COVID-19 Pandemic: Exacerbating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Long-Term Services and Supports

Journal of Aging and Social Policy

Volumn 32, Issue 4-5, 2020, Pages 323-333

  Shippee, Tetyana P ^a   Akosionu, Odichinma ^a   Ng, Weiwen ^a   Woodhouse, Mark ^a   Duan, Yinfei ^a   Thao, Mai See ^b   Bowblis, John R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^c MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronavirus; COVID 19; disparities; LTSS; quality of care; quality of life

Indexed keywords

COVID-19; EPIDEMIC; ETHNIC MINORITY; HEALTH SERVICES; INFECTIVITY; MORTALITY; RACIAL DISPARITY; SERVICE QUALITY; VIRAL DISEASE;

CORONAVIRUS;

ANCESTRY GROUP; BETACORONAVIRUS; BLACK PERSON; COMORBIDITY; CORONAVIRUS INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HISPANIC; HOME FOR THE AGED; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LONG TERM CARE; MINORITY GROUP; NURSING HOME; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PANDEMIC; QUALITY OF LIFE; UNITED STATES; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BETACORONAVIRUS; COMORBIDITY; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HOMES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; LONG-TERM CARE; MINORITY GROUPS; NURSING HOMES; PANDEMICS; PNEUMONIA, VIRAL; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85086564743     PISSN: 08959420     EISSN: 15450821     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2020.1772004     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bates, T., Amah, G., & Coffman, J., (2018). Racial/ethnic diversity in the long-term care workforce. UCSF Health Workforce Research Center on Long-Term Care UCSF Health Workforce Research Center on Long-Term Care. https://healthworkforce.ucsf.edu/sites/healthworkforce.ucsf.edu/files/REPORT-2018.HWRC_diversity_.4-18.pdf
2. Bliss, D. Z., Gurvich, O., Savik, K., Eberly, L. E., Harms, S., & Wyman, J. F., (2014). Racial and ethnic disparities in time to cure of incontinence present at nursing home admission. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 7 (3), 96–113. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4540235/
3. Buchmueller, T. C., Levinson, Z. M., Levy, H. G., & Wolfe, B. L., (2016). Effect of the affordable care act on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage. American Journal of Public Health, 106 (8), 1416–1421. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303155
4. Cai, S., Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., & Mor, V., (2011). Despite small improvement, black nursing home residents remain less likely than whites to receive flu vaccine. Health Affairs, 30 (10), 1939–1946. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0029
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020). Adult day services centers. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/adsc.htm
6. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2019). Home- and community-based services. https://www.cms.gov/Outreach-and-Education/American-Indian-Alaska-Native/AIAN/LTSS-TA-Center/info/hcbs
7. Chen, J., Vargas-Bustamante, A., Mortensen, K., & Ortega, A. N., (2016). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Access and Utilization Under the Affordable Care Act. Medical Care, 54 (2), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000467
8. Choi, K. H., Denice, P., Haan, M., & Zajacova, A., (2020, May 13). Studying the social determinants of COVID-19 in a data vacuum. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/yq8vu
9. Eichler, K., Wieser, S., & Brügger, U., (2009). The costs of limited health literacy: A systematic review. International Journal of Public Health, 54 (5), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0058-2
10. Fabius, C. D., Thomas, K. S., Zhang, T., Ogarek, J., & Shireman, T. I., (2018). Racial disparities in Medicaid home and community-based service utilization and expenditures among persons with multiple sclerosis. BMC Health Services Research, 18 (1), 773. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3584-x
11. Farmer, B., (2020). Long-standing racial and income disparities seen creeping into COVID-19 care. Kaiser Health News. https://khn.org/news/covid-19-treatment-racial-income-health-disparities/
12. Flores, G., (2005). The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: A systematic review. Medical Care Research and Review, 62 (3), 255–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558705275416
13. Gorges, R. J., Sanghavi, P., & Konetzka, R. T., (2019). A national examination of long-term care setting, outcomes, and disparities among elderly dual eligibles. Health Affairs, 38 (7), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05409
14. Grabowski, D. C., & McGuire, T. G., (2009). Black-White disparities in care in nursing homes. Atlantic Economic Journal: AEJ, 37 (3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11293-009-9185-7
15. Harris-Kojetin, L., Sengupta, M., Park-Lee, E., & Valverde, R. H., (2013). Long-term care services in the United States: 2013 overview. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/22285
16. Hedgpeth, D., Fears, D., & Scruggs, G., (2020, April 4). Indian Country, where residents suffer disproportionately from disease, is bracing for coronavirus. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/04/04/native-american-coronavirus/
17. Hunnicutt, J. N., Ulbricht, C. M., Tjia, J., & Lapane, K. L., (2017). Pain and pharmacologic pain management in long-stay nursing home residents. Pain, 158 (6), 1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000887
18. Hurtado, D. A., Sabbath, E. L., Ertel, K. A., Buxton, O. M., & Berkman, L. F., (2012). Racial disparities in job strain among American and immigrant long‐term care workers. International Nursing Review, 59 (2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00948.x
19. Konetzka, R. T., Grabowski, D. C., Perraillon, M. C., & Werner, R. M., (2015). Nursing home 5-star rating system exacerbates disparities in quality, by payer source. Health Affairs, 34 (5), 819–827. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1084
20. Konetzka, R. T., & Werner, R. M., (2009). Review: Disparities in long-term care building equity into market-based reforms. Medical Care Research and Review, 66 (5), 491–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709331813
21. Lebrun, L. A., (2012). Effects of length of stay and language proficiency on health care experiences among Immigrants in Canada and the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 74 (7), 1062–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.031
22. Li, Y., & Cai, X., (2014). Racial and ethnic disparities in social engagement among US nursing home residents. Medical Care, 52 (4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000088
23. Luo, H., Zhang, X., Cook, B., Wu, B., & Wilson, M. R., (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in preventive care practice among U.S. nursing home residents. Journal of Aging and Health, 26 (4), 519–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264314524436
24. Mack, R. S., Jesdale, B. M., Ulbricht, C. M., Forrester, S. N., Michener, P. S., & Lapane, K. L., (2020). Racial segregation across U.S. nursing homes: A systematic review of measures and outcomes. The Gerontologist, 60 (3), e218–e231. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz056
25. Morrow-Howell, N., Galucia, N., & Swinford, E., (2020). Recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on older adults. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1759758
26. Rahman, M., & Foster, A. D., (2015). Racial segregation and quality of care disparity in US. Journal of Health Economics, 39, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.09.003
27. Rivera-Hernandez, M., Kumar, A., Epstein-Lubow, G., & Thomas, K. S., (2019). Disparities in nursing home use and quality among African American, Hispanic, and White medicare residents with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Journal of Aging and Health, 31 (7), 1259–1277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264318767778
28. Scott, D., (2020). Covid-19’s devastating toll on black and Latino Americans, in one chart. https://www.vox.com/2020/4/17/21225610/us-coronavirus-death-rates-blacks-latinos-whites
29. Shippee, T. P., Henning-Smith, C., Rhee, G., Held, R., & Kane, R. A., (2016). Racial differences in minnesota nursing home residents’ quality of life: The importance of looking beyond individual predictors. Journal of Aging and Health, 28 (2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315589576
30. Shippee, T. P., Henning-Smith, C. L., Kane, R., & Lewis, T., (2015). Resident- and facility-level predictors of quality of life in long-term care. The Gerontologist, 55 (4), 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt148
31. Shippee, T. P., Ng, W., & Bowblis, J. R., (in press). Does living in a higher proportion minority facility improve quality of life for racial/ethnic minority residents in nursing homes? Innovation in Aging.
32. Smith, D. B., Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., Zinn, J., & Mor, V., (2008). Racial disparities in access to long-term care: The illusive pursuit of equity. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 33 (5), 861–881. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2008-022
33. Thao, M.-S., Akosionu, O., Davila, H., & Shippee, T. P., (2019). The invisible labor of Culturally Sensitive Care (CSC): A hmong nursing home case study [Paper presentation]. Gerontological Society of America Annual Scientific Meeting, Austin, TX.
34. Towne, S. D., Probst, J. C., Mitchell, J., & Chen, Z., (2015). Poorer quality outcomes of medicare-certified home health care in areas with high levels of native American/Alaska native residents. Journal of Aging and Health, 27 (8), 1339–1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315583051
35. Travers, J. L., Teitelman, A. M., Jenkins, K. A., & Castle, N. G., (2020). Exploring social‐based discrimination among nursing home certified nursing assistants. Nursing Inquiry, 27 (1), e12315. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12315
36. True, S., Cubanski, J., Garfield, R., Rae, M., Claxton, G., & Chidambaram, P., (2020). COVID-19 and workers at risk: Examining the long-term care workforce. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/covid-19-and-workers-at-risk-examining-the-long-term-care-workforce/?utm_campaign=KFF-2020-Medicaid&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=86855544&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_lP7AwFxEYqlHmG5FM3pOFDsyr4pEhfDoldSbNFOF5tsTktGkIWQ2uExwLMu5pRSa12BxQyThwTWs5ieylTb7fYzFWnA&_hsmi=86855544
37. Walton, A. L., & Rogers, B., (2017). Workplace hazards faced by nursing assistants in the United States: A focused literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (5), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050544
38. WCCO. (2020). Coronavirus updates: Minnesota orders adult day care centers to close. CBS Minnesota. https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-updates-minnesota-orders-adult-day-care-centers-to-close/
39. Yeo, S., (2004). Language barriers and access to care. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 22 (0739–6686 (Print)), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.22.1.59