Children’s exposure to community violence: Psychoanalytic perspectives on evaluation and treatment

Analysts in the Trenches: Streets, Schools, War Zones

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 237-256

  Osofsky, Howard J ^a   Osofsky, Joy D ^a,b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85083209274     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315781969-18     Document Type: Chapter

References (46)

1. American Psychoanalytic Association Website Home Page (2001), Retrieved from http://www.apsaa.org.
2. Appelbone, P. (1996), Crime fear is seen forcing change in youth behavior. The New York Times, p. A6, January 12.
3. Bell, C. C. & Jenkins, E. J. (1993), Community violence and children on Chicago’s southside. Psychiatry, 56: 46-54.
4. Bell, C. C. & Jenkins, E. J. (1997), Exposure and response to community violence among children and adolescents. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford, pp. 9-31.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1996), National Summary of Injury Mortality Data, 1987-1994. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998), CDC Surveillance Summaries, 47 (No. SS-3). Atlanta, GA: August 14.
7. Chira, S. (1994), Teenagers in a poll report worry and distrust of adults. The New York Times, p. 1, July 10.
8. Dahlberg, L. L. & Potter, L. B. (2001), Youth violence: Developmental pathways and prevention challenges. Amer. J. Prev. Med., 20: 3-14.
9. Finkelhor, D. & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994), Victimization of children. Amer. Psychol., 49: 173-183.
10. Flannery, D. & Huff, C. R. (1998), Youth Violence: Prevention, Intervention, and Social Policy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
11. Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (1996), Predictors of outcome in child psychoanalysis: A retrospective study of 763 cases at the Anna Freud Centre. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 44: 27-77.
12. Freud, S. (1926), Inhibitions, symptoms, and anxiety. Standard Edition, 20: 77-175. London: Hogarth Press, 1959.
13. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K. & Pardo, C. (1992), Children in Danger: Coping with the Consequence of Community Violence. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
14. Gilligan, J. (1996), Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and Its Causes. New York: Plenum Press.
15. Gorman-Smith, D. & Tolan, P. (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Develop. & Psychopathol., 10: 99-114.
16. Groves, B. M. & Zuckerman, B. (1997), Interventions with parents and caregivers of children who are exposed to violence. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford, pp. 183-201.
17. Groves, B. M., Zuckerman, B., Marans, S. & Cohen, D. (1993), Silent victims: Children who witness violence. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 269: 262-264.
18. Hill, H. M., Levermore, M., Twaite, J. & Jones, L. (1996), Exposure to community violence and social support as predictors of anxiety and social and emotional behavior among African-American children. J. Child & Family Stud., 5: 399-414.
19. Huessman, L. R. & Eron, L. D. (1986), Television and the Aggressive Child: A Cross-National Comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Jenkins, E. J. & Bell, C. C. (1997), Violent cities, violent streets: Children draw their neighborhoods. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 277-299.
21. Kohut, H. (1977), The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
22. Kohut, H. (1978), Trauma and affects. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 33: 81-116. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
23. Li, X., Howard, D., Stanton, B., Rachuba, L. & Cross, S. (1998), Distress symptoms among urban African-American children and adolescents: A psychometric evaluation of the Checklist of Children’s Distress Symptoms. Arch. Pediat. & Adolesc. Med., 152: 569-577.
24. Marans, S. (1995), The Police-Mental Health Partnership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25. Marans, S. & Adelman, A. (1997), Experiencing violence in developmental context. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 202-222.
26. Marans, S. & Cohen, D. (1993), Children and inner-city violence: Strategies for intervention. In: Psychological Effects of War and Violence on Children, ed. L. Leavitt & N. Fox. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 281-302.
27. Morse, J. (2000), Looking for trouble: More and more schools are trying to spot the potential killers in their midst. But what about the innocents? Time, 155: 50, April 24.
28. Murphy, L., Pynoos, R. S. & James, C. B. (1997), The trauma/grief-focused group psychotherapy module of an elementary school-based violence prevention/intervention program. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 223-255.
29. Murray, J. (1997), Media violence and youth. In: Children in a Violent Society, ed. J. D. Osofsky. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 72-96.
30. Nader, K. (1994), Countertransference in the treatment of acutely traumatized children. In: Countertransference in the Treatment of PTSD, ed. J. P. Wilson & J. D. Lindy. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 179-205.
31. Osofsky, J. D. (1993), Applied psychoanalysis: How research with infants and adolescents at high psychosocial risk informs psychoanalysis. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 41: 193-207.
32. Osofsky, J. D. (1997), Children in a Violent Society. New York: Guilford Press.
33. Osofsky, J. D. (2000), Early developmental issues for understanding borderline personality organization. In: Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder, ed. O. Kernberg, B. Dulz & U. Sachsse. New York: Schattauer.
34. Osofsky, J. D. & Fenichel, E. (1996), Islands of Safety: Assessing and Treating Young Victims of Violence. Washington, DC: Zero to Three/National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families.
35. Osofsky, J. D., Wewers, S., Hann, D. M. & Fick, A. C. (1993), Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children? Psychiatry, 56: 36-45.
36. Overstreet, S. (2000), Exposure to community violence: Defining the problem and understanding the consequences. J. Child & Fam. Stud., 9: 7-25.
37. Pynoos, R. (1993), Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents. In: American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, ed. J. M. Oldham, M. B. Riba & A. Tasman. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 205-238.
38. Pynoos, R. & Giller, E. (1994), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Clinical Review. New York: Sedran Press.
39. Pynoos, R., Nader, K., Black, D., Kaplan, T., Hendriks, J., Gordon, R., Wraith, R., Green, A. & Herman, J. (1993), The impact of trauma on children and adolescents. In: International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndrome, ed. J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 535-657.
40. Pynoos, R., Sternberg, A. M. & Wraith, R. (1995), A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In: Manual of Developmental Psychopathology: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, ed. D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen. New York: Wiley, pp. 72-95.
41. Richters, J. E. (1993), Community violence and children’s development: Toward a research agenda for the 1990‘s. Psychiatry, 56: 3-6.
42. Richters, J. E. & Martinez, P. (1993), The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56: 7-21.
43. Rosenberg, M. L., O’Carroll, P. & Powell, K. (1992), Let’s be clear: Violence is a public health problem. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 267: 3071-3072.
44. Sandler, J. (1967), Trauma, strain and development. In: Psychic Trauma, ed. S. S. Furst. New York: International University Press, pp. 154-173.
45. Stern, D. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant. New York: Basic Books
46. Stern, D. (1997), How far is empirical research relevant to psychoanalytic theory and practice? The example of research in infancy. A discussion with Daniel Stern and Andre Green. The Psychoanalysis Unit, University College London, November.