South Africa

The imperial game

Volumn , Issue , 2017, Pages 55-78

  Merrett, Christopher ^a   Nauright, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

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EID: 85080630980     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. H.P. Swaffer, ed., South African Sport, Johannesburg, 1914, p. 29.
2. Robert Archer and Antoine Bouillon, The South African Game: Sport and Racism, London, 1982, p. 79.
3. André Odendaal, 'South Africa's Black Victorians: Sport and Society in South Africa in the Nineteenth Century', in J.A. Mangan, ed., Pleasure, Profit, Proselytism: British Culture and Sport at Home and Abroad, 1700-1914, London, 1988, pp. 197-8.
4. Odendaal, 'South Africa's Black Victorians', p. 199.
5. Archer and Bouillon, The South African Game, p. 89.
6. H.S. Altham, A History of Cricket, vol. 1, London, 1962, p. 294.
7. For more on this ideology, see John Nauright, ' "Black Island in a White Sea": Black and white in the Making of Alexandra Township', unpublished PhD thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1992, pp. 44-81; Alan Gregor Cobley, Class and Consciousness: The Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa, 1924-1950, Westport, CT, 1990; for links between whites and blacks in the provision of sporting facilities and opportunities, see Alan Gregor Cobley, 'A Political History of Playing Fields: The Provision of Sporting Facilities for Africans in the Johannesburg Area to 1948', International Journal of the History of Sport, 11, 2, August 1994, pp. 212-30.
8. Alan Gregor Cobley, Class and Consciousness: The Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa, 1924-1950, Westport, CT, 1990.
9. for links between whites and blacks in the provision of sporting facilities and opportunities, see Alan Gregor Cobley, 'A Political History of Playing Fields: The Provision of Sporting Facilities for Africans in the Johannesburg Area to 1948', International Journal of the History of Sport, 11, 2, August 1994, pp. 212-30.
10. Grant Jarvie, ed., Sport, Racism and Ethnicity, London, 1991, p. 182.
11. Archer and Bouillon, The South African Game, pp. 85-6.
12. G.A. Parker, South African Sports: An Official Handbook, London, 1897, p. 47.
13. Louis Duffus, 'South Africa', in E.W. Swanton and J. Woodcock, eds, Barclays World of Cricket: The Game From A-Z, London, 2nd edn, 1980, p. 934. Currie presented three other cups for interprovincial rugby, soccer and swimming. Cricket was, however, the first.
14. Louis Duffus, Play Abandoned, Cape Town, 1969, p. 28.
15. In examining rugby in colonial Natal, Robert Morrell provides an excellent analysis of the use of British culture in an environment where whites were a small minority in 'Forging a Ruling Race: Rugby and White Masculinity in Colonial Natal, c. 1870-1910', in John Nauright and Timothy Chandler, eds, Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity, London, 1996, pp. 91-120.
16. Odendaal, 'South Africa's Black Victorians', pp. 203-4.
17. Malay referred to the group of 'coloureds' who were brought to South Africa as slaves from Malaysia and Indonesia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who had kept their Muslim religion and culture. Most of the 'Malays' lived in the inner city suburbs of Cape Town and Port Elizabeth.
18. R. Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development Throughout the World, London, 1970, p. 297.
19. S.E. West, comp., and W.J. Luker, ed., Century at Newlands, 1864-1964: A History of the Western Province Cricket Club, Newlands, 1965, p. 21.
20. André Odendaal, ed., Cricket in Isolation: The Politics of Race and Cricket in South Africa, Cape Town, 1977, p. 325.
21. B. Bassano, South Africa in International Cricket, 1888-1970, East London, 1979, p. 1.
22. One, C. J. Nicholls, was also coach and organiser of cricket for the South African forces in France, baggage master to the Australian Services team in South Africa, 1919-20, and served touring teams in the 1920s: see Odendaal, Cricket in Isolation, p. 326.
23. Odendaal, 'South Africa's Black Victorians', pp. 210-11.
24. Archer and Bouillon, The South African Game, p. 90.
25. V. Pakenham, The Noonday Sun: Edwardians in the Tropics, London, 1985, p. 174.
26. Archer and Bouillon, The South African Game, p. 79.
27. Christopher Martin-Jenkins, The Complete Who's Who of Test Cricketers, Johannesburg, 1980, p. 265.
28. W. Pollock, Talking about Cricket, London, 1941, p. 121.
29. Related in Donald Woods, Black and White, Dublin, 1981, p. 46.
30. According to one story, de Villiers was captured on the Natal front wearing a cricket kit: see West and Luker, Century at Newlands, pp. 28-9.
31. In M.W. Luckin, ed., The History of South African Cricket, Johannesburg, 1915, pp. 803-6.
32. Ironically, the Boers were forced to play against a number of Singhalese in the Colombo side.
33. Will Whittam, Modern Cricket and Other Sports, Sheffield, 1884, p. 54, quoted in John Nauright, 'Colonial Manhood and Imperial Race Virility: British Responses to Post-Boer War Colonial Rugby Tours', in Nauright and Chandler, Making Men, p. 130.
34. quoted in John Nauright, 'Colonial Manhood and Imperial Race Virility: British Responses to Post-Boer War Colonial Rugby Tours', in Nauright and Chandler, Making Men, p. 130.
35. H.S. Altham and E.W. Swanton, A History of Cricket, London, 4th edn, 1948, p. 311.
36. Parker, South African Sports, p. 3.
37. Wisden 1895, pp. 333, 336.
38. Altham, A History of Cricket, p. 295. One of its members, J. H. Sinclair, it is said, had escaped from a prisoner of war camp in time to join the tour, see Martin-Jenkins, The Complete Who's Who of Test Cricketers, p. 282.
39. One of its members, J. H. Sinclair, it is said, had escaped from a prisoner of war camp in time to join the tour, see Martin-Jenkins, The Complete Who's Who of Test Cricketers, p. 282.
40. Wisden 1902, p. 467.
41. Altham and Swanton, A History of Cricket, p. 311. Logan also had an unspecified stake in the second of Lord Hawke's tours, 1898-99.
42. Logan also had an unspecified stake in the second of Lord Hawke's tours, 1898-99.
43. C.B. Fry, A Life Worth Living: Some Phases of an Englishman, London, 1986, p. 109.
44. M.B. Hawke, Recollections and Reminiscences, London, 1924, p. 151. The team was held up by an armed group of Transvaal men at Vereeniging who were given two cricket bats as a peace offering.
45. Malcolm Tozer, 'A Sacred Trinity: Cricket, School, Empire: E. W. Hornung and his Young Guard' and Richard Cashman, 'Symbols of Unity: Anglo-Australian Cricketers, 1877-1900', both in J.A. Mangan, ed., The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire and Society, London, 1992, p. 39 and pp. 135, 137.
46. Cape Illustrated Magazine, 4 October 1984, p. 370.
47. Hawke, Recollections, p. 160.
48. C.L. R. James, Beyond a Boundary, New York, 1984, pp. 38-9.
49. Tozer, 'A Sacred Trinity', p. 17.
50. H.V. Dorey, The Triangular Tests, 1878-1912, London, 1912, p. 187.
51. J.T. Henderson, South African Cricketers Annual 1905-1906, pp. 1, 5.
52. T. Routledge, 'The Third English Team in South Africa, 1895-6', in Luckin, History of South African Cricket, p. 521.
53. Dorey, The Triangular Tests, p. 184.
54. Swaffer, South African Sport, p. 31.
55. P.F. Warner, The M.C.C. in South Africa, London, 1906, p. 68.
56. Swanton and Woodcock, Barclays World of Cricket, pp. 287, 289.
57. Nourse, although from a military background, had settled in Natal in 1896 before the outbreak of war and joined the Natal Police.
58. His team solidarity was somewhat elastic: after playing for Natal he tried to transfer to Lord Hawke's side only to have permission refused by the Army: Hawke, Recollections, p. 152. Poore was born in 1866 and died in 1938. He played county cricket for Hampshire from 1898 until 1906 and in 1899 scored 1, 309 at an average of 115.58 including three consecutive centuries.
59. Poore was born in 1866 and died in 1938. He played county cricket for Hampshire from 1898 until 1906 and in 1899 scored 1, 309 at an average of 115.58 including three consecutive centuries.
60. Henderson, 'Early cricket in Natal', p. 97.
61. Henderson, South African Cricketers Annual 1905-1906, p. 106.
62. Shula Marks, Reluctant Rebellion: The 1906-8 Disturbances in Natal, Oxford, 1970, pp. 11, 13; see also Morrell, 'Forging Ruling Race', on insecurity in colonial Natal.
63. R.A. Huttenback, Racism and Empire: White Settlers and Colored Immigrants in the British Self Governing Colonies, 1830-1910, Ithaca, 1976, pp. 197-8.
64. C.W. de Kiewiet, A History of South Africa: Social and Economic, London, 1941, p. 211.
65. Mangan, The Cultural Bond, p. 6.
66. James Bradley, 'M.C.C., Society and Empire: A Portrait of Cricket's Ruling Body, 1860-1914', in Mangan, The Cultural Bond, p. 39.
67. Henderson, South African Cricketers Annual 1905-1906, p. 120.
68. P.F. Warner, Long Innings: The Autobiography, London, 1951, p. 135.
69. Bassano, South Africa in International Cricket, p. 31.
70. Henderson, South African Cricketers Annual 1906-1907, p. 174.
71. Dictionary of South African Biography, vol. II, p. 19.
72. L.E. Neame, Some South African Politicians, Cape Town, 1929, p. 167.
73. Phyllis Lewsen, 'A Complete South African', Lantern, January 1954, p. 296.
74. H. Leveson Gower, Off and On the Field, London 1953, p. 160.
75. Foreword to Luckin, History of South African Cricket.
76. Cypher, 'History of Natal Cricket', in Luckin, History of South African Cricket, p. 81.
77. Warner, Long Innings, p. 71.
78. Wisden 1912.
79. Leveson Gower, Off and On the Field, pp. 159-64.
80. Wisden 1915, p. 477.
81. L. Tennyson, Sticky Wickets, London, 1950, p. 73.
82. Bowen, Cricket, p. 150. A major anxiety for Britain in the years leading up to the First World War was a shortage of gold reserves, making all relations with South Africa of crucial importance: see R. Alley, Gold and Empire: The Bank of England and South Africa's Gold Producers, 1886-1926, Johannesburg, 1994, pp. 18-20.
83. A major anxiety for Britain in the years leading up to the First World War was a shortage of gold reserves, making all relations with South Africa of crucial importance: see R. Alley, Gold and Empire: The Bank of England and South Africa's Gold Producers, 1886-1926, Johannesburg, 1994, pp. 18-20.
84. H.W. Taylor, 'South African Cricket, 1910-1924', in Cape Times, Sports and Sportsmen: South Africa, Cape Town, 1925, p. 125.
85. Wisden 1913, p. 230.
86. Wisden 1915, p. 208.
87. Bassano, South Africa in International Cricket, pp. 57, 71.
88. Alan Paton, Hofmeyr, London, 1964, p. 159. Eric Louw was a neo-Nazi who later became Minister of External Affairs, 1955-63.
89. Duffus, 'South Africa', p. 938.
90. A.C. Webber, 'The Control of Cricket in South Africa', in M.W. Luckin, South African Cricket, 1919-1927, Johannesburg, p. 21. A similar sentiment was expressed in Bisset, p. 106.
91. De Kiewiet, A History of South Africa, pp. 222, 226.
92. West and Luker, Century at Newlands, p. 114.
93. Pollock, Talking about Cricket, p. 116.
94. Louis Duffus, Cricketers of the Veld, London, 1947, pp. 5-6, 11.
95. Bowen, Cricket, p. 329.
96. Archer and Bouillon, The South African Game, pp. 121, 151.
97. Odendaal, Cricket in Isolation, p. 328.
98. S.J. Reddy, 'South African Non-European Cricket', in Swanton and Woodcock, Barclays World of Cricket, p. 950.
99. Interview with 'Meneer' Abdullah Adams, 'Meneer' Effendi and Goosain Emeran by John Nauright, Cape Town, 19 December 1994.
100. South African Cricket Annual, 1, 1951-1952, p. 208.
101. South African Cricket Annual, 4, 1955; 16, 1969, p. 45. Wisden carried an obituary in 1964, p. 968.
102. Wisden carried an obituary in 1964, p. 968.
103. Letter from Dennis Brutus (SASA) to Rashid Varachia (SACBOC) dated 28 February 1959; and to West Indies Cricket Board of Control dated 20 March 1959 in The Brutus Papers, Borthwick Institute, University of York, England (CAS MF 15 and Box II).
104. Post, 4 May 1969.
105. Odendaal, Cricket in Isolation, p. 332.
106. South African Cricket Review, 1, 2, December 1956, p. 11.
107. S.J. Reddy, ed., South African Cricketer: The National Cricket Journal of Southern Africa, 1, 1, 1959.
108. Reddy, South African Cricketer, 2, 2, 1960, p. 3.
109. Basil d'Oliveira, The D'Oliveira Affair, London, 1969, p. 22.
110. Odendaal, Cricket in Isolation, p. 237.
111. D'Oliveira, The D'Oliveira Affair, p. 34.
112. Peter Hain, Don't Play with Apartheid: The Background to the Stop the Seventy Tour Campaign, London, 1971, p. 42.
113. Richard Lapchick, The Politics of Race and International Sport: The Case of South Africa, Denver, 1973, p. 72.
114. D'Oliveira, The D'Oliveira Affair, p. 32.
115. C. Fortune, Cricket Overthrown, Cape Town, 1960, p. 2.
116. Duffus, Play Abandoned, p. 164.
117. Odendaal, Cricket in Isolation, p. 24.
118. Richard Thompson, Race and Sport, London, 1964, p. 67.
119. Derek Birley, The Willow Wand: Some Cricket Myths Explored, London, 1979, p. 154.
120. Quoted in Lapchick, Politics of Race, pp. 84-5.
121. South African Institute of Race Relations, Survey of Race Relations 1962, p. 220; South African Cricket Annual, 10, 1963, p. 5.
122. South African Cricket Annual, 10, 1963, p. 5.
123. Rand Daily Mail, 18 July 1962.
124. South African Cricket Annual, 10, 1963, p. 5.
125. Jackie McGlew, Cricket in Crisis, Cape Town, 1965.
126. South African Cricket Annual, 11, 1964, p. 5.
127. South African Cricket Annual, 12, 1965, p. 5.
128. Lapchick, Politics of Race, p. 345.
129. Hain, Don't Play with Apartheid, p. 105.
130. D'Oliveira, The D'Oliveira Affair, p. 83.
131. Letter from Dennis Brutus to Sir Cyril Hawker, chair of MCC Council, 29 May 1969, in Brutus Papers.
132. Lapchick, Politics of Race, p. 254.
133. South African Cricket Annual, 15, 1968, p. 5.
134. Duffus, Play Abandoned, p. 173.
135. Letter from Wilfred Wooller, Glamorgan County Cricket Club secretary to Dennis Brutus, 31 December 1968, in Brutus Papers.
136. Letter from Wilfred Isaacs to Dennis Brutus, 26 May 1969, in Brutus Papers.
137. Survey of Race Relations, 1968, p. 300.
138. South African Cricket Annual, 17, 1970, p. 7.
139. Part of the statement released by all the players in the match to SACA, South African Cricket Annual, 18, 1971, p. 53.