Scientific Opinion on the safety of ‘yeast beta-glucans’ as a Novel Food ingredient

EFSA Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2011, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

beta glucans; fiber; ingredient; novel food; Yeast

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078379445     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2137     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Babíček K, 2003. Imucell™ WGP Oral Powder Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study and Immunological Effects in Rats (Project57/2002), Final Report, February 2003.
2. Babíček K, Čechová I, Simon RR, Harwood M, Cox DJ, 2007. Toxicological assessment of aparticulate yeast (1,3/1,6 β-D-glucan in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45:1719–1730.
3. Babineau TJ, Marcello P, Swails W, Kenler A, Bistrian B, Forse RA, 1994a. Randomized phase I/II trial of a macrophage-specific immunomodulator (PGG-glucan) in high-risk surgical patients. Annals of Surgery 220:601–609.
4. Babineau TJ, Hackford A, Kenler A, Bistrian B, Forse RA, Fairchild PG, Heard S, Keroack M, Caushaj P, Benotti P, 1994b. A phase II multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study of three dosages of an immunomodulator (PGG-glucan) in high risk surgical patients. Archives of Surgery 129:1204–1210.
5. Beier R and Gebert A, 1998. Kinetics of particle uptake in the domes of Peyer's patches. The American Journal of Physiology 275:G130–G137.
6. Biothera, 2005a. Ninety Effect of Imucell™ WGP® 3–6 beta-glucan given per os (PO) on the immune system of healthy human volunteers. Unpublished and confidential.
7. Biothera, 2005b. Ninety Final Report on the Evaluation of the Efficacy of β-1, 3/β1,6 glucan for prevention of experimental rhinovirus infection (common cold) in human volunteers. Unpublished and confidential.
8. Biothera, 2009. Ninety-day toxicity study of Wellmune WGP in rats by oral administration. Final Study Report.
9. Blagović B, Rupčić J, Mesarić M, Georgiú K, Marić V, 2001. Lipid composition of brewer's yeast. Food Technology and Biotechnology 39:175–181.
10. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the European Commission on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. The EFSA Journal 2010;8(3):1462 [77 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal.htm
11. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010b. Scientific Opinion on the safety of “Chitin-Glucan” as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA Journal 2010;8(7):1687. [22 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1687. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal.htm
12. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010c. “Lentinus edodes extract” as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA Journal 2010;8(7):1685 [22 pp.]. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1685. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal.htm
13. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010d. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta-glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2010;8(12):1885. [22 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal.htm
14. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2003. Food Balance Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. FAOSTAT Database. faostat.fao.org/site/368/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=368#ancor.
15. Feletti F, De Bernardi di Valserra M, Contos S, Mattaboni P, Germogli R, 1992. Chronic toxicity study on a new glucan extracted from Candida albicans in rats. Arzneim.- Forsch./Drug Res. 42 (II), Nr 11 (1992).
16. Hong F, Yan J, Baran JT, Allendorf DJ, Hansen RD, Ostroff GR, Xing PX, Cheung N-KV, Ross GD, 2004. Mechanism by which orally administered β-1, 3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. The Journal of Immunology 173:797–806.
17. Jonker D, Hasselwander O, Tervilä-Wilo A, Tenning PP, 2010. 28-Day oral toxicity study in rats with high purity barley beta-glucan (Glucagel). Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(1):422–8.
18. Ko Y-T and Lin Y-L, 2004. 13-β-glucan quantification by a fluorescence microassay and analysis of its distribution in foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:3313–3318.
19. Lehne G, Haneberg B, Gaustad P, Johansen PW, Preus H, Abrahamsen TG, 2005. Oral administration of a new soluble branched β-1, 3-D-glucan is well tolerated and can lead to increased salivary concentrations of immunoglobulin A in healthy volunteers. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 143:65–69.
20. Müller A, Mayberry W, Acuff R, Thedford S, Browder W, Williams D, 1994. Lipid content of microparticulate (1–>3)-β-D-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbios 79:253–261.
21. Newberne PM, Conner MW, Estes P, 1988. The influence of food additives and related materials on lower bowel structure and function. Toxicologic Pathology 16:184–197.
22. Nicolosi R, Bell SJ, Bistrian BR, Greenberg I, Forse RA, Blackburn GL, 1999. Plasma lipid changes after supplementation with β-glucan fiber from yeast. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70:208–212.
23. Nguyen TH, Fleet, GH, Rogers PL, 1998. Composition of the cell walls of several yeast species. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 50:206–212.
24. ONS (Office for National Statistics), 2005. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 74 Years: 2000–2001 [Computer File]. Social and Vital Statistics Division & Foods Standards Agency (FSA); Colchester, Essex, UK, UK Data Archive. SN: 5140.
25. Pajno GB, Passalacqua G, Salpietro C, Vita D, Caminiti L, Barberio G, 2005. Looking for immunotolerance: a case of allergy to baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). European Annals Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology 37:271–272.
26. Rice PJ, Adams EL, Ozment-Skelton T, Gonzalez AJ, Goldman MP, Lockhart BE, Barker LA, Breuel KF, DePonti WK, Kalbfleisch JH, Ensley HE, Brown GD, Gordon S, Williams DL, 2005. Oral delivery and gastrointestinal absorption of soluble glucans stimulate increased resistance to infectious challenge. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 314:1079–1086.
27. Šajbidor J, Kopecká M, Sandula J, Kacuráková M, 1991. Lipids in yeast cell wall glucans. Microbios 68:169–177.
28. Sandvik A, Wang YY, Morton HC, Aasen AO, Wang JE, Johansen E, 2007. Oral and systemic administration of β-glucan protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock and organ injury in rats. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 148:168–177 & [Corrigendum, 149:399].
29. Schulze U, 1995. Anaerobic Physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Ph.D. Thesis.
30. UKDA (UK Data Archive), 1995. National Diet, Nutrition and Dental Survey of Children Aged 1 ½ to 4 ½ Years, 1992–1993 [computer file]. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Social Survey Division, Medical Research Council Centre for Human Nutrition Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), and U.K. Department of Health. Colchester, Essex, SN: 3481.
31. UKDA (UK Data Archive), 2001. National Diet Nutrition Survey: Young People Aged 4 to 18 Years, 1997. Office for National Statistics Social Survey Division, Medical Research Council Centre for Human Nutrition Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), and Department of Health. Colchester, Essex. SN: 4243.
32. Van der Rest ME, Kamminga AH, Nakano A, Anraku Y, Poolman B, Konings WN, 1995. The plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Structure, function, and biogenesis. Microbiological Reviews 59:304–322.
33. Volkheimer G, 1974. Passage of particles through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Environmental Health Perspectives 9:215–225.
34. WHO (World Health Organization), 1987. Toxicological versus physiological responses. In: Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), Geneva, Switz. Environmental Health Criteria, No. 70, p. 82. Available from: www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc70.htm#SubSectionNumber:5.5.3
35. Williams DL, Sherwood ER, Browder IW, McNamee RB, Jones EL, Di Luzio NR, 1988. Pre-clinical safety evaluation of soluble glucan. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 10:405–414.
36. Yuji M, Tsubata M, Chin K, Onishi S, Inamoto T, Qi WM, Warita K, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H, 2006. Persorption of luminal antigenic molecule and its specific antibody via apoptotic epithelial cells of intestinal villi and Peyer's patches into peripheral blood in rats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 68:1297–1305.
37. Yuji M Fujimoto M Miyata H Inamoto T Qi WM Yamamoto K Warita K Yokoyama T Hoshi N Kitagawa H, 2007. Persorption mechanisms of luminal antigenic particulates via apoptotic epithelial cells of intestinal villi into systemic blood circulation in orally immunized rats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 69:339–346.