is independent of comorbidity. Kidney Int 60 (2001), 2399–2405.
116. Dierkes, J., Domrose, U., Westphal, S., et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. Circulation 102 (2000), 1964–1969.
117. Fehr, T., Knoflach, A., Ammann, P., et al. Differential use of cardiac troponin T versus I in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 59 (2003), 35–39.
118. Francis, G.S., Tang, W.H., Cardiac troponins in renal insufficiency and other non-ischemic cardiac conditions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 47 (2004), 196–206.
119. Freda, B.J., Tang, W.H., Van Lente, F., et al. Cardiac troponins in renal insufficiency: review and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002), 2065–2071.
120. Iliou, M.C., Fumeron, C., Benoit, M.O., et al. Factors associated with increased serum levels of cardiac troponins T and I in chronic haemodialysis patients: Chronic Haemodialysis And New Cardiac Markers Evaluation (CHANCE) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16 (2001), 1452–1458.
121. Lamb, E.J., Webb, M.C., Abbas, N.A., The significance of serum troponin T in patients with kidney disease: a review of the literature. Ann Clin Biochem 41 (2004), 1–9.
122. Lowbeer, C., Ottosson-Seeberger, A., Gustafsson, S.A., et al. Increased cardiac troponin T and endothelin-1 concentrations in dialysis patients may indicate heart disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 (1999), 1948–1955.
123. Mallamaci, F., Zoccali, C., Parlongo, S., et al. Troponin is related to left ventricular mass and predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40 (2002), 68–75.
124. Needham, D.M., Shufelt, K.A., Tomlinson, G., et al. Troponin I and T levels in renal failure patients without acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Cardiol 20 (2004), 1212–1218.
125. Ooi, D.S., Zimmerman, D., Graham, J., et al. Cardiac troponin T predicts long-term outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Clin Chem 47 (2001), 412–417.
126. Roberts, M.A., Fernando, D., Macmillan, N., et al. Single and serial measurements of cardiac troponin I in asymptomatic patients on chronic hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 61 (2004), 40–46.
127. Collinson, P.O., Hadcocks, L., Foo, Y., et al. Cardiac troponins in patients with renal dysfunction. Ann Clin Biochem 35:Pt 3 (1998), 380–386.
128. Roppolo, L.P., Fitzgerald, R., Dillow, J., et al. A comparison of troponin T and troponin I as predictors of cardiac events in patients undergoing chronic dialysis at a Veteran's Hospital: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999), 448–454.
129. de Lemos, J.A., Drazner, M.H., Omland, T., et al. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA 304 (2010), 2503–2512.
130. Haller, C., Zehelein, J., Remppis, A., et al. Cardiac troponin T in patients with end-stage renal disease: absence of expression in truncal skeletal muscle. Clin Chem 44 (1998), 930–938.
131. Abaci, A., Ekici, E., Oguzhan, A., et al. Cardiac troponins T and I in patients with end-stage renal disease: the relation with left ventricular mass and their prognostic value. Clin Cardiol 27 (2004), 704–709.
132. Ooi, D.S., House, A.A., Cardiac troponin T in hemodialyzed patients. Clin Chem 44 (1998), 1410–1416.
133. Parfrey, P.S., Foley, R.N., The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (1999), 1606–1615.
134. Roberts, M.A., Hedley, A.J., Ierino, F.L., Understanding cardiac biomarkers in end-stage kidney disease: Frequently asked questions and the promise of clinical application. Nephrology (Carlton) 16 (2011), 251–260.
135. Hirsch, R., Landt, Y., Porter, S., et al. Cardiac troponin I in pediatrics: normal values and potential use in the assessment of cardiac injury. J Pediatr 130 (1997), 872–877.
136. Liesemer, K., Casper, T.C., Korgenski, K., et al. Use and misuse of serum troponin assays in pediatric practice. Am J Cardiol 110 (2012), 284–289.
137. Lentine, K.L., Hurst, F.P., Jindal, R.M., et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment among potential kidney transplant candidates: approaches and controversies. Am J Kidney Dis 55 (2010), 152–167.
138. McIntyre, C.W., Odudu, A., Eldehni, M.T., Cardiac assessment in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18 (2009), 501–506.
139. Bennett, W.M., Kloster, F., Rosch, J., et al. Natural history of asymptomatic coronary arteriographic lesions in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Med 65 (1978), 779–784.
140. Braun, W.E., Phillips, D.F., Vidt, D.G., et al. Coronary artery disease in 100 diabetics with end-stage renal failure. Transplant Proc 16 (1984), 603–607.
141. Lorber, M.I., Van Buren, C.T., Flechner, S.M., et al. Pretransplant coronary arteriography for diabetic renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 19 (1987), 1539–1541.
142. Manske, C.L., Wilson, R.F., Wang, Y., et al. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, angiographically determined coronary artery disease in type I-diabetic patients with nephropathy. Arch Intern Med 152 (1992), 2450–2455.
143. Weinrauch, L., D'Elia, J.A., Healy, R.W., et al. Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: angiographic assessment of diabetics evaluated for renal transplantation. Circulation 58 (1978), 1184–1190.
144. Klocke, F.J., Baird, M.G., Lorell, B.H., et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003), 1318–1333.
145. Dahan, M., Viron, B.M., Faraggi, M., et al. Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of combined dipyridamole-exercise thallium imaging in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 54 (1998), 255–262.
146. Koistinen, M.J., Huikuri, H.V., Pirttiaho, H., et al. Evaluation of exercise electrocardiography and thallium tomographic imaging in detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Br Heart J 63 (1990), 7–11.
147. Marwick, T.H., Steinmuller, D.R., Underwood, D.A., et al. Ineffectiveness of dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging as a screening technique for coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal failure. Transplantation 49 (1990), 100–103.
148. Schmidt, A., Stefenelli, T., Schuster, E., et al. Informational contribution of noninvasive screening tests for coronary artery disease in patients on chronic renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001), 56–63.
149. Morrow, C.E., Schwartz, J.S., Sutherland, D.E., et al. Predictive value of thallium stress testing for coronary and cardiovascular events in uremic diabetic patients before renal transplantation. Am J Surg 146 (1983), 331–335.
150. Patel, A.D., Abo-Auda, W.S., Davis, J.M., et al. Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in predicting outcome after renal transplantation. Am J Cardiol 92 (2003), 146–151.
151. Rabbat, C.G., Treleaven, D.J., Russell, J.D., et al. Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion studies in patients with end-stage renal disease assessed for kidney or kidney-pancreas transplantation: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (2003), 431–439.
152. Wong, C.F., Little, M.A., Vinjamuri, S., et al. Technetium myocardial perfusion scanning in prerenal transplant evaluation in the United kingdom. Transplant Proc 40 (2008), 1324–1328.
153. De Lima, J.J., Sabbaga, E., Vieira, M.L., et al. Coronary angiography is the best predictor of events in renal transplant candidates compared with noninvasive testing. Hypertension 42 (2003), 263–268.
154. Hatta, T., Nishimura, S., Nishimura, T., Prognostic risk stratification of myocardial ischaemia evaluated by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with chronic kidney disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36 (2009), 1835–1841.
155. Kusuoka, H., Nishimura, S., Yamashina, A., et al. Surveillance study for creating the national clinical database related to ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT of ischemic heart disease: J-ACCESS study design. Ann Nucl Med 20 (2006), 195–202.
156. Momose, M., Babazono, T., Kondo, C., et al. Prognostic significance of stress myocardial ECG-gated perfusion imaging in asymptomatic patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease on initiation of haemodialysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36 (2009), 1315–1321.
157. Nakajima, K., Nishimura, T., Inter-institution preference-based variability of ejection fraction and volumes using quantitative gated SPECT with 99mTc-tetrofosmin: a multicentre study involving 106 hospitals. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33 (2006), 127–133.
158. Nekolla, S.G., Reder, S., Saraste, A., et al. Evaluation of the novel myocardial perfusion positron-emission tomography tracer 18F-BMS-747158-02: comparison to 13N-ammonia and validation with microspheres in a pig model. Circulation 119 (2009), 2333–2342.
159. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group, Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 (2001), 89–95.
160. Ix, J.H., Criqui, M.H., Epidemiology and diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 15 (2008), 378–383.
161. Lau, J.F., Weinberg, M.D., Olin, J.W., Peripheral artery disease. Part 1: clinical evaluation and noninvasive diagnosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 8 (2011), 405–418.
162. Bello, A.K., Hemmelgarn, B., Lloyd, A., et al. Associations among estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 (2011), 1418–1426.
163. de Vinuesa, S.G., Ortega, M., Martinez, P., et al. Subclinical peripheral arterial disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and related risk factors. Kidney Int Suppl, 2005, S44–47.
164. Lash, J.P., Go, A.S., Appel, L.J., et al. Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study: baseline characteristics and associations with kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 (2009), 1302–1311.
165. Liew, Y.P., Bartholomew, J.R., Demirjian, S., et al. Combined effect of chronic kidney disease and peripheral arterial disease on all-cause mortality in a high-risk population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008), 1084–1089.
166. O'Hare, A.M., Glidden, D.V., Fox, C.S., et al. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in persons with renal insufficiency: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Circulation 109 (2004), 320–323.
167. O'Hare, A.M., Newman, A.B., Katz, R., et al. Cystatin C and incident peripheral arterial disease events in the elderly: results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005), 2666–2670.
168. O'Hare, A.M., Vittinghoff, E., Hsia, J., et al. Renal insufficiency and the risk of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004), 1046–1051.
169. Wattanakit, K., Folsom, A.R., Criqui, M.H., et al. Albuminuria and peripheral arterial disease: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 201 (2008), 212–216.
170. Margolis, D.J., Hofstad, O., Feldman, H.I., Association between renal failure and foot ulcer or lower-extremity amputation in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 31 (2008), 1331–1336.
171. Fuster, V., Ryden, L.E., Cannom, D.S., et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (2006), e257–e354.
172. Abbas, A.E., Goodman, L.M., Timmis, R., et al. Predictors of poor outcome in female patients undergoing endovascular intervention. J Interv Cardiol 23 (2010), 401–410.
173. O'Hare, A.M., Bertenthal, D., Sidawy, A.N., et al. Renal insufficiency and use of revascularization among a national cohort of men with advanced lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 (2006), 297–304.
174. Brunston, L.L., Chabner, B.A., Knollman, B.A., (eds.) Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edn, 2011, McGraw-Hill, New York.
175. Sweetman, S.C., (eds.) Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 37th Edn, 2011, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London.
176. Gokmen, M.R., Lord, G.M., Aristolochic acid nephropathy. BMJ, 344, 2012, e4000.
177. Su, T., Zhang, L., Li, X., et al. Regular use of nephrotoxic medications is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease–results from a Chinese population study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 26 (2011), 1916–1923.
178. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE Clinical Guideline 38: Bipolar Disorder. 2006.
179. Lipska, K.J., Bailey, C.J., Inzucchi, S.E., Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 34 (2011), 1431–1437.
180. Rachmani, R., Slavachevski, I., Levi, Z., et al. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: reconsideration of traditional contraindications. Eur J Intern Med, 13, 2002, 428.
181. Salpeter, S., Greyber, E., Pasternak, G., et al. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010, CD002967.
182. Fellstrom, B.C., Jardine, A.G., Schmieder, R.E., et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 360 (2009), 1395–1407.
183. Ginsberg, H.N., Elam, M.B., Lovato, L.C., et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 362 (2010), 1563–1574.
184. Keech, A., Simes, R.J., Barter, P., et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366 (2005), 1849–1861.
185. Wanner, C., Krane, V., Marz, W., et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 353 (2005), 238–248.
186. Limdi, N.A., Beasley, T.M., Baird, M.F., et al. Kidney function influences warfarin responsiveness and hemorrhagic complications. J Am Soc Nephrol 20 (2009), 912–921.
187. Wahba, I.M., Olyaei, A.J., Rozansky, D., et al. Handling of drugs in children with abnormal renal function. Avner, E.D., Harmon, W.E., Niaudet, P., Yoshikawa, N., (eds.) Pediatric Nephrology, 2009, Springer-Verlag, 1693–1711.
188. Blowey, D.L., Drug Use and Dosage in Renal Failure. Geary, D.F., Schaefer, F., (eds.) Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology, 2008, Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, 991–1002.
189. Drug prescribing in renal failure. http://www.kdp-baptist.louisvile.edu/renalbook/.
190. Goldfarb, S., McCullough, P.A., McDermott, J., et al. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: specialty-specific protocols for interventional radiology, diagnostic computed tomography radiology, and interventional cardiology. Mayo Clin Proc 84 (2009), 170–179.
191. American College Radiology Guidelines. Manual on Contrast Media Version 8. http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PDF/QualitySafety/Resources/Contrast%20Manual/Contrast%20Nephrotoxicity.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2012.
192. European Society for Urological Radiology (ESUR), http://www.esur.org/Contrast-media.51.0.html, 2012 Accessed October 9.
193. Heinrich, M.C., Haberle, L., Muller, V., et al. Nephrotoxicity of iso-osmolar iodixanol compared with nonionic low-osmolar contrast media: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology 250 (2009), 68–86.
194. Perazella, M.A., Current status of gadolinium toxicity in patients with kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 (2009), 461–469.
195. Agarwal, R., Brunelli, S.M., Williams, K., et al. Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24 (2009), 856–863.
196. American College Radiology Guidelines, Manual on Contrast Media Version 8, 2012 http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PDF/QualitySafety/Resources/Contrast%20Manual/Nephrogenic%20Systemic%20Fibrosis.pdf Accessed October 12.
197. Saitoh, T., Hayasaka, K., Tanaka, Y., et al. Dialyzability of gadodiamide in hemodialysis patients. Radiat Med 24 (2006), 445–451.
198. Meng, H., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Gadolinium in pediatric cardiovascular magnetic resonance: what we know and how we practice. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 14, 2012, 56.
199. Lien, Y.H., Is bowel preparation before colonoscopy a risky business for the kidney?. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4 (2008), 606–614.
200. Markowitz, G.S., Perazella, M.A., Acute phosphate nephropathy. Kidney Int 76 (2009), 1027–1034.
201. Heher, E.C., Thier, S.O., Rennke, H., et al. Adverse renal and metabolic effects associated with oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008), 1494–1503.
202. Palmadottir, V.K., Gudmundsson, H., Hardarson, S., et al. Incidence and outcome of acute phosphate nephropathy in Iceland. PLoS One, 5, 2010, e13484.
203. Wexner, S.D., Beck, D.E., Baron, T.H., et al. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Gastrointest Endosc 63 (2006), 894–909.
204. Brunelli, S.M., Association between oral sodium phosphate bowel preparations and kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 53 (2009), 448–456.
205. Johanson, J.F., Popp, J.W. Jr, Cohen LB, et al. A randomized, multicenter study comparing the safety and efficacy of sodium phosphate tablets with 2 L polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl tablets for colon cleansing. Am J Gastroenterol 102 (2007), 2238–2246.
206. Foley, R.N., Guo, H., Snyder, J.J., et al. Septicemia in the United States dialysis population, 1991 to 1999. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004), 1038–1045.
207. Hoen, B., Paul-Dauphin, A., Hestin, D., et al. EPIBACDIAL: a multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 (1998), 869–876.
208. Ishani, A., Collins, A.J., Herzog, C.A., et al. Septicemia, access and cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients: the USRDS Wave 2 study. Kidney Int 68 (2005), 311–318.
209. Sarnak, M.J., Jaber, B.L., Mortality caused by sepsis in patients with end-stage renal disease compared with the general population. Kidney Int 58 (2000), 1758–1764.
210. Fried, L.F., Katz, R., Sarnak, M.J., et al. Kidney function as a predictor of noncardiovascular mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 3728–3735.
211. Nissenson, A.R., Collins, A.J., Hurley, J., et al. Opportunities for improving the care of patients with chronic renal insufficiency: current practice patterns. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001), 1713–1720.
212. US Renal Data System, Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2007, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
213. Naqvi, S.B., Collins, A.J., Infectious complications in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 13 (2006), 199–204.
214. US Renal Data System, Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2010, Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
215. McIntyre, P., Craig, J.C., Prevention of serious bacterial infection in children with nephrotic syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health 34 (1998), 314–317.
216. Vanholder, R., Ringoir, S., Infectious morbidity and defects of phagocytic function in end-stage renal disease: a review. J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (1993), 1541–1554.
217. Cohen, G., Haag-Weber, M., Horl, W.H., Immune dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int Suppl 62 (1997), S79–S82.
218. Minnaganti, V.R., Cunha, B.A., Infections associated with uremia and dialysis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 15 (2001), 385–406 viii.
219. Pesanti, E.L., Immunologic defects and vaccination in patients with chronic renal failure. Infect Dis Clin North Am 15 (2001), 813–832.
220. Kausz, A.T., Guo, H., Pereira, B.J., et al. General medical care among patients with chronic kidney disease: opportunities for improving outcomes. J Am Soc Nephrol 16 (2005), 3092–3101.
221. DaRoza, G., Loewen, A., Djurdjev, O., et al. Stage of chronic kidney disease predicts seroconversion after hepatitis B immunization: earlier is better. Am J Kidney Dis 42 (2003), 1184–1192.
222. Kausz, A.T., Gilbertson, D.T., Overview of vaccination in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 13 (2006), 209–214.
223. McNulty, C.A., Bowen, J.K., Williams, A.J., Hepatitis B vaccination in predialysis chronic renal failure patients a comparison of two vaccination schedules. Vaccine 23 (2005), 4142–4147.
224. Robinson, J., Efficacy of pneumococcal immunization in patients with renal disease–what is the data?. Am J Nephrol 24 (2004), 402–409.
225. Gilbertson, D.T., Unruh, M., McBean, A.M., et al. Influenza vaccine delivery and effectiveness in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 63 (2003), 738–743.
226. Dinits-Pensy, M., Forrest, G.N., Cross, A.S., et al. The use of vaccines in adult patients with renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 46 (2005), 997–1011.
227. Nikoskelainen, J., Koskela, M., Forsstrom, J., et al. Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 28 (1985), 672–677.
228. Miller, E.R., Alter, M.J., Tokars, J.I., Protective effect of hepatitis B vaccine in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 33 (1999), 356–360.
229. Fattom, A., Fuller, S., Propst, M., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (StaphVAX) in hemodialysis patients. Vaccine 23 (2004), 656–663.
230. Shinefield, H., Black, S., Fattom, A., et al. Use of a Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 346 (2002), 491–496.
231. CDC immunization schedules, http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html.
232. American Academy of Pediatrics, http://www2.aap.org/immunization/ Immunization:.
233. Neu, A.M., Immunizations in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 27 (2012), 1257–1263.
234. Goldstein, S.L., Acute kidney injury in children: prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Contrib Nephrol 174 (2011), 163–172.
235. Goldstein, S.L., Acute kidney injury in children and its potential consequences in adulthood. Blood Purif 33 (2012), 131–137.
236. Zappitelli, M., Goldstein, S.L., Acute kidney failure in children. Jorres, A., Ronco, C., Kellum, J.A., (eds.) Management of Acute Kidney Problems, 2010, Springer, 459–467.
237. Andreoli, S.P., Clinical evaluation of acute kidney injury in children. Avner, E.D., Harmon, W.E., Niaudet, P., Yoshikawa, N., (eds.) Pediatric Nephrology, 6th edn, 2009, Springer, 1603–1618.
238. Zappitelli, M., Goldstein, S.L., Management of acute kidney failure. Avner, E.D., Harmon, W.E., Niaudet, P., Yoshikawa, N., (eds.) Pediatric Nephrology, 6th edn, 2009, Springer, 1619–1628.
239. Zappitelli, M., Goldstein, S.L., Acute kidney injury: General aspects. Kiessling, S.G., Goebel, J., Somers, M.J.G., (eds.) Pediatric Nephrology in the ICU, 2009, Springer, 85–97.
240. Arora, P., Kausz, A.T., Obrador, G.T., et al. Hospital utilization among chronic dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 (2000), 740–746.
241. Khan, S.S., Kazmi, W.H., Abichandani, R., et al. Health care utilization among patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 62 (2002), 229–236.
242. Becker, B.N., Coomer, R.W., Fotiadis, C., et al. Risk factors for hospitalization in well-dialyzed chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 19 (1999), 565–570.
243. Popovic, J.R., Kozak, L.J., National hospital discharge survey: annual summary, 1998. Vital Health Stat 13, 2000, 1–194.
244. Rocco, M.V., Soucie, J.M., Reboussin, D.M., et al. Risk factors for hospital utilization in chronic dialysis patients. Southeastern Kidney Council (Network 6). J Am Soc Nephrol 7 (1996), 889–896.
245. Thamer, M., Ray, N.F., Fehrenbach, S.N., et al. Relative risk and economic consequences of inpatient care among patients with renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 7 (1996), 751–762.
246. Holland, D.C., Lam, M., Predictors of hospitalization and death among pre-dialysis patients: a retrospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 (2000), 650–658.
247. Culleton, B.F., Larson, M.G., Wilson, P.W., et al. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 56 (1999), 2214–2219.
248. Meyer, K.B., Levey, A.S., Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: report from the National Kidney Foundation Task Force on cardiovascular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 9 (1998), S31–S42.
249. Drueke, T.B., Locatelli, F., Clyne, N., et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 2071–2084.
250. Singh, A.K., Szczech, L., Tang, K.L., et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 2085–2098.