Cheating in e-exams and paper exams: the perceptions of engineering students and teachers in Norway

Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education

Volumn 45, Issue 7, 2020, Pages 940-957

  Chirumamilla, Aparna ^a   Sindre, Guttorm ^a   Nguyen Duc, Anh ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH EASTERN NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

academic dishonesty; cheating prevention; Electronic examinations; mixed method approach; pen and paper examinations

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078845543     PISSN: 02602938     EISSN: 1469297X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02602938.2020.1719975     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Apampa, K. M., G., Wills, and D., Argles. 2010. “User Security Issues in Summative e-Assessment Security.” International Journal for Digital Society 1 (2): 1–13.
2. Atlas.ti. 2019. “Atlas.ti for Windows, version 8.4.14.” https://atlasti.com/product/v8-windows/
3. Bjorklund, M., and C.-G., Wenestam. 1999. “Academic Cheating: Frequency, Methods, and Causes.” Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research. Lahti, Finland.
4. Bretag, T., R., Harper, M., Burton, C., Ellis, P., Newton, K., van Haeringen, S., Saddiqui, and P., Rozenberg. 2019. “Contract Cheating and Assessment Design: Exploring the Relationship.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 44 (5): 676–691. doi:10.1080/02602938.2018.1527892.
5. Cizek, G. J., 1999. Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It, Cheating on Tests: How to Do It, Detect It, and Prevent It. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
6. Colnerud, G., and M., Rosander. 2009. “Academic Dishonesty, Ethical Norms and Learning.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 34 (5): 505–517. doi:10.1080/02602930802155263.
7. Corbin, J. M., and A., Strauss. 1990. “Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria.” Qualitative Sociology 13 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1007/BF00988593.
8. Creswell, J. W., 2013. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
9. Dawson, P., 2016. “Five Ways to Hack and Cheat with Bring‐Your‐Own‐Device Electronic Examinations.” British Journal of Educational Technology 47 (4): 592-600.
10. De Lambert, K., N., Ellen, and L., Taylor. 2006. “Chalkface Challenges: A Study of Academic Dishonesty Amongst Students in New Zealand Tertiary Institutions.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 31 (5): 485–503. doi:10.1080/02602930600679415.
11. de Sande, J. C. G., 2015. “Calculated Questions and e-Cheating: A Case Study.” Education Applications & Developments Advances in Education and Educational Trends Series 2 (3): 91–99.
12. Dermo, J., 2009. “e-Assessment and the Student Learning Experience: A Survey of Student Perceptions of e-Assessment.” British Journal of Educational Technology 40 (2): 203–214. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00915.x.
13. Design, A. 2008. “SelectSurvey.NET.” http://selectsurvey.net/.
14. Fluck, A. E., 2019. “An International Review of eExam Technologies and Impact.” Computers & Education 132: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.008.
15. Fraenkel, J. R., N. E., Wallen, and H. H., Hyun. 2011. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
16. Jamil, M., R., Tariq, and P., Shami. 2012. “Computer-Based vs Paper-Based Examinations: Perceptions of University Teachers.” Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET 11 (4): 371–381.
17. Kocdar, S., A., Karadeniz, R., Peytcheva-Forsyth, and V., Stoeva. 2018. “Cheating and Plagiarism in E-Assessment: Students’ Perspectives.” Open Praxis 10 (3): 221–235. doi:10.5944/openpraxis.10.3.873.
18. Krosnick, J. A, A. L., Holbrook, M. K., Berent, R. T., Carson, W. M., Hanemann, R. J., Kopp, R. C., Mitchell, S., Presser, P. A., Ruud, V. K., Smith, et al. 2002. “The Impact of” No Opinion” Response Options on Data Quality: Non-Attitude Reduction or an Invitation to Satisfice?” Public Opinion Quarterly 66 (3): 371–403. doi:10.1086/341394.
19. Lancaster, T., and R., Clarke. 2017. “Rethinking Assessment by Examination in the Age of Contract Cheating.” Paper presented at the Plagiarism across Europe and beyond Conference, 215–228. Brno, Czech Republic.
20. Madara, D. S., and S. S., Namango. 2016. “Faculty Perceptions on Cheating in Exams in Undergraduate Engineering.” Journal of Education and Practice 7 (30): 70–86.
21. McCabe, D. L., L. K., Trevino, and K. D., Butterfield. 2001. “Cheating in Academic Institutions: A Decade of Research.” Ethics & Behavior 11 (3): 219–232. doi:10.1207/S15327019EB1103_2.
22. Norton, L. S., A. J., Tilley, S. E., Newstead, and A., Franklyn-Stokes. 2001. “The Pressures of Assessment in Undergraduate Courses and Their Effect on Student Behaviours.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 26 (3): 269–284. doi:10.1080/02602930120052422.
23. Owunwanne, D., N., Rustagi, and R., Dada. 2010. “Students’ Perceptions of Cheating and Plagiarism in Higher Institutions.” Journal of College Teaching and Learning 7 (11): 59–68.
24. Schneider, D. 2014., “Safe Exam Browser 2.0 How To (install, configure, deploy and use SEB 2.0).” http://safeexambrowser.org/presentations/HowTo_SEB2.0.pdf.
25. Sheard, J., M., Dick, S., Markham, I., Macdonald, and M., Walsh. 2002. “Cheating and Plagiarism: Perceptions and Practices of First Year IT Student.” In Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education, 183 - 187. Aarhus, Denmark.
26. Sindre, G., and A., Vegendla. 2015. “E-Exams versus Paper Exams: A Comparative Analysis of Cheating-Related Security Threats and Countermeasures.” Norwegian Information Security Conference (NISK) 8 (1): 34 - 45.
27. Skaaren, T. G., and A., Østgaard. 2019. Juks på eksamen. Trondheim, Norway: Sentio Research Norge.
28. SPSS, I. 2017. “IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 25.0.” http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg27049428#en
29. Stack, S., 2015. “The Impact of Exam Environments on Student Test Scores in Online Courses.” Journal of Criminal Justice Education 26 (3): 273–282. doi:10.1080/10511253.2015.1012173.
30. Starovoytova, D., and M., Arimi. 2017. “Witnessing of Cheating-in-Exams Behavior and Factors Sustaining Integrity.” Journal of Education and Practice 8 (10): 127–141.
31. Thelwall, M., 2000. “Computer-Based Assessment: A Versatile Educational Tool.” Computers & Education 34 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(99)00037-8.
32. Topîrceanu, A., 2017. “Breaking up Friendships in Exams: A Case Study for Minimizing Student Cheating in Higher Education Using Social Network Analysis.” Computers & Education 115: 171–187. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.008.
33. Trost, K., 2009. “Psst, Have You Ever Cheated? A Study of Academic Dishonesty in Sweden.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 34 (4): 367–376. doi:10.1080/02602930801956067.
34. Urquhart, C., H., Lehmann, and M. D., Myers. 2010. “Putting the ‘Theory’back into Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Grounded Theory Studies in Information Systems.” Information Systems Journal 20 (4): 357–381. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2009.00328.x.
35. Vegendla, A., and G., Sindre. 2019. “Mitigation of Cheating in Online Exams: Strengths and Limitations of Biometric Authentication.” In Biometric Authentication in Online Learning Environments, edited by A. V. Senthil Kumar, 47–68. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
36. Wilkinson, J., 2009. “Staff and Student Perceptions of Plagiarism and Cheating.” International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 20 (2): 98–105.
37. Yates, M. C., J., Godbey, and R., Fendler. 2017. “Observed Cheating and the Effects of Random Seat Assignment.” Paper presented at the SoTL Commons Conference, GA, USA, March 29 - 31.
38. Zhang, Y., H., Yin, and L., Zheng. 2018. “Investigating Academic Dishonesty among Chinese Undergraduate Students: Does Gender Matter?” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 43 (5): 812–826. doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1411467.