Squeezed from all sides: Urbanization, invasive species, and climate change threaten riparian forest buffers

Sustainability (Switzerland)

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2020, Pages

  Johnson, Lea R ljohnson@longwoodgardens org ^a,b   Trammell, Tara L E ^c   Bishop, Tracie J ^d   Barth, Joshua ^e   Drzyzga, Scott ^e   Jantz, Claire ^e  

^a Land Stewardship and Ecology Program   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EASTERN SHORE   (United States)

^e SHIPPENSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Social ecological system; Climate change; Disturbance; Forest patch; Invasive species; Plant community; Sea level rise; Spatial analysis; Storm surge; Urban ecology

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LAND; CLIMATE CHANGE; FLOODING; INVASIVE SPECIES; LAND COVER; PLANT COMMUNITY; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN FOREST; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; STORM SURGE; URBAN ECOSYSTEM; URBANIZATION;

CHESAPEAKE BAY; DELAWARE BAY; UNITED STATES;

CERVIDAE;

EID: 85081261724     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20711050     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/su12041448     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Hopper, T.; Meixler, M.S. Modeling Coastal Vulnerability through Space and Time. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0163495. [CrossRef]
2. Menéndez, M.; Woodworth, P.L. Changes in extreme high water levels based on a quasi-global tide-gauge data set. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2010, 115. [CrossRef]
3. Needham, H.F.; Keim, B.D.; Sathiaraj, D. A review of tropical cyclone-generated storm surges: Global data sources, observations, and impacts. Rev. Geophys. 2015, 53, 545-591. [CrossRef]
4. Reed, A.J.; Mann, M.E.; Emanuel, K.A.; Lin, N.; Horton, B.P.; Kemp, A.C.; Donnelly, J.P. Increased threat of tropical cyclones and coastal flooding to New York City during the anthropogenic era. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2015, 112, 12610-12615. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Grimmond, C. Urban climate in the coastal zone: Resilience to weather extremes. In Megacities and the Coast: Transformation for Resilience. A Preliminary Review of Knowledge, Practice and Future Research; Pelling, M., Ed.; LOICZ: Chennai, India, 2011.
6. Hugo, G. Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2011, 21, S21-S33. [CrossRef]
7. Kowarik, I. On the Role of Alien Species in Urban Flora and Vegetation. In Urban Ecology; Marzluff, J.M., Shulenberger, E., Endlicher, W., Alberti, M., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., Simon, U., ZumBrunnen, C., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 321-338, ISBN 978-0-387-73411-8.
8. Zipperer, W.C.; Guntenspergen, G.R. Vegetation composition and structure of forest patches along urban-rural gradients. In Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach; McDonnell, M.J., Hahs, A.K., Breuste, J.H., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009.
9. McDonnell, M.J.; Pickett, S.T.A.; Groffman, P.; Bohlen, P.; Pouyat, R.V.; Zipperer, W.C.; Parmelee, R.W.; Carreiro, M.M.; Medley, K. Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosyst. 1997, 1, 21-36. [CrossRef]
10. Matlack, G.R. Sociological edge effects: Spatial distribution of human impact in suburban forest fragments. Environ. Manag. 1993, 17, 829-835. [CrossRef]
11. Lehvävirta, S.; Vilisics, F.; Hamberg, L.; Malmivaara-Lämsä, M.; Kotze, D.J. Fragmentation and recreational use affect tree regeneration in urban forests. Urban For. Urban Green. 2014, 13, 869-877. [CrossRef]
12. Nassauer, J.I. Messy ecosystems, orderly frames. Landsc. J. 1995, 14, 161-170. [CrossRef]
13. Nassauer, J.I.; Wang, Z.; Dayrell, E. What will the neighbors think? Cultural norms and ecological design. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2009, 92, 282-292. [CrossRef]
14. Grimm, N.B.; Sheibley, R.W.; Crenshaw, C.L.; Dahm, C.N.; Roach, W.J.; Zeglin, L.H. N retention and transformation in urban streams. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 2005, 24, 626-642. [CrossRef]
15. Groffman, P.M.; Boulware, N.J.; Zipperer, W.C.; Pouyat, R.V.; Band, L.E.; Colosimo, M.F. Soil Nitrogen Cycle Processes in Urban Riparian Zones. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 4547-4552. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Hughes, R.M.; Dunham, S.; Maas-Hebner, K.G.; Yeakley, J.A.; Schreck, C.; Harte, M.; Molina, N.; Shock, C.C.; Kaczynski, V.W.; Schaeffer, J. A Review of Urban Water Body Challenges and Approaches: (1) Rehabilitation and Remediation. Fisheries 2014, 39, 18-29. [CrossRef]
17. Desantis, L.R.G.; Bhotika, S.; Williams, K.; Putz, F.E. Sea-level rise and drought interactions accelerate forest decline on the Gulf Coast of Florida, USA. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2007, 13, 2349-2360. [CrossRef]
18. Williams, K.; Ewel, K.C.; Stumpf, R.P.; Putz, F.E.; Workman, T.W. Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Forest Retreat on the West Coast of Florida, Usa. Ecology 1999, 80, 2045-2063. [CrossRef]
19. Solomon, S.; Matthews, D.; Raphael, M.; Steffen, K. Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011.
20. Nicholls, R.J. Impacts of and Responses to Sea-Level Rise. In Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2010; pp. 17-51, ISBN 978-1-4443-2327-6.
21. Rosenzweig, C.; Solecki, W.; Hammer, S.A.; Mehrotra, S. Cities lead the way in climate-change action. Nature 2010, 467, 909-911. [CrossRef]
22. Aronson, M.F.J.; Nilon, C.H.; Lepczyk, C.A.; Parker, T.S.; Warren, P.S.; Cilliers, S.S.; Goddard, M.A.; Hahs, A.K.; Herzog, C.; Katti, M.; et al. Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools. Ecology 2016, 97, 2952-2963. [CrossRef]
23. Niemiera, A.X.; Holle, B.V. Invasive Plant Species and the Ornamental Horticulture Industry. In Management of Invasive Weeds; Inderjit, Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2009; pp. 167-187, ISBN 978-1-4020-9202-2.
24. Reichard, S.H.; White, P. Horticulture as a Pathway of Invasive Plant Introductions in the United States Most invasive plants have been introduced for horticultural use by nurseries, botanical gardens, and individuals. Bioscience 2001, 51, 103-113. [CrossRef]
25. Horvitz, C.C.; Pascarella, J.B.; McMann, S.; Freedman, A.; Hofstetter, R.H. Functional Roles of Invasive Non-Indigenous Plants in Hurricane-Affected Subtropical Hardwood Forests. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8, 947-974. [CrossRef]
26. Kuebbing, S.E.; Souza, L.; Sanders, N.J. Effects of co-occurring non-native invasive plant species on old-field succession. For. Ecol. Manag. 2014, 324, 196-204. [CrossRef]
27. Ehrenfeld, J.G. Effects of Exotic Plant Invasions on Soil Nutrient Cycling Processes. Ecosystems 2003, 6, 503-523. [CrossRef]
28. Dassonville, N.; Vanderhoeven, S.; Gruber, W.; Meerts, P. Invasion by Fallopia japonica increases topsoil mineral nutrient concentrations. Ecoscience 2007, 14, 230-240. [CrossRef]
29. Heneghan, L.; Steffen, J.; Fagen, K. Interactions of an introduced shrub and introduced earthworms in an Illinois urban woodland: Impact on leaf litter decomposition. Pedobiologia 2007, 50, 543-551. [CrossRef]
30. von der Lippe, M.; Kowarik, I. Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban-rural gradients. Divers. Distrib. 2008, 14, 18-25. [CrossRef]
31. Smith, I.A.; Hutyra, L.R.; Reinmann, A.B.; Marrs, J.K.; Thompson, J.R. Piecing together the fragments: Elucidating edge effects on forest carbon dynamics. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2018, 16, 213-221. [CrossRef]
32. Trammell, T.L.E.; Carreiro, M.M. Vegetation composition and structure of woody plant communities along urban interstate corridors in Louisville, KY, U.S.A. Urban Ecosyst. 2011, 14, 501-524. [CrossRef]
33. Matthews, E.R.; Schmit, J.P.; Campbell, J.P. Climbing vines and forest edges affect tree growth and mortality in temperate forests of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic States. For. Ecol. Manag. 2016, 374, 166-173. [CrossRef]
34. Aronson, M.F.J.; Handel, S.N. Deer and Invasive Plant Species Suppress Forest Herbaceous Communities and Canopy Tree Regeneration. Nat. Areas J. 2011, 31, 400-407. [CrossRef]
35. Mackun, P.; Wilson, S.; Fischetti, T.; Goworowska, J. Population Distribution and Change: 2000 to 2010; 2010 Census Briefs; Census Bureau, U. S, Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration: Suitland, MD, USA, 2011; p. 12. Available online: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-01.pdf (accessed on 7 February 2020).
36. Nowak, D.; Walton, J. Projected Urban Growth (2000-2050) and Its Estimated Impact on the US Forest Resource. J. For. 2005, 103, 383-772.
37. Jantz, P.; Goetz, S.; Jantz, C. Urbanization and the Loss of Resource Lands in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Environ. Manag. 2005, 36, 808-825. [CrossRef]
38. Titus, J.G.; Hudgens, D.E.; Hershner, C.; Kassakian, J.M.; Penumalli, P.R.; Berman, M.; Nuckols, W.H. Virginia; The Likelihood of Shore Protection along the Atlantic Coast of the United States; Mid-Atlantic: Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
39. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009; ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0.
40. ESRI. ArcGIS Desktop; Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA, USA, 2017.
41. NRCS. Watershed Boundary Dataset; United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Washington, DC, USA, 2019.
42. USGS. NLCD 2011 Land Cover (2011 Edition, amended 2014)-National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) Land Use Land Cover; U.S. Geological Survey: Sioux Falls, SD, USA, 2014.
43. Avins, M. Baltimore's Forest Patches: Emerald Assets for Ecosystem Services; Baltimore Greenspace: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2013; p. 34.
44. Jelesnianski, C.P.; Chen, J.; Shaffer, W.A. SLOSH: Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce: Washington, DC, USA, 1992; p. 71.
45. NOAA Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH). Available online: https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/slosh.php (accessed on 15 October 2016).
46. Barth, J.; Drzyzga, S.A. Modeling the extent of future storm surge inundation under two sea level rise scenarios. Poster Presented at the US International Association for Landscape Ecology 2017 Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, USA, 9-13 April 2017.
47. NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center Coastal Inundation Digital Elevation Model. Available online: https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/ (accessed on 15 October 2016).
48. USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED). Available online: https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/3dep/about-3dep-products-services (accessed on 15 October 2016).
49. USGS National Hydrography Dataset. Available online: https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/national-hydrography-dataset (accessed on 15 October 2016).
50. Lautar, K.; Yesilonis, I.; Schumaker, N.; Baker, M. Schumaker Vine Invasion Index. In Baltimore Greenspace Forest Surveying Project Revised Field Protocol; Baltimore Greenspace, Ed.; Baltimore Greenspace: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2017.
51. USDA, N. The PLANTS Database; National Plant Data Team: Greensboro, NC, USA, 2019.
52. PA-DCNR Invasive Plant Fact Sheets. Available online: https://www.dcnr.pa.gov:443/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/InvasivePlantFactSheets/Pages/default.aspx (accessed on 22 October 2019).
53. MISC Maryland Invasive Species Council Species of Concern. Available online: http://mdinvasives.org/species-of-concern/ (accessed on 22 October 2019).
54. McAvoy, W.A. Non-Native Invasive Plants of Delaware; Species Conservation and Research Program, Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control: Smyrna, Turkey, 2018; p. 7.
55. Heffernan, K.; Engle, E.; Richardson, C. Virginia Invasive Plants Species List; Natural Heritage Technical Document; Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage: Richmond, BC, Canada, 2014.
56. State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection; NJ Fortest Service. Invasive Species. Available online: https://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/invasive_species.html (accessed on 22 October 2019).
57. Gleason, H.A.; Cronquist, A. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada; 2 Sub.; New York Botanical Garden: New York, NY, USA, 1991; ISBN 0-89327-365-1.
58. Holmgren, N.H.; Holmgren, P.K.; Gleason, H.A. Illustrated companion to Gleason and Cronquist's manual: Illustrations of the vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada; New York Botanical Garden: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
59. Weakley, A.S.; Ludwig, J.C.; Townsend, J.F. Flora ofVirginia, 1st ed.; Botanical Research Inst of Texas: Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2012; ISBN 978-1-889878-38-6.
60. Rhoads, A.F.; Block, T.A. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual, 2nd ed.; University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007; ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
61. Mid-Atlantic Wetlands Workgroup. MidTRAM: Mid-Atlantic Tidal Wetland Rapid Assessment Method, Version 3.0; Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Division of Water Resources; Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Riparian and Wetland Restoration Services; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Center for Coastal Resources Management; Mid-Atlantic Wetlands Workgroup: Gloucester, VA, USA, 2010; p. 55.
62. Bourdaghs, M. Development of a Rapid Floristic Quality Assessment 2012. Available online: https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/wq-bwm2-02a.pdf (accessed on 7 February 2020).
63. Harrison, J.W. The Natural Communities of Maryland 2016 Natural Community Classification Framework 2016. Available online: https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/Natural_Communities%20_Maryland_2016_Framework.pdf (accessed on 7 February 2020).
64. PA DEP. Pennsylvania Riverine Condition Level 2 Rapid Assessment Protocol, Version 1.0; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waterways Engineering and Wetlands, Division of Wetlands, Encroachments and Training: Harrisburg, PA, USA, 2016; p. 33.
65. Pregitzer, C.C.; Charlop-Powers, S.; Bibbo, S.; Forgione, H.M.; Gunther, B.; Hallett, R.A.; Bradford, M.A. A city-scale assessment reveals that native forest types and overstory species dominate New York City forests. Ecol. Appl. 2019, 29, e01819. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Natural Resources Group. UFEP Protocol for Plot Establishment; New York City Department of Parks and Recreation: New York, NY, USA, 1992.
67. Amrein, D.; Rusterholz, H.-P.; Baur, B.; Fraser, L. Disturbance of suburban Fagus forests by recreational activities: Effects on soil characteristics, above-ground vegetation and seed bank. Aγγl. Veg. Sci. 2005, 8, 175-182.
68. Grimm, N.B.; Pickett, S.T.A.; Hale, R.L.; Cadenasso, M.L. Does the ecological concept of disturbance have utility in urban social-ecological-technological systems? Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 2017, 3. [CrossRef]
69. Johnson, L.R.; Handel, S.N. Restoration treatments in urban park forests drive long-term changes in vegetation trajectories. Ecol. Aγγl. 2016, 26, 940-956. [CrossRef]
70. Hobbs, R.J. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: Implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 1992, 6, 324-337. [CrossRef]
71. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics; Pickett, S.T.A.; White, P.S. (Eds.) Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1985; ISBN 978-0-12-554521-1.
72. Beauchamp, V.B.; Ghuznavi, N.; Koontz, S.M.; Roberts, R.P. Edges, exotics and deer: The seed bank of a suburban secondary successional temperate deciduous forest. Aγγl. Veg. Sci. 2013, 16, 571-584. [CrossRef]
73. Russell, M.B.; Woodall, C.W.; Potter, K.M.; Walters, B.F.; Domke, G.M.; Oswalt, C.M. Interactions between white-tailed deer density and the composition of forest understories in the northern United States. For. Ecol. Manag. 2017, 384, 26-33. [CrossRef]
74. Robertson, D.J. Trees, deer and non-native vines: Two decades of northern piedmont forest restoration. Ecol. Restor. 2012, 30, 59-70. [CrossRef]
75. Ward, J.S.; Williams, S.C.; Linske, M.A. Independent Effects of Invasive Shrubs and Deer Herbivory on Plant Community Dynamics. Forests 2017, 8, 2. [CrossRef]
76. Walsh, C.J.; Roy, A.H.; Feminella, J.W.; Cottingham, P.D.; Groffman, P.M.; Morgan, R.P.I. The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 2005, 24, 706-723. [CrossRef]
77. Botequilha Leitào, A.; Miller, J.; Ahern, J.; McGarigal, K. Measuring Landscapes: A Professional Planner's Manual; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2006.
78. McCabe, T.; McCabe, R. Recounting whitetails past. In The Science of Overabundance: Deer Ecology and Population Managment; McShea, W., Underwood, H., Rappole, J., Eds.; Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC, USA, 1997; pp. 11-26.
79. Magnuson, J.J. Long-Term Ecological Research and the Invisible Present. BioScience 1990, 40, 495-501. [CrossRef]
80. Turner, M.G.; Gardner, R.H. (Eds.) Landscaγe Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2015; ISBN 978-1-4939-2794-4.