A guide to oral anticoagulant treatment. Recommendations of the Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics (FCSA)

Haemostasis

Volumn 28, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1998, Pages 1-46

  PRISCO, DOMENICO ^a   BARCELLONA, DORIS ^a   BAUDO, FRANCESCO ^a   BERRETTINI, MAURO ^a   CIAVARELLA, NICOLA ^a   COSMI, BENILDE ^a   DETTORI, ANTON GIULIO ^a   FINAZZI, GUIDO ^a   MANOTTI, CESARE ^a   MARONGIU, FRANCESCO ^a   MOIA, MARCO ^a   PALARETI, GUALTIERO ^a   PENGO, VITTORIO ^a   POLI, DANIELA ^a   TESTA, SOPHIE ^a   TOSETTO, ALBERTO ^a   TRIPODI, ARMANDO ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACENOCOUMAROL; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DANAZOL; DICLOFENAC; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HEPARIN; KETOPROFEN; MICONAZOLE; NICOTINIC ACID; NORFLOXACIN; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PIROXICAM; RIFAMPICIN; SIMVASTATIN; TENOXICAM; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANTICOAGULATION; BLEEDING; BLEEDING TENDENCY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG INDICATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 85081143555     PISSN: 03010147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Acar J, Iung B, Boissel JP: AREVA: Multicentric randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves Circulation 1996;94:2107-2112.
2. Albers GW: Atrial fibrillation and stroke: Three new studies, three remaining questions. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:1443-1448.
3. Alving BM, Strickler MP, Knight RD, Barr CF, Berenberg JL, Peck CC: Hereditary warfarin resistance: Investigation of a rare phenomenon. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:499-501.
4. Andrew M, David M, Adams M, Ali K, Anderson R, Barnard D, Bernstein M, Brisson L, Cairney B, DeSai D; Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: First analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood 1994a,83:1251-1257.
5. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Brooker LA, Adams M, Ginsberg J, Freedom R, Williams W: Oral anticoagulation therapy in pediatric patients: A prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1994b;71:265-269.
6. Anticoagulants in Secondary Prevention of Events in Coronary Thrombosis (ASPECT) Research Group: Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:499-503.
7. Azar AJ: Therapeutic Achievement with Long-Term Oral Anticoagulants in Postmyocardial Infarction Patients; dissertation, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 1993.
8. Azar AJ, Deckers IW, Rosendaal FR, van Bergen PF, van der Meer FJ, Jonker JJ. Briet E: Assessment of therapeutic achievement in long-term anticoagulant trial in post-myocardial infarction patients: Thromb Haemost 1994;72:347-351.
9. BCSH Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force of the British Society for Haematology: Guidelines on oral anticoagulation: Second edition. J Clin Pathol 1990;43.177-183.
10. Becker RC, Ansell J. Antithrombotic therapy Arch Intern Med 1995;155: 149-161.
11. van den Besselaar ANPH, van den Meer FJM, Gerrits-Drabbe CW: Therapeutic control of oral anticoagulant treatment in the Netherlands Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:685-690.
12. Beyth RJ, Landefeld CS: Anticoagulants in older patients: A safety perspective. Drugs Aging 1995;6:45-54.
13. Broekmans AW, Loeliger EA: Therapeutic control of anticoagulant treatment. BMJ 1982;284:1330-1331.
14. Broekmans AW, Bertina RM, Loeliger EA, Hofmann V, Klingemann HG: Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1983,49: 244-251.
15. Cairns JA, Hirsh J, Lewis HD Jr, Resnekov L, Théroux P: Antithrombotic agents in coronary artery disease. Chest 1992;102(suppl 4):456S-481S.
16. Cairns JA: Oral anticoagulants or aspirin after myocardial infarction? Lancet 1994;343:497-498.
17. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR, van den Meer FJM, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E: Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 1995;333:11-17.
18. Chantarangkul V, Tripodi A. Mannucci PM The effect of instrumentation on the calibration of thromboplastin. Thromb Haemost 1992;67:588-589.
19. Cheng JW, Spingler SA. Should all patients with dilated cardiomyopathy receive chronic anticoagulation? Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:604-609
20. Cole MS, Minifee PK, Wolma FJ: Coumarin necrosis - A review of the literature. Surgery 1988;103:271-277
21. Connoly JS, Laupacis A, Gent M, Roberts RS, Cairns JA, Joyner C: Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) study. Circulation 1991;83:349-355.
22. Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Viero P, Galli M, Remuzzi A, Barbui T: Qualità chnica e di laboratorio della terapia anticoagulante orale (TAO). prima e dopo l'introduzione di un programma computerizzato. Atti XI Congr Naz SISET, Bari 1990, No 193 (abstract).
23. Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Viero P, Galli M, Remuzzi A, Parenzan L, Barbui T: Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis attending an anticoagulation clinic: Thromb Haemost 1993;69:316-320.
24. Cosgriff, Stuart W: Chronic anticoagulant therapy in recurrent embolism of cardial origin. Ann Intern Med 1953;38:278-287.
25. Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) Investigators: Randomised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350: 389-396.
26. Dettori AG, Manotti C: Anticoagulanti orali ed antiaggreganti piastrinici nelle protest valvolari cardiache. G Ital Cardiol 1990;20:758-765.
27. Dobrzanski S, Duncan SE, Harkiss A, Wardlaw A: Age and weight as determinants of warfarin requirements. Clin Hosp Pharmacy 1993;8:75-77.
28. Duxbury BMD: Therapeutic control of anticoagulant treatment (letter). BMJ 1982;284:1634-1635.
29. Eby CS: Warfarin-induced skin necrosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993;7:1291-1300.
30. European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group: Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stoke. Lancet 1993;342:1255-1262
31. Feder W, Auerbach R: 'Purple toes', an uncommon sequela of oral coumadin drug therapy. Ann Intern Med 1961;55:911-917
32. Fekkes N, de Jonde H, Veltkamp JJ, Bieger R, Loeliger EA: Comparative study of the clinical effect of acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon in myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Acta Med Scand 1971;190:535-540.
33. Fennerty A, Dolben J, Thomas P, Backhouse G, Bentley DP, Campbell IA, Routledge PA: Flexible induction dose regimen for warfarin and prediction of maintenance dose. BMJ 1984;288:1268-1270.
34. Fiore CE, Tamburino C, Foti R, Grimaldi D: Reduced bone mineral content in patients taking an oral anticoagulant. South Med J 1990;83: 538-542.
35. Francis RB, McGehee WG: Defibrination during warfarin therapy in a man with protein C deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1985;53:249-251.
36. Francis CW, Marder VJ, Evarts CM, Yaukoolbodi S: Two-step warfarin therapy: Prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis without excessive bleeding JAMA 1983;249.374-378.
37. Freedman MD, Olatidoye AG: Clinically significant drug interaction with the oral anticoagulants. Drug Saf 1994; 10:381-394.
38. Fuster V, Steele PM, Edwards WD, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Frye RL: Primary pulmonary hypertension: Natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation 1984;70: 580-587.
39. Gallerani M, Manfredini R, Moratelli S: Non-haemorrhagic adverse reactions of oral anticoagulant therapy. Int J Cardiol 1995;49:1-7.
40. Gallus A, Jackaman J, Tillet J, Mills W, Wycherley A: Safety and efficacy of warfarin started early after submassive venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Lancet 1986;ii:1293-1296.
41. Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J: Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest 1992;102(suppl 4):385S-390S.
42. Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Turner DC. Levine MN, Burrows R: Risk to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61:197-203.
43. Grip L, Blomback M, Schulman S: Hypercoagulable state and thromboembolism following warfarin withdrawal in post-myocardial-infarction patients Eur Heart J 1991;12:1225-1233.
44. Gurwitz JH, Avorn J, Ross-Degnan D: Age-related changes in warfarin pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;49:166-170.
45. Harenbcrg J, Haas R, Zimmermann R: Plasma hypercoagulability after termination of oral anticoagulants. Thromb Res 1983;29:627-633.
46. 1 in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:1268-1269.
47. Hirsh J: Oral anticoagulant drugs: N Engl J Med 1991;324:1865-1875.
48. Hirsh J, Fuster V: Guide to anticoagulant therapy. 1. Heparin. Circulation 1994a;89:1449-1468.
49. Hirsh J, Fuster V: Guide to anticoagulant therapy. 2. Oral anticoagulants. Circulation 1994b;89:1469-1480.
50. Hull RD, Delmore T, Carter C, Hirsh J, Genton E, Gent M, Turpie G, McLaughlin D: Adjusted subcutaneous heparin versus warfarin sodium in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;306: 189-194.
51. Hull RD, Delmore T, Genton E, Hirsh J, Gent M, Sackett D, McLaughlin D, Armstrong P: Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979;302:855-858.
52. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Rosenbloom, Panju AA, Brill-Edwards P, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Martin GJ, Green D: Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1260-1264.
53. Hyman BT, Landas SK, Ashman RF, Schelper RL, Robinson RA: Warfarin-related purple toes syndrome and cholesterol microembolization. Am J Med 1987;82:1233-1237
54. Israel DH, Samin KS, Fuster V: Antithrombotic therapy in prosthetic valve replacement. Am Heart J 1994; 127:400-411.
55. Kalra PA, Cooklin M, Wood G, O'Shea GM, Holmes AM: Dietary modification as cause of anticoagulation instability (letter). Lancet 1988;ii: 803.
56. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub NA, Hunt BJ, Hughes GR: Management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:993-998.
57. Kempin SG: Warfarin resistance caused by broccoli. N Engl J Med 1983;308: 1229-1230.
58. Kirkwood TBL: Calibration of reference thromboplastins. Thromb Haemost 1983,49:238-244.
59. Knapen MH, Hamulya K, Vermeer C The effect of vitamin K supplementation on circulating osteocalcin (bone gla protein) and urinary calcium. Ann Intern Med 1989,111: 1001-1005.
60. Kretschmer G, Wenzl E, Schemper M, Polterauer P, Ehringer H, Marcosi L, Minar E Influence of postoperative anticoagulant treatment of patient survival after femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery. Lancet 1988;1:797-798.
61. Kumar S, Haigh JRM, Rhodes LE, Peaker S, Davies JA, Roberts BE, Feely MP: Poor compliance is a major factor in unstable outpatient control of anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1989;62:729-732.
62. Lancaster TR, Singer DE, Sheehan MA, Oertel LB, Maraventano SW, Hughes RA. Kistler JP: The impact of long-term warfarin therapy on quality of life. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1944-1949
63. Landefeld CS, Beyth RJ: Anticoagulant-related bleeding - Clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention. Am J Med 1993;95:315-328.
64. Landefeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989;87: 144-152.
65. Landefeld CS, Rosenblatt MW, Goldman L: Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions. Am J Med 1989; 87:153-159.
66. Langman MJS, Weil J, Wainwright P, Lawson DH, Rawlins MD, Logan RF, Murphy M, Vessey MP, Colin-Jones DG: Risk of bleeding peptic ulcer associated with individual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lancet 1994;343:1075-1078.
67. Laupacis A, Albers GW, Dalen J. Dunn M, Feigerg W, Jacobson A: Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 1995;108(suppl 4): 352S-359S.
68. Laupacis A, Albers GW, Dunn M, Feigerg W: Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 1992; 102(suppl 4):426S-433S.
69. Levine MN: Nonhemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant therapy: Semin Thromb Hemost 1986;12:63-66.
70. Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Turpie AG, Weitz J, Ginsberg J, Geerts W, LeClerc J, Neemeh J, Powers P: Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: A randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:606-611.
71. Levine HJ, Pauker SG, Salzman EW, Eckman MH: Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease. Chest 1992;102(suppl 4).434S-H454S.
72. Mclnnes GT: Efficacy of anticoagulation in UK Lancet 1981;ii:88.
73. Manotti C, Quintavalla R, Pattacini C, Pini M: Seasonal variation of oral anticoagulant effect. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:802-803.
74. Manotti C, Quintavalla R, Pattacini C, Tagliaferri A, Pini M: Evaluation of a computer-assisted dosage prediction method for oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1997; (suppl):699
75. Mariani G, Manotti C, Dettori AG: A computerized regulation of dosage in oral anticoagulant therapy. Res Clin Lab 1990;20:119-125.
76. Marongiu F, Sorano GG, Conti M, Mameli G, Blondi G, Licheri D, Balastrieri A: Known vitamin K intake and management of poorly controlled oral anticoagulant therapy. Lancet 1992,340:545-546.
77. van der Meer J, Hillege HL, Kootstra GJ, Ascoop CA, Mulder BJ, Pfisterer M, van Gilst WH, Lie KI, for the CABADAS research group: Prevention of one-year vein-graft occlusion after aortocoronary-bypass surgery: A comparison of low-dose aspirin plus dipyridamole, and oral anticoagulants. Lancet 1993;342:257-264.
78. Moreb J, Kitchens CS: Acquired functional protein S deficiency, cerebral venous thrombosis, and coumadin skin necrosis in association with antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of two cases. Am J Med 1989;87:207-210.
79. Neri Serneri GG, Rovelli F, Gensini GF, Pirelli S, Carnovali M, Fortini A: Effectiveness of low dose heparin for prevention of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1987;i:937-942.
80. O'Reilly RA: The second reported kindred with hereditary resistance to oral anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med 1970,282:1448-1451.
81. O'Reilly RA, Aggeler PM, Hoag MS, Leong LS, Kropatkin ML: Hereditary transmission of exceptional resistance to coumarin anticoagulant drugs: The first reported kindred. N Engl J Med 1964;271:809-815.
82. Owren PA: Thrombotest: A new method for controlling anticoagulant therapy Lancet 1959;ii 754-758.
83. Palareti G, Leali N, Coccheri S, Poggi M, Manotti C, D'Angelo A, Pengo V, Erba N, Moia M, Ciavarella N, Devoto G, Berrettini M, Musolesi S, on behalf of the ISCOAT (Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy) Study Group: Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: An inceptioncohort, prospective, collaborative study (ISCOAT). Lancet 1996;348: 423-428.
84. Palareti G, Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, Coccheri S: Factor VIII: C levels during oral anticoagulation and after its withdrawal. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:1609-1610.
85. Palareti G, Legnani C, Guazzaloca G, Frascaro M, Grauso F, De Rosa F, Fortunato G, Coccheri S: Activation of blood coagulation after abrupt or stepwise withdrawal of oral anticoagulants - A prospective study Thromb Haemost 1994;72:222-226.
86. Palareti G, Manotti C, D'Angelo A, Pengo V, Erba N, Moia M, Ciavarella N, Devoto G, Berrettini M, Leali N, Poggi M, Legnani C, Musolesi S, Coccheri S, on behalf of the ISCOAT (Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy) Study Group: Thrombotic events during oral anticoagulant treatment: Results of the inception-cohort, prospective, collaborative ISCOAT study. Thromb Haemost 1997a;78: 1438-1443.
87. Palareti G, Poggi M, Guazzaloca G, Savino A, Coccheri S: Assessment of mental ability in elderly anticoagulated patients: Its reduction is associated with a less satisfactory quality of treatment. Blood Coag Fibrinol 1997b;8:411-417.
88. Pattacini C, Manotti C, Pini M, Quintavalla R, Dettori AGA: Comparative study on the quality of oral anticoagulant therapy (warfarin versus acenocoumarol). Thromb Haemost 1994;71:188-191.
89. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen B: Placebo controlled, randomized trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: The Copenhagen AFA-SAK study. Lancet 1989;i:175-179.
90. Poller L: Oral anticoagulant therapy; in. Bloom AL, Thomas DP (eds). Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone, 1987, pp 870-885.
91. Poller L, Taberner DA: Dosage and control of oral anticoagulants: An international collaborative study. Br J Haematol 1982;51:479-485.
92. Poller L, Thomson J: Evidence for rebound hypercoagulability after stopping anticoagulants. Lancet 1964;ii: 62-64.
93. Poller L, Thomson J: Reduction of 'rebound' hypercoagulability by gradual withdrawal ('tailing off') of oral anticoagulants. BMJ 1965;i:1476-1477.
94. Poller L, Triplett DA, Hirsh J, Carroll J, Clarke K: The value of plasma calibrants in correcting coagulometer effects on international multicenter study: Am J Clin Path 1995;103:358-365.
95. Poller R, Wright D, Rowlands M: Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin J Clin Pathol 1993; 46:299-303.
96. Powers PJ, Gent M, Jay RM, Julian DH, Turpie AG, Levine M, Hirsh J. A randomized trial of less intense post-operative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fracturated hip. Arch Intern Med 1989;149-771-774.
97. Preston FE: Quality control and oral anticoagulant. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74:515-520.
98. Quick J: The prothrombin time in haemophilia and obstructive jaundice. J Biol Chem 1935;109:73-76.
99. Raskob GE, Durica SS, Morrissey JH, Owen WL, Comp PC: Effect of treatment with low-dose warfarin-aspirin on activated factor VII. Blood 1995; 85:3034-3039.
100. Robinson A, Liau FO, Routledge PA, Backhouse G, Spragg BP, Bentley DP: Lipids and warfarin requirements. Thromb Haemost 1990;63: 148-149.
101. Rodeghiero F, Castaman G: La piastrinopenia da eparina. Atti 35° Congr Naz SIE, Pavia, 1995, pp 141-148.
102. Rosen HN, Maitland LA, Suttie JW, Manning WJ, Glynn RJ, Greenspan SL: Vitamin K and maintenance of skeletal integrity in adults. Am J Med 1993;94:62-68.
103. Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC, van der Meer FJM, Briet E: A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy. Thomb Haemost 1993;69:236-237.
104. Saetti R, Manotti C, Quintavalla R, Poli T, Dettori AG: L'informatica nel monitoraggio della terapia anticoagulante orale Esperienza con un programma per personal computer. Atti III Congr Ital Flebol, Palermo, 1986, pp 673-678.
105. Samama M: Controindicazioni ed effetti avversi della terapia anticoagulante orale (TAO): Aspetti clinici e biologici; in Coccheri S, Palareti G (eds): La terapia anticoagulante orale: Teoria e pratica. Milano. Ferro Edizioni, 1992, pp 157-170.
106. Schofield KP, Thomson JM, Poller L: Protein C response to induction and withdrawal of oral anticoagulant treatment. Clin Lab Haematol 1987; 9:255-262.
107. Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmström M, Carlsson A, Lindmarker P, Nicol P, Eklund SG, Nordlander S, Lasfars G, Leijd B, Linder O, Loogna E: The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism: N Engl J Med 1997;336.393-398
108. Second ACCP Consensus Conference on antithrombotic therapy. Chest 1989; 89(suppl):1S-169S.
109. Shearer MJ: Vitamin K. Lancet 1995; 343:229-234
110. Sheps ES, Gifford RW: Urticaria after administration of warfarin sodium. Am J Cardiol 1959;3:118-120.
111. Sherman DG, Dyken ML, Fisher M, Harrison MJ, Hart RG. Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders. Chest 1989,95(suppl 2):140S-155S.
112. Sherman DG, Dyken ML, Gent M, Harrison MJ, Hart RG, Mohr JP: Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders. An update. Chest 1995;108(suppl 4):440S-456S.
113. Shorr RI, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR: Concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants places elderly persons at high risk for hemorrhagic peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1665-1670.
114. Sixty Plus Reinfarction Group: A double-blind trial to assess long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in the elderly patients after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980;ii:989-994.
115. Smith P, Arnesen H, Holme I: The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990;323:147-152
116. Sorano GG, Biondi G, Conti M, Mameli G, Licheri D, Marongiu F: Controlled vitamin K content in diet for improving the management of poorly controlled anticoagulated patients: A clinical practice proposal Haemostasia 1993;23: 77-82.
117. Stein PD, Alpert JS, Copeland T, Dalen JE, Goldman S, Turpie AGG: Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 1992a;102 (suppl 4):445S-455S
118. Stein PD, Dalen JE, Goldman S, Schwartz L, Turpie AGG, Théroux P: Antithrombotic therapy in patients with saphenous vein and internal mammary artery by-pass graft following PTCA. Chest 1992b; 102(suppl 4):507S-515S.
119. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thrombocmbolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343.687-691.
120. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1996;348:633-638.
121. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study: Final results. Circulation 1991;84:527-539.
122. Suttie JW: Vitamin K antagonists; in Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW (eds): Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1994, p 1565.
123. Taberner DA, Poller L, Burslem RW, Jones JB: Oral anticoagulant controlled by the British comparative thromboplastin versus lowdose heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. BMJ 1978;i: 272-274.
124. Taylor FC, Ramsay ME, Tan G, Gabbay J, Cohen H: Evaluation of patients' knowledge about anticoagulant treatment. Qual Health Care 1994;3: 79-85.
125. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1505-1511.
126. Thijsen HHW, Hamulyàk K, Willigers H: 4-Hydroxycoumarin oral anticoagulants: Pharmacokinetics-response relationships. Thromb Haemost 1988;60:35-38.
127. Third ACCP Consensus Conference on antithrombotic therapy: Chest 1992; 102(suppl 4):303S-549S.
128. Tripodi A: Le variabili preanalitiche nello studio delFemostasi. Biochim Clin 1989;13.441-445
129. Tripodi A, Controllo statistico di qualità; in Ciavarello N, Spagnoletti A (eds): II laboratorio in Medicina. Ematologia ed Emostasi. Torino, USES, 1993, p 313-323.
130. Turpie AGG, Gunstensen J, Hirsh J, Nelson H, Gent M: Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement Lancet 1988;i:1242-1245.
131. Wattiaux MJ, Hervé R, Robert A, Cabane J, Housset B, Imbert JC: Coumarin-induced skin necrosis associated with acquired protein S deficiency and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1994,37:1096-1100.
132. Weigman H, Vossepoel AMA: Computer program for long-term anticoagulant control. Comput Program Biomed 1997;7:71-84.
133. Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J: Interaction of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med 1994;121.676-683.
134. Wilcox CM, Truss CD: Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med 1988;84:683-690.
135. Wilson R. James AH: Computer-assisted management of warfarin treatment. BMJ 1984,289:422-424.
136. Wright IS: Treatment of thromboembolic disease. JAMA 1960;174:1921-1924.
137. Wright IS, Marple CD, Beck DF: Anticoagulant therapy of coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction. JAMA 1948,138:1074-1079.