The African American petri dish

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 491-502

  Braithwaite, Ronald ^a   Warren, Rueben ^b  

^a MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

COVID 19; Ethnic inequities; Minority populations; Pandemic; Racial inequities

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; COVID-19; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85086171250     PISSN: 10492089     EISSN: 15486869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2020.0037     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Margolin J, Meek JG. Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as Novem-ber: Sources. New York, NY: ABC New, 2020. Available at: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/intelligence-report-warned-coronavirus-crisis-early-november-sources/story?id=70031273.
2. Harris S, Miller G, Dawsey J, et al. U.S. intelligence reports from January and February warned about a likely pandemic. Washington, DC: The Washington Post, 2020. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-intelligence-reports-from-january-and-february-warned-about-a-likely-pandemic/2020/03/20/299d8cda-6ad5-11ea-b5f1-a5a804158597_story.html.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cases of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in the U.S. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2020. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html#2019coronavirus-summary.
4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm.
5. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American health dilemma: a medical history of African Americans and the problem of race. Volume 1: Beginnings to 1900. New York, NY: Routledge, 2000.
6. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race. Volume 2: 1900 to 2000). New York, NY: Routledge, 2001.
7. Jones, Lovell. Lovell’s food for thought—Implicit bias, silent racism and its impact on post traumatic slave syndrome. Houston, TX: Houston Style Magazine, Black Experience, 2019. Available at: http://stylemagazine.com/news/2019/apr/23/lovells-food-thought-implicit-bias-silent-racism-a.
8. Sule E, Sutton RM, Jones, D, et al. The past does matter: a nursing perspective on Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017 Jan 11;4:779–83.
9. Walker B. Jr, Warren R. Examining Ethical and Other Implications for a Culture of Health in the Context of the Deep South. In: Proceedings of the An Ethical Frame-work for Population Health Conference, Tuskegee (AL), February 5-8, 2017: 79-83. Tuskegee, AL: National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care, Tuskegee University.
10. Healthy People 2020. Social determinants of health. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2020. Available at: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health.
11. Pinn V. From Exclusion to Inclusion. In Katz R, Warren R, eds. The search for the legacy of the USPHS Syphilis study at Tuskegee: reflective essays based upon findings from the Tuskegee Legacy Project. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, 2011;141-152.
12. Miller H. Navajo Nation reports more coronavirus cases per capita than all but two US counties. New York, NY: Huffington Post, 2020. Available at https://www.huffpost.com/entry/navajo-nation-coronavirus-per-capita_n_5e94b532c5b6a50d4ae6d7e7.
13. Hammond E. coronavirus hits black communities harder than others. Atlanta, GA: Cable News Network (CNN), 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-04-07-20/h_82cdc1a91f18f9439d6d342de2a01f7a.
14. Braithwaite RL, Arriola KJ, Newkirk C, eds. Health issues of incarcerated women. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.
15. Braithwaite RL, Hammett TM, Mayberry RM. Prison and AIDS: A Public Health Challenge. Jossey-Bass, 1996.
16. Crepeau M, Meisner J. Second inmate at Cook County Jail dies of Covid19, and the family of the first files lawsuit. Chicago, IL: Chicago Tribune, 2020. Available at: https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-coronavirus-cook-county-jail-inmate-dies-20200410-po2oc6czfnd3lhdqphpawsnpwy-story.html
17. Schwartzburg R. Freezing Jail Cells, Broken Showers, and COVID-19: More than a month into New York City’s coronavirus outbreak, life in one of the most notorious jails continues to deteriorate. New York, NY: The Nation, 2020. Available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/society/coronavirus-nyc-jails/
18. Fuchs VR. Who Shall Live? Health, Economics And Social Choice. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1974.
19. Braithwaite R, Taylor S, Treadwell H. Health issues in the black community, third Edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 2009.
20. American Public Media (APM) ResearchLab Staff. The Color of Corona: Covid-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. St. Paul, MN: APM ResearchLab, 2020. Available at https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
21. Vergano D, Goba K. Why the coronavirus is killing Black Americans at outsize rates across the US. New York, NY: Buzzfeed News, 2020. Available at: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/coronavirus-black-americans-covid19.
22. Kendi IX. Stop Blaming Black People for Dying of the Coronavirus: New data from 29 states confirm the extent of the racial disparities. New York, NY: The Atlantic, 2020. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/race-and-blame/609946.
23. Despres C. Are Latinos More Exposed to Coronavirus? Left Out of Testing, Treatment, Social Distancing? San Antonio, TX: Salud!America, 2020. Available at: https://salud-america.org/latinos-more-exposed-to-coronavirus-left-out-of-testing-treatment/.
24. Kirzinger A, Kearney A, Hamel L, et al. KFF Health Tracking Poll—Early April 2020: The Impact of coronavirus on Life in America. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2020. Available at: https://www.kff.org/health-reform/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-early-april-2020/
25. Farmer B. Long-standing racial and income disparities seen creeping into COVID-19 care. Washington, DC: Kaiser Health News, 2020. Available at: https://khn.org/news/covid-19-treatment-racial-income-health-disparities.
26. Thebault R, Tran AB, Williams V. The coronavirus is infecting and killing Black Americans at an alarmingly high rate. Washington, DC: The Washington Post, 2020. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/04/07/coronavirus-is-infecting-killing-black-americans-an-alarmingly-high-rate-post-analysis-shows/?arc404=true.
27. Heckler MM. Report of the Secretary’s Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1985.
28. Robbins J, Webb DA. Neighborhood Poverty, Mortality Rates, and Excess Deaths Among African Americans: Philadelphia 1999-2001. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2004 Nov;15(4):530-7.
29. Satcher D, Fryer GE Jr, McCann J, et al. What if we were equal? A comparison of the black-non-Hispanic White mortality gap in 1960 and 2000. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005 Mar-Apr;24(2):459-64.
30. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cases of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in the U.S. Atlanta, GA: CDC, 2020. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html#demographic-characteristics.
31. Wise J. Fauci: US could have ‘saved lives’ if social distancing restrictions were enforced earlier. Washington, DC: The Hill, 2020. Available at: https://thehill.com/home news/administration/492411-fauci-us-could-have-saved-lives-if-social-distancing-restrictions.
32. Lipton E, Sanger DE, Haberman M, et al. He could have seen what was coming: behind Trump’s failure on the virus. New York, NY: The New York Times, 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html.
33. Langreth R. Most NYC COVID-19 Cases Came from Europe, Genome Researchers Say. New York, NY: Bloomberg News, April 8, 2020. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-08/most-nyc-covid-19-cases-came-from-europe-genome-researchers-say
34. Duffin E. U.S. household income distribution, by Gini-coefficient 1990-2018. New York, NY: Statista, 2019. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/219643/gini-coefficient-for-us-individuals-families-and-households.
35. Charles J, Harris A. Caribbean nations can’t get U.S. masks, ventilators for COVID-19 under Trump policy. Miami, FL: Miami Herald, 2020. Available at: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article241922071.html.
36. Busari S, Wojazer B. French doctors’ proposal to test COVID-19 treatment in Africa slammed as ‘colonial mentality.’ Atlanta, GA: Cable News Network (CNN), 2020. Available at: https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/africa/french-doctors-africa-covid-19-intl/index.html.
37. Jacobs EA, Rolle I, Ferrens CE, et al. Understanding African Americans’ Views of the Trustworthiness of Physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 2006 Jun; 21(6): 642–647.
38. Armstrong KA, Ravenell KL, McMurphy S, Putt M. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physician Distrust in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2007 July; 97(7):1283–1289.
39. Katz R, Warren R, eds. The search for the legacy of the USPHS Syphilis study at Tuskegee: reflective essays based upon findings from the Tuskegee Legacy Project. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, 2011.
40. Scharff DP, Mathews KJ. Jackson P, et al. More than Tuskegee: Understanding Mistrust about Research Participation. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010 Aug;21(3):879-97.
41. Employment and Training Administration. Unemployment insurance weekly claims. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, 2020. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/ui/data.pdf.