The consequences of modem genetic engineering: Patents, ʼnomads’ and the ‘bio-industrial complex’

The Social Management of Genetic Engineering

Volumn , Issue , 2019, Pages 303-330

  McNally, Ruth ^a   Wheale, Peter ^b  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85082504097     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780429423499-18     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Abbott, A. (1995a) ‘EPO verdict lifts patent coverage of seeds’, Nature, vol. 374, p. 8.
2. Abbott, A. (1995b) ‘European proposal reopens debate over patenting of human genes’, Nature, vol. 378, p. 756.
3. Abbott, A. (1996) ‘Withdrawal of patent claim leaves position of plants unclarified’, Nature, vol. 381, p. 178.
4. Abbott, A. (1997) ‘Euro-vote lifts block on biotech patents’, Nature, vol. 388, pp. 314-15.
5. Aglietta, M. (1979) A Theory of Capitalist Regulation: The US Experience, translated by D. Fernbach, NLB, London.
6. Anderson, C. (1993) '… While CDC drops Indian tissue claim’, Science, vol. 262, p. 831.
7. Archer, M. (1990) ‘Human agency and social structure: a critique of Giddens’, in J. Clark et al. (eds.), Anthony Giddens: Consensus and Controversy, Falmer, London.
8. Archer, M. (1995) Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenic Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. Braun, E. (1980) Wayward Technology, Pinter, London.
10. Butler, D. (1995) ‘Genetic diversity proposal fails to impress international ethics panel’, Nature, vol. 377, p. 373.
11. Butler, D. and Gershon, D. (1994) ‘Breast cancer discovery sparks new debate on patenting human genes’, Nature, vol. 371, pp. 271-72.
12. CEC (1988) Proposal for a Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions, European Commission, COM(88) final-SYN 159, 17th October, Brussels.
13. CEC (1991) Promoting the Competitive Environment for the Industrial Activities Based on Biotechnology Within the Community, III.A.3, 15th April, European Commission, Brussels.
14. CEC (1994) Growth, Competitiveness, Employment: The Challenges and Ways Forward into the 21st Century, European Commission, Brussels.
15. CEC (1995) Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions, COM(95) 661 final, 95/0350 (COD), 13th December, European Commission, Brussels.
16. CEC (1997) Amended Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Biological Inventions, COM(97) 446 final, 95/0350 (COD) 29th August, European Commission, Brussels.
17. Collins, R. (1993) ‘Emotional energy as the common denominator of rational action’, Rationality and Society, vol. 5, pp. 203-30.
18. Council of Ministers (1998) Common Position (EC) No /98 Adopted by the Council on 26 February 1998 with a View to Adopting Directive 98//EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions, Interinstitutional File No. 95/0353 (COD), 12882/97, DG C 1.
19. Crucible Group (1994) People, Plants and Patents: The Impact of Intellectual Property on Biodiversity, Conservation, Trade and Rural Society, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa.
20. Dickson, D. (1994) ‘HGS seeks exclusive option on all patents using its cDNA sequences’, Nature, vol. 371, p. 463.
21. Dickson, D. (1995) ‘Open access to sequence data “will boost hunt for breast cancer gene’", Nature, vol. 378, p. 425.
22. Dickson, D. (1996) ‘Whose genes are they anyway?', Nature, vol. 381, pp. 11-14.
23. Dickson, D. and Jayaraman, K.S. (1995) ‘Aid groups back challenge to neem patents’, Nature, vol. 377, p. 95.
24. Dobson, R. (1997) ‘Women fight patent on cancer test’, The Sunday Times, 20th April, section 2, p. 19.
25. Ducor, P. (1997) ‘Are patents and research compatible’, Nature, vol. 387, pp. 13-14.
26. Ellis, N. (1997) ‘Towards a new social politics: citizenship and reflexivity in late modernity’, Sociology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 697-717.
27. Emmott, S. (1997) ‘The Directive rises again’, Seedling, March, pp. 9-16.
28. European Parliament (1997) ‘EC’s draft proposal for a directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions incorporating European Parliament’s amendments approved in the first opinion’, Official Journal of the European Community, C, vol. 286, 22nd September.
29. Fowler, C. and Mooney, P. (1990) The Threatened Gene: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity, Lutterworth Press, Cambridge.
30. Genetics Forum (1996) The Case Against Patents in Genetic Engineering, Genetics Forum, London.
31. Friends of the Earth Biotechnology Programme Mailout (1997) ‘European Union: one step further towards patents on life’, vol. 3, Issue 5, July.
32. Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press, Cambridge.
33. GRAIN (1990) Disclosures, ICDA & GRAIN, Barcelona.
34. Grin, J. and van de Graaf, H. (1996) ‘Technology assessment as learning’, Science, Technology & Human Values, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 72-99.
35. House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities (1994) Patent Protection for Biotechnological Inventions, Session 1993-94, 4'" Report, Paper 28, HL, HMSO, London.
36. Jayaraman, K.S. (1996a) ‘Indian researchers press for stricter rules to regulate “gene-hunting”'. Nature, vol. 379, pp. 381-82.
37. Jayaraman, K.S. (1996b) ‘India faces US trade action over failure to amend patent law, Nature, vol. 383, p. 656.
38. Jayaraman, K.S. (1997a) ‘US patent office withraws patent on Indian herbs’, Nature, vol. 389, p. 6.
39. Jayaraman, K.S. (1997b) ‘India drafts law to protect bioresources’, Nature, vol. 390, pp. 108.
40. Juma, C. (1989) The Gene Hunters, Zed Books, London.
41. Lehrman, S. (1996) ‘Diversity project: Cavalli-Sforza answers his critics’, Nature, vol. 381, p. 14.
42. Lemonick, M.D. (1995) ‘Seeds of conflict’, Time, 25 September, p. 78.
43. Lex, M. (1995) ‘Public policy issues relating to animal biotechnology’, in P.R. Wheale and R. McNally (eds) Animal Genetic Engineering: Of Pigs, Oncomice and Men, Pluto, London, pp. 226-35.
44. Lukes, S. (1974) Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London.
45. Macilwain, C. (1996) ‘Tribal groups attack ethics of genome diversity project’, Nature, vol. 383, p. 208.
46. McNally, R. (1994) ‘Genetic madness: the European rabies eradication programme’, The Ecologist, vol. 24, no. 6, Nov/Dec, pp. 207-12.
47. McNally, R. (1995) ‘Eugenics here and now’, The Genetic Engineer and Biotechnologist, vol. 15, nos 2&3, pp. 135-44.
48. McNally, R. and Wheale, P.R. (1994) ‘Environmental and medical bioethics in late modernity: Giddens, genetic engineering & the post-modern state’, in R. Attfield and A. Belsey (eds) Philosophy and the Natural Environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 211-26.
49. McNally, R. and Wheale, P.R. (1996) ‘Biopatenting and biodiversity: comparative advantages in the new global order’, The Ecologist, vol. 25, no. 5, September/October, pp. 222-28.
50. Melucci, A. (1985) ‘The symbolic challenge of contemporary social movements’, Social Research, vol. 52, no. 4, Winter, pp. 789-816.
51. Melucci, A. (1989) Nomads of the Present, Hutchinson Radius, London.
52. Piatier, A. (1984) Barriers to Innovation, Frances Pinter, London.
53. Piore, M. and Sabel, C. (1984) The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity, Basic Books, New York.
54. Putterman, D.M. (1994) ‘Trade and the biodiversity convention’, Nature, vol. 371, pp. 553-54.
55. RAFI (1994) Conserving Indigenous Knowledge: Integrating Two Systems of Innovation, United Nations Development Programme, New York.
56. Roberts, T. (1996) ‘Plant patent quagmire’, Nature, vol. 381, p. 642.
57. Schiermeier, Q. (1997) ‘Swiss researchers facing anti-transgenics vote’, Nature, vol.388, p. 315.
58. Schomberg, von R. and Wheale, P.R. (1995) ‘Human genome research’, Biotechnology and Development Monitor, no. 25, December, pp. 8-11.
59. Shilling, C. (1997) ‘The undersocialised conception of the embodied agent in modern sociology’, Sociology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 737-54.
60. Stevenson, P. (1995) ‘Patenting of transgenic animals: a welfare/rights perspective’, in P.R. Wheale and R. McNally (eds) 1995, Sociology, vol. 31, pp. 156-62.
61. Vidal, J. and Carvel, J. (1994) ‘Lambs to the gene market’, The Guardian, 25th November, p. 25.
62. Wadman, M. (1997) ‘Ethical terms set for breast cancer test’, Nature, vol. 390, p. 324.
63. Wheale, P.R. and McNally R. (1988) Genetic Engineering: Catastrophe or Utopia?, Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead.
64. Wheale, P.R. and McNally, R. (1993) ‘Biotechnology policy in Europe: a critical evaluation’, Science and Public Policy, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 261-79.
65. Wheale, P.R. and McNally, R. (1994) ‘What bugs genetic engineers about bioethics’, in A. Dyson and J. Harris (eds) Ethics and Biotechnology, Routledge, London, pp. 179-201.
66. Wheale, P.R. and McNally, R. (eds) (1995) Animal Genetics: Of Pigs, Oncomice and Men, Routledge, London, pp. 179-201.
67. Wheale, P.R. and McNally, R. (1996) ‘On how the people can become ‘The Prince’: Machiavellian advice to NGOs on GMOs’, in A. van Dommelen (ed.) Coping with Deliberate Release: The Limits of Risk-Assessment, International Centre for Human and Public Affairs, Tilburg & Buenos Aires, pp. 177-94.