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Today, policies motivated by such an intention would be called ethnocide or cultural genocide; they would not have been genocidal. Cultural genocide was explicitly excluded by the UN Convention. See
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TaI, Uriel. 1979. 'On the study of the Holocaust and genocide,". Yad Vashem Studies, 8: 14 Today, policies motivated by such an intention would be called ethnocide or cultural genocide; they would not have been genocidal. Cultural genocide was explicitly excluded by the UN Convention. See
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TaI, U.1
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New Haven and London: Yale University Press, I follow TaI and Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn distinguishing ethnocide and genocide on the basis that the physical extermination of a group is analytically distinct from the suppression of a culture. See
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Chalk, Frank, and Jonassohn, Kurt. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide. Analyses and Case Studies, 23New Haven and London: Yale University Press. I follow TaI and Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn in distinguishing ethnocide and genocide on the basis that the physical extermination of a group is analytically distinct from the suppression of a culture. See
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Jonassohn, K.2
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Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, This is how I understand Raphael Lemkins statement that genocide aimed ultimately at annihilating the groups themselves. See his
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1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, 79Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. This is how I understand Raphael Lemkin's statement that genocide aimed ultimately at "annihilating the groups themselves." See his
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Fein, Helen. 1990. "Genocide: a sociological perspective,". Current Sociology, 38 (1): 15f.79f
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"The drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,"
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The draft resolution that accompanied the initial request for the UN to formulate a convention on genocide argued that genocide is analogous to homicide: Genocide is the denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings. See
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Lippman, Matthew. 1985. "The drafting of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,". Boston University International Law Journal, 3 (1): S7 The draft resolution that accompanied the initial request for the UN to formulate a convention on genocide argued that genocide is analogous to homicide: "Genocide is the denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings." See
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Lippman, M.1
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"The intent to destroy groups in the Genocide Convention: the proposed U.S. Understanding,"
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Exterminating a large proportion of a group may be prima facie evidence of a genocidal intention: see
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LeBlanc, Lawrence J., 1984. "The intent to destroy groups in the Genocide Convention: the proposed U.S. Understanding,". American Journal of International Law, 78: 369–385. Exterminating a large proportion of a group may be prima facie evidence of a genocidal intention: see
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, vol.78
, pp. 369-385
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LeBlanc, L.J.1
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Stanner, W. E. H., 1977. "The history of indifference thus begins,". Aboriginal History, 1 (1): 3–26.
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"British policy towards the Australian Aborigines, 1830-1850,"
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Shaw, A. G. L., 1992. "British policy towards the Australian Aborigines, 1830-1850,". Historical Studies, 25: 266
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Shaw, A. G. L., ed. 1980. Sir George Arthur, 1784-1854, 124Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
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"Beyond the fatal shore: pastoral squatting and the occupation of Australia, 1826 to 1852,"
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Broome, op cit, p 37
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Weaver, John C., 1996. "Beyond the fatal shore: pastoral squatting and the occupation of Australia, 1826 to 1852,". American Historical Review, 101: 981–1007. Broome, op cit, p 37
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"The level of violence: Europeans and Aborigines in Port Phillip, 1835-1850,"
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Nance, Beverley. 1981. "The level of violence: Europeans and Aborigines in Port Phillip, 1835-1850,". Historical Studies, 19: 532–549.
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Brisbane: University of Queensland Press
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Ryan, Lyndall. 1981. The Aboriginal Tasmanians, 83Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
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Canberra: Australian National University Press, Reynolds, op cit, 21, 30
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Loos, Noel. 1982. Invasion and Resistance. Aboriginal-European Relations on the North Queensland Frontier, 1861-1897, 53Canberra: Australian National University Press. Reynolds, op cit, pp 21, 30
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"The Chittagong Hill tracts: a case study in the political economy of 'creeping' genocide,"
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What Mark Levene calls genocidal processes are, according to him, fact a series of state strategies, and not abstract processes going on behind the backs of policy makers. Levene feels licensed to use the term, because the Bangladeshi state ultimately resorted to outright genocidal measures when its pre-genocidal strategies failed. He bundles all these policies under the rubric of genocidal processes and calls it a case of creeping genocide. See his excellent analysis
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1999. "The Chittagong Hill tracts: a case study in the political economy of 'creeping' genocide,". Third World Review, 20 (2): 339–369. What Mark Levene calls "genocidal processes" are, according to him, in fact "a series of state strategies," and not abstract processes going on "behind the backs" of policy makers. Levene feels licensed to use the term, because the Bangladeshi state ultimately resorted to outright genocidal measures when its pre-genocidal strategies failed. He bundles all these policies under the rubric of "genocidal processes" and calls it a case of "creeping genocide." See his excellent analysis:
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, pp. 339-369
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29
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Philadelphia: Temple University Press, which I read just before submitting this article for publication. It makes a similar argument about the developmental and nation-building impulse behind the turn to genocidal policies. For this line of thinking, see also, ed
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Arens, Richard, ed. 1976. Genocide in Paraguay, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. which I read just before submitting this article for publication. It makes a similar argument about the developmental and nation-building impulse behind the turn to genocidal policies. For this line of thinking, see also
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Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1968. On Genocide, 57f78f.Boston: Beacon Press.
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Genever, Margaret. 1996. "The road to Lotus Glen. Aborigines and the law, justice, and imprisonment in colonial Queensland," ”. 240Townsville: James Cook University. PhD dissertation
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Hughes, Ian. 1975. "¢ state of open warfare': frontier conflict in the Cooktown area," ”. In Lectures on North Queensland, 2nd Series 3842Townsville: Department of History, James Cook University.
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Genever, Geoff. 1997. "Prosecutors or protectors? Police and Aborigines in pre-separation Queensland,". Queensland Review, 4 (1): 63–70.
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1861. "Instructions of Commandant to Officers and Camp Sergeants of Native Police.". Appendix A, Queensland Votes and Proceedings. 1861. pp. 152 Report of the Select Committee on the Native Police
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Sydney: Crawford House, forthcoming, This book had not yet appeared at the time of writing. I was able, however, to consult the University of London doctoral dissertation (1993) of the same title, on which it is presumably based, before preparing the final draft of this article. Palmer anticipates my argument that the place to look for a genocide Australia is not Tasmania, but Queensland
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Palmer, Alison. 1999. Colonial Genocide, Sydney: Crawford House. forthcoming, This book had not yet appeared at the time of writing. I was able, however, to consult the University of London doctoral dissertation (1993) of the same title, on which it is presumably based, before preparing the final draft of this article. Palmer anticipates my argument that the place to look for a genocide in Australia is not Tasmania, but Queensland
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Palmer, A.1
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"Tasmania: 2,"
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McGrath A., (ed), Sydney: Alien & Unwin, See, for example, Edited by
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Maykutenner (Vicki Mat son-Green). 1995. "Tasmania: 2," ”. In Contested Ground. Australian Aborigines under the British Crown, Edited by: McGrath, Ann. 338–359. Sydney: Alien & Unwin. See, for example
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Burgmann V., Lee J., (eds), Melbourne: McPhee Gobble, Penguin, Edited by
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Evans, Raymond. 1988. "Keeping Australia Clean White," ”. In A Most Valuable Acquisition. A People's History of Australia Since 1788, Edited by: Burgmann, Verity, and Lee, Jenny. 170–188. Melbourne: McPhee Gobble, Penguin.
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Stanton, Susan. "Time for truth: speaking the unspeakable-genocide and apartheid in the 'lucky' country,". Australian Humanities Review, July 1999 www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/AHR/
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"The Powhatans of Virginia and the English invasion of America: destruction without genocide,"
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Sydney: Centre for Comparative Genocide Studies, Macquarie University, relation to North America, Paul R. Bartrop judges that despite the massive population loss of the Powhatans of Virginia upon English invasion, no case for genocide can be made. See his, ed
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Tatz, Colin, ed. 1997. "The Powhatans of Virginia and the English invasion of America: destruction without genocide," ”. In Genocide Perspectives I, 66–108. Sydney: Centre for Comparative Genocide Studies, Macquarie University. In relation to North America, Paul R. Bartrop judges that despite the massive population loss of the Powhatans of Virginia upon English invasion, no case for genocide can be made. See his
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Tatz, Colin. 1999. Genocide in Australia, Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
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Attwood, Bain, ed. 1996. In the Age of Mabo. History, Aborigines and Australia, Sydney: Alien & Unwin. For a survey and analysis of the historiographical literature, see
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Curthoys, Ann. "Aboriginal history," ”. In Oxford Companion to Australian History, Edited by: Davison, Graeme, Hirst, John, and Maclntyre, Stuart. 3–5. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
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Barta, Tony. 1987. "Relations of genocide. Land and lives in the colonization of Australia," ”. In Genocide and the Modern Age, Edited by: Wallimann, Isidor, and Dobkowski, Michael N., 237–251. New York: Greenwood Press. Wallimann and Dobkowski's introductory essay expresses the view that insisting on the presence of intention in the definition of genocide "seems historically and politically too limiting," because "anonymous social forces" and their "structural violence" make it difficult to identify concrete agents that can be bearers of intentions. I have criticized this argument in
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Katz, Steven T., 1996. "The uniqueness of the Holocaust. The historical dimension," ”. In Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, Edited by: Rosenbaum, Alan. 23f.Boulder: Westview Press.
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